'It.'Mh-MlV !
Itn- '.:
.UNIV. OF CALIF. LIBRARY, LOS ANGELES^
A CATALOGUE
OF
THE GREEK COINS
IN
THE BRITISH MUSEUM
CATALOGUE
OF THE
GREEK COINS OF ARABIA
MESOPOTAMIA AND PERSIA
(NABATAEA, ARABIA PROVINCIA,
S. ARABIA, MESOPOTAMIA, BABYLONIA,
ASSYRIA, PERSIA, ALEXANDRINE
EMPIRE OF THE EAST, PERSIS, ELYMAIS,
CHARACENE)
BY
GEORGE FRANCIS HILL, F.B.A.
KEEPER OF COINS AND MEDALS
WITH A MAP AND FIFTY-FIVE PLATES
LONDON
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES
SOLD AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM, AND BY
LONGMANS & CO., 39 Paternoster Row, E.G. 4; BERNARD QUARITCH
11 Grafton Street, New Bond Street, W. 1 ; HUMPHREY MILFORD
Oxford University Press, Amen Corner, E.G. 4; and ROLLIN
& FEUARDENT, 4 Rue de Louvois, Paris
1922
[All rights reserved]
FEINTED IX ENGLAND
AT THE OXFOED UNIVEESITY PEESS
BY FREDEEICK HALL
UNIV. OF CALIF. LIBRARY, LOS ANGELES
stack Annex
Cage
cj
CONTENTS
Preface
List of Plates
INTRODUCTION :—
Kings of Nabataea
Aretas III
Obodas II
Malichus I
Obodas III
Aretas IV
Malichus II
Rabbel II
Standard of the Silver
Arabia Provincia
Adraa
Bostra
Charachmoba
Dium
Eboda
Esbus
Gerasa
Medaba
Moca
Petra
Philadelphia
Philippopolis
Rabbathmoba
Arabia Felix
Sabaean, Himyarite, and Katabanian Coinages
I. Imitations of the Older Attic Types
II. Imitations of the Later Attic Type
III. Bucranium class ....
PAGE
i
XI
xi
xii
xiii
xiv
xvii
xix
xix
XX
xxii
xxiii
xxiv
XXX
xxxi
xxxii
xxxiii
xxxiii
XXXV
xxxvi
xxxvii
xxxix
xli
xlii
xliv
xlv
xlvi
liv
Ixii
IV
CONTENTS
IV. Class with beads of two kings
i. Coins with kings' names .
ii. Coins without the king's name
The Standard of the Coinage
Minaean Coinage ....
North Arabian Imitations of Athenian Coins
Mesopotamia
Anthemusla
Carrhae .
Edessa
Maiozomalcba
Nesibi
Nicephorium
Ehesaena
Singara .
Zaiitha
Babylonia
Seleucia ad Tigrim
Assyria
Atusia (?), Atumia (?), or Natumia (?) ad Cap
Demetrias ad Tigrim
Niniva ....
Persian Empire
Alexandrine Empire of the East
Northern Persia .
Persis ....
First Series :
Bagadates I
Vahuberz (Oborzos)
Artaxerxes I
Autophradates I .
Second Series .
Third Series
Fourth Series .
Elymais-Susiana .
Kamnaskires I
Kamnaskires II and Anzaze
CONTENTS
V
PAGE
Kamnaskires III ........ clxxxvii
Orodes I .
.
cxc
Orodes II
cxci
Phraates ....
cxcii
Later Kings
cxciii
Characene ....
cxciv
Greek Series .
cxcvi
Hyspaosines .
cxcvi
Apodakos
cxcvii
Tiraios I . . .
cxcvii
Tiraios II .
cxcvii
Attambelos I
. cxcviii
Theonesios I
. cxcviii
Attambelos II
. cxcviii
Adinerglos .
cxcix
Theonesios II
cci
Attambelos III
cci
Ai-tabazos and Attambelos IV
cci
Theonesios III
ccii
Attambelos V
ccii
Aramaic Series
cciii
Group A . . . .
cciv
„ B . . .
ccv
„ c . . .
ccvi
„ D . . .
ccvii
Sub-Characenian Class .
ccx
' Orabzes ' . . . .
ccx
Meredates ....
ccxi
Erkata
ccxv
Key to Plates XLVIII-LV .
ccxvi
CATALOGUE OF COINS:—
Kings of Nabataea
Aretas III ......... 1
Obodas II ......
3
Malichus I . . . .
3
Obodas III ....
4
Aretas IV ....
5
Malichus II and Shaqilath II .
11
Eabbel II ... .
12
VI
CONTENTS
Arabia
Adraa
Bostra
Charachmoba .
Dium
Eboda .
Esbus
Gerasa
Medaba .
Petra
Philadelphia
Philippopolis .
Rabbathmoba .
Arabia Felix
Sabaeans and Himyarites
Katabania
Minaean .
Northei-n Arabia Felix
Mesopotamia
Anthemusia
Carrhae .
EdessH
Nesibi
Rhesaeiia
Singara .
Uncertain Mint
Babylonia
Seleucia ad Tigrira .
Assyria
Atusia (?) ad Caprum
Persian Empire .
Alexandrine Empire of the East
North-Eastern Persia
Andragoras
Vabshuvar
Pcrsis
First Series :
Bagadat
PAGE
15
16
27
28
28
29
31
33
34
37
42
44
45
75
76
77
81
82
91
119
125
134
137
140
147
148
176
193
194
195
CONTENTS
Vll
Vahuberz (Oborzos)
Ai'taxerxes I
Autophradates I .
Uncertain of First Series
Second Series :
Darius (?)
Autophradates II .
Third Series :
Darius II
Oxathres
Uncertain
Artaxerxes II
Fourth Series :
Namopat
Uncertain
Pakur .
Uncertain
Kapat (?)
Uncertain
Autophradates III
Artaxerxes III
Manucithr II
Uncertain
Manucithr III
Artaxerxes IV
Elymais
Kamnaskires I
Kamnaskires II and Anzaze
Kamnaskires III and Successors
Orodes I .
Oi'odes II
Phraates .
Orodes III
Orodes IV
Uncertain Kings
Characene
Greek Series :
Hyspaosines .
Apodakos
Tiraios I . .
PAGE
197
198
200
202
204
212
216
219
221
222
225
228
229
231
232
237
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
245
247
253
260
272
280
282
284
289
289
289
CONTENTS
Tiraios II
Attambelos I
Theonesios I
Attambelos II
Adinerglos .
Theonesios II
Attambelos III
Artabazos
Attambelos IV
Theonesios III
Attambelos V
Uncertain Kings
Aramaic Series :
Banaga or Binaga (1)
Nameless King
Maga son of Athabiaos .
Sub-Characenian :
Uncertain King
Meredates . . . ,
Addenda : Obodas II of Nabataea
INDEXES :—
I. Geographical
II. Types .
III. Symbols and Adjuncts
IV. Countermarks
V. Kings and Rulers .
VI. Emperors, &c.
VII. Inscriptions : —
A. Greek .
B. Semitic
C. Latin .
VIII. Eras .
IX. General
Table of the various Eras in use in Arabia, Mesopotamia, &c.
LIST OF PLATES
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII— X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV— XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
XIX.
XX— XXII.
XXIII.
XXIV— XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
XXXIII.
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
XXXVII.
XXXVIII— XLTI.
XLIII— XLVI.
Kings of ISTabataea. Aretas III. Malicbus I.
Obodas III. Aretas IV.
Aretas IV. Malichus II. Eabbel II.
Arabia. Adraa. Bostra.
Bostra. Charachmoba. Dium.
Esbus. Gerasa. Medaba. Petra.
Pbiladelpbia. Pbilippopolis.
Rabbathmoba. Sabaean and Himyarite.
Himyarite.
Himyarite. Katabanian. Minaean. Arabian.
Mesopotamia. Anthemusia. Carrhae.
Carrhae. Edessa.
Edessa.
Edessa. Nesibi.
Rhesaena.
Singara. Uncertain Mint.
Babylonia. Babylon.
Babylon. Seleucia. Atusia.
Peesia.
N. Persia. Peesis. Bagadat I. Oborzos.
Artaxerxes I. Autophradates I. Uncertain of
Series I.
Second Series : Darius.
Darius. Autophradates II.
Autophradates II. Third Series : Darius II, Oxathres.
Oxathi'es. Uncertain. Artaxerxes II.
Artaxerxes 11. Fourth Series : Naniopat. Uncertain.
Pakur. Uncertain. Kapat.
Kapat. Uncertain. Autophradates III. Artaxerxes
III.
Artaxerxes III. Manucithr II. Uncertain. Manucithr
III. Artaxerxes IV.
Elymais.
Characene.
b
LIST OF PLATES
XL^'I^. Sub-Characeniax.
XLYIII. Addenda.
XLIX. Supplementary : Nabataea. Arabia.
L. Supplementary: Arabia. Mesopotamia.
LI. Supplementary : Babylon,
LII. Supplementally : Babylonia. Persia. Persis,
LIU. Supplementary : Persis. Elymais.
LIV. Supplementary : Characene, &c.
LV. Addenda. N. Arabia. Characene.
Map facing p. ccxiv.
INTRODUCTIOX
KINGS OF NABATAEA
Little modification, except in small details, seems to be required
in the arrangement of the Nabataean series proposed by R. Dussaud
in his excellent study published in 1904/ to which reference may
be made for earlier numismatic literature.
ARETAS III (c. 87-62 b. c).
The coinage begins with Aretas III Philhellen (about 87-62 B. c),
who acquired Damascus in 85 B.C., having defeated Antiochus XII.
His coinage ^ is for the most part a close copy of the bronze coins
issued at Damascus (under the name of Demetrias) by Demetrius III
Eukairos ; indeed, even the portraits on the obverses of the two
sets of coins are strikingly similar. In addition to the two types
of coins described in this Catalogue, there is also a third similar
to a type of Demetrias, viz. a female figure standing 1., r. extended
holding uncertain object, 1. resting on sceptre (Dussaud, no. 5,
PL I. 3 ; here PI. XLIX. 1, from the Paris specimen).
All the bronze coins of Aretas bear in the field the letters AP,
which are not likely to be a date, a mark of value, an abbreviation
^ Journal Asiatiqiie, Mars-Avril 1904, pp. 189-238. The admirable summary
of Nabataean histoiy in E. Schiirer, Gesch. des jiidischen Volkes*, I, pp. 726 ft'.,
should also be consulted. For the dedication at Miletus by Syllaeus, the
minister of Obodas III. see Kawerau u. Rehm, Das Delpliinion in Milet,
pp. 387 ff. (K. Mus. Berlin, MHet, Bd. III). Many Nabataean inscriptions, old
and new, are dealt with by RR. PP. Jaussen and Savignac, Mission archeoloffique
en Arabie (Paris, 1909 and 1914 [1920]).
2 P. von Rohden, de Palaestina et Arabia, &c. (Berlin Diss. 1885), p. 7,
attempts to give these coins to Aretas IV ; his view has not been accepted, so
far as 1 know, by any one else.
Xii INTRODUCTION
of the name of Aretas, or (least of all) of Upd^, all possibilities
discussed by Dussaud. It is possible that Aretas may have re-
named Damascus after himself, as Demetrius had done, and that
AP represents this new name. In any case Aretas does not seem
to have held Damascus very long, since it appears that the coins
of Tigranes' third period (71-69 B.C., see Macdonald in Head's
Hist. Num}, p. 773) were struck there,^ and in 66 it was occupied
by Pompeius's legates. The later coins of the Nabataeans were
therefore presumably struck at their old capital, Petra.
No coins with Nabataean inscriptions can be attributed to
Aretas III. On the other hand, all trace of Greek disappears from
the coinage of his successors, if we except the puzzling letters IKC
on a coin of Malichus I (see below). How long Aretas III reigned
after the expedition of Scaurus (62 b. c.) is not known.
OBODAS II (c. 62-60 B.C.).
Obodas II has been proposed by Clermont-Ganneau to fill the
gap between Aretas III ^ and the next king who appears in
history, Malichus I (first mentioned as assisting Julius Caesar
in 47 B. c, last mentioned in 30 b. c). To this Obodas, Dussaud
attributes silver didrachms (see PL XLIX. 2, 3)," dated in years 2
and 3 ; the elderly short-haired head on the obverse is quite
difierent from the portrait on the coins attributable to Obodas III.
Fabric and style show that these didrachms are not far removed
in date from the didrachm attributed to Malichus I.
^ Various writers cite an autonomous coin with the Seleucid date 243 =
70-69 B.C. as proof of the independence of Damascus ; but the only authority
for this coin is Sestini.
^ The existence of a king ' Obodas son of Aretas ' is proved by the Petm
inscription, Dalman, Neue Petra-Forschnngen (1912), p. 99.
^ PI. XLIX. 2 is from Mr. E. T. Newell's Collection (wt. 6-25 gm.), and
appears to be of year 2, as Dussaud, p. 209, no, 6. PI. XLIX. 3, formerly in
the Windischgratz Collection, was acquired by the British Museum after the
Nabataean section of this Catalogue was printed off (see p. 314).
KINGS OF NABATAEA— MALICHUS I
MALICHUS I (c. 60-30 b. c).
Although Malichus I is not mentioned before 47 B. c, he may
have been reigning for some time previously. Since the coins
just mentioned, if rightly attributed to Obodas II, show that that
king came to the throne at a ripe age, and did not perhaps reign
more than three years, it may be suggested that Malichus I may
have succeeded him in or soon after 60 B. c. If the date on the
bronze coin to be mentioned immediately can be read 28, it seems
necessary to assume this.
Dussaud assigns to Malichus I only the didrachm illustrated
in PI. I. 5. This bears, in addition to the two Nabataean letters
Avhich occur constantly on coins of Obodas III and Aretas IV, the
mysterious letters IKC. Neither of the interpretations hitherto
suggested, /[epay] K[al a]a[vXov] nor /[epay] K[oiXTJi] ^Ivpias],
commends itself. It is true that Dussaud's objection, that Upas
Kal davXov are titles applicable only to a city, falls to the ground,
since the coins were presumably struck in some city which might
bear those titles; but the use of such a formula without a city-
name is unparalleled; and the blunder presupposed in the abbre-
viation provides another objection. With regard to the second
interpretation proposed by Dussaud, it is not clear whether he
regards Upd? as an epithet of KoiXfjs Xvpias (for the use of such
an epithet to describe a large province he does not give any
authority) or of some unnamed city in the province. In the
second case the objection to the interpretation just rejected
applies again. It is to be noted that all the other coins of the
period are dated, and bear the date across the field ; it may
therefore be suggested that IKC is the attempt of a person, but
slightly acquainted with Greek, to date the coin. C may possibly
be meant for "E{rovs), and IK for 30, since a Nabataean, accus-
tomed to write 30 as 20 + 10, might conceivably construct a Greek
date on the same plan. Another possibility, more remote however,
is that he used I for 1, and meant the date to be 21.
INTRODUCTION
Among tlie coins of Aretas IV, with wliich it has no affinity
in portraiture, style, or arrangement of inscription, Dussaud,
following Clermont-Ganneau, places a large bronze coin (here
PI. XLIX. 4), on which the king's name is obliterated. It bears
across the field — like the coins of the period with which we are
dealing — a date which has been read as 43. So high a date would
certainly point to the reign of Aretas IV; but the middle numeral
seems to me to be possibly not .20, but 5. This reading — yielding
the date 28 — is confirmed by M. Babelon, who has kindly re-
examined the original. Now in fabric, portrait, general style, and
arrangement of inscription this coin is as closely allied to the
silver of Malichus I as it is unlike the coins of Aretas IV. It
would thus seem that Malichus I reigned at least twenty-eight
years; possibly thirty, if my interpretation of IKC is correct.
There is just room for such a term of j^ears between the date
suggested above for his accession and 30 b. c, when he is last
mentioned.
In addition to the letters IKC the didrachm of Malichus I bears
the Nabataean H and also a circular sign. These two occur
frequentlj^ on the succeeding coins, both silver and bronze, and
no explanation of their meaning is forthcoming. The H might
possibly be the initial of a mint, as was suggested for the AP
on the coins of Aretas III.
OBODAS III (c. 30-9 b. c).
If the reign of Malichus I really extended from about 60 to
30 B. c, it is not possible to accept a proposal of Dussaud's,^ by
which he would interpolate between Aretas III and Malichus I
not one but two kings of the name of Obodas. His reason for
the interpolation of this new Obodas (who would be Obodas III,
the Obodas who reigned circa 30-9 B. c. becoming Obodas IV)
^ In Florileghim Melchior cle Vogilt (1909j, pp. 210 fF.
KINGS OF NABATAEA — OBODAS III XV
is the following. To this Oboclas of 30-9 b. c. had been attributed
two classes of coins :
1. 'Ptolemaic' coins of years 3 and 5,^ weighing 6-90 gm. and
6-94 gm. (obv. head of king and queen, jugate ; rev. eagle).
2. ' Attic '^ coins of years 10 to 20, weighing 4-50 gm. max.,
average 4-386 gm. (ohv. head of king ; rev. head of king and
queen, jugate).
Now, however, it has been discovered that there exist coins of
this latter class dated in the first year of Obodas (weights 4-75
gni., 4-15 gm.). It seems to Dussaud better, therefore, to transfer
the Ptolemaic coins to an earlier Obodas, whom he places after
Obodas II and before Malichus I, with a reign of at least five
years, leaving coins of uniformlj^ ' Attic ' weight to the old
Obodas III, who now becomes Obodas IV. From a metrological
standpoint this new arrangement is certainly advantageous. But
it is open to the following objections :
(1) It leaves no time for the long reign which, if the bronze
coin which I assign to Malichus I is rightly attributed and the
date rightly read, that king must have enjoyed.
(2) It invents a new king of whom nothing is otherwise known.
(This, of course, in the fragmentary state of our information, is not
a strong objection.)
(3) While making a good metrological sequence it breaks the
sequence of types ; since the coins which Dussaud transfers to
before Malichus I bear on the obverse two heads jugate, as in
the later fashion, whereas the coins of Malichus I have only
one head.
I prefer therefore to adhere to Dussaud's older arrangement.
The appearance of coins of the ' Attic ' standard early in the king's
reign, before the Ptolemaic standard had been discarded, would
point merely to his making experiments with a new standard
before giving up the old. As the coins were of very different
1 The Paris specimen of this year is figured here on PI. XLIX. 5.
' On these weights, see below, p. xx f.
XVI INTRODUCTION
weights and sizes, no confusion would result ; the double standard
of the coins of Croesus, for instance, must have been much more
likely to cause trouble.^ They may have been meant, as it is
supposed the coins of Croesus were meant, for commerce in two
different directions. In any case, since the average weight of
all the known coins of the Ptolemaic standard struck by the
Nabataeans is 6-70 gm., and that of the 'Attic' drachms of
Obodas III is 4-41 gm., two of the older coins (13-40 gm.) would
be worth little more than three of the new (13'23 gm.), so that
the two sorts could be used together.
On the so-called ' Attic ' drachms of Obodas III of his first year,
one side, which bears the king's name and the date, has a diademed
portrait ; on the other are the jugate busts of a queen, veiled, and
of the king. The queen's head is placed in the first plane. On
the later coins of this king,^ whether ' Ptolemaic ' or ' Attic ', the
king's head takes its place in the first plane. Dussaud suggests ^
that Obodas came to the throne as a minor ; that the female bust
on the coins of year 1 is his mother's, on the later coins his
wife's ^ ; and that it was during the regency that the notorious
Syllaeus, who really ruled in Nabataea during the reign of Obodas,
was first appointed epitropos.
There can be little doubt that the single bust represents a king,
the jugate busts a king and queen throughout the Nabataean
series henceforward.^ There is probably no particular significance
^ For a still more inconvenient double standard in Crete, see Gr. Macdonald,
Silver Coinage of Crete {Proc. Brit. Acad., Dec. 10, 1919), where other double
standards are mentioned.
^ In addition to nos. 2 and 3 in this Catalogue, a good specimen (un-
fortunately the date is off the flan) is figured in PI. XLIX. 6 ; it is in the
Berlin Cabinet, and weighs 444 gm.
^ Floril. Melchior de Vogue, p. 213.
* It should, however, be noted that on the coins of Rabbel II during his
minority (Dussaud, Num. des Rois de Ndbatene, PL IV. 6) the queen-mother's
head does not seem to be placed in the first plane.
^ C. R. Morey {Eev. Num., 1911, p. 79 ; Bosira, p. 5) suggests that the single
bust may represent Dusares ; but it is quite indistinguishable in details from
the regal portraits, and the king's name is inscribed against it. Kubitschek,
KINGS OF NABATAEA ARETAS IV XVll
in this repetition of the king's bust alone. The eagle on the
diclrachms was merely a copy of the Ptolemaic or Tyrian type ;
as Dussaud remarks, it disappeared when the Ptolemaic didrachm
was superseded by the new drachm, and was succeeded, * sans
grands frais d'imagination ', by the king's head.^ The appearance
of the jugate busts may, as Dussaud remarks, point to the queen's
being queen by the right of birth and not merely as consort ;
in other words, as in Egypt, the king married a sister or a cousin
german. But it is noticeable that it is not until we come to the
reign of Malichus II that the queen is described as sister of
the king ; the fact that this description was thought necessary
would rather indicate that in previous reigns the king did not
marry his sister.^
ARETAS IV (9 b. c.-40 a. d.).
The most plentiful issue of coins in the Nabataean series was
in the reign of Aretas IV 2; hence doubtless the fact that the
silver coins with his bust came to be known as ^niH j'^J? /D;' which
the editors of the C.I.S. (II. 198) render deli Haretici.
The dates on the coins of Aretas IV, even when they are not
off the flan, are frequently very obscure. I am compelled to differ
from Dussaud in the reading of some of these dates.
Of the wives of Aretas, Huldu seems to have lived until at least
the sixteenth year of her husband's reign, and Shaqilath to have
however {Num. Zt., 1916, p. 191), accepts Morey's identification. [The article
which is here and henceforward cited as Bostra is the Appendix to Div. II,
Sect. A, Part 4 of Publications of the Princeton University Archaeological
Expeditio}i to Syria in 1^04-3 and iQog, which contains a revised version of the
article in the Rev. Num. and a Catalogue of the Coinage of Bostra. I have to
thank Mr. Morey for a copy of this Appendix.]
^ As we shall see, something of the same kind seems to have happened on
the Himyarite coins.
^ On this king and his descendants, see Dalman, Neiie Petra-Forschiingen,
p. 106 f. The existence of a wife of Aretas called Hagiru is very problematical.
^ Cp. Dy7DX D^n (fiv6 selaim) in a Himyarite inscr. (Halevy 152) cited
by Mordtraann, Num. Zeit., XII (1880), p. 319.
c
XVlll INTRODUCTION
become queen as early as the twentieth year. This latter date
depends on no. 7 (p. 6), which appears to read clearly ' 20 ', although
Dussaud reads it ' 40 ', presumably regarding the numeral, the top
of which has run into the border of dots, as having three curves
instead of the usual two. The date 24 on no. 8 he reads as 30,
whereas the cross (representing 4) attached to the tail of the
20 is fairly clear on the original. The other dates on coins of
this couple in the British Museum are doubtful. The name
of Shaqilath is not legible on any coins later than that of year
24, unless no. 13 is really of year 27 ; but the types continue the
same until year 48 of Aretas, so that we may assume that she
shared his throne to the end.
Among the types of bronze coinage of Aretas IV not represented
in this collection are the following :
a. Obv. Head of Aretas r., laureate.
liev. Draped and turreted figure (City- goddess) standing r., holding
palm-branch in 1., r. hand raised. Remains of inscr. 'king
of Nalaataea, year 4 '.
^ 18 mm. Paris; Dussaud, p. 218, no. 25; here PI. XLIX. 7.
/3. Obv. Head of Aretas r., laureate; name and titles of Aretas.
Rev. Eagle standing 1. ; inscr. ' half (obol) of silver, year 10 '.
JE 19 mm. Paris (two specimens). Dussaud, p. 221, no. 32;
here PI. XLIX. 8.
This is the half of the bronze ' obols of silver ' represented by
nos. 5, 6 (see below, p. xxi).
y. Obv. Head of Aretas r., laureate.
Hev. Two cornuacopiae and palm-branch ; in field 1., V^
JE 14 mm. Dussaud, p. 231, no. 57. Here PI. XLIX. 9.
The letters VS are unexplained. Possibly they may represent
7N^3 , one of the children of Aretas IV.^
^, Dti', and D'^tJ^ (nos. 14 ff.) probably all stand for the same
word, in the sense of ' concordia '.
^ C.I.S., II, 354; Dalman, Neue Petra-Forschungen, p. 107.
KINGS OF NAEATAEA RABBEL II XIX
Aretas IV seems to have held Damascus for a time/ but there
is no evidence that he struck coins there.
Mr. E. T. Newell possesses a bronze coin with ^ between the
two cornuacopiae on the reverse, and, on the obverse, = behind
a head (to r.), which by its style and dressing of the hair in long
ringlets may be of Aretas IV, or even earlier. It is unfortunately
too liadly preserved to be worth reproducing.
MALICHUS II (c. A. D. 40-71).
Under Malichus II ^ the practice of placing the busts of king
and queen jugate on the silver disappears, although it is retained
on the bronze. Shaqilath, the queen, is described on the coins
as sister of the king." As Dussaud has pointed out, on the
coins of this reign the date is placed on the obverse after the
kino's name, not on the reverse as in the reign of Aretas IV.
There is, however, doubtless no significance in this arrangement ;
the title ' lover of his people ' borne by Aretas made it difficult
to find space for the date after his name.
RABBEL II (c. A.D. 71-106).
Rabbel II ^ reigned for a short time as minor under the regency
of his mother Shaqilath, as is proved by bronze coins from
1 2 Cor. xi. .32.
- Malichus II (son of Aretas IV and Shaqilath I) reigned over thirty years.
Littmann [Prhiceton Univ. Arch. Exped., Div. lY, Sect. A, p. 21) reads a date
as 'year 33 of Malik', but the number of units seems doubtful, and the date
is perhaps 31.
^ Half-sister, if Dalman {Neue Pefi-a-Foi'schtmgen, p. 106) is right in his
genealogical list.
* Son of Malichus II and Shaqilath II. His accession is fixed to A. D. 70-71
by an inscription {C.I.S., I, 161), which ec[uates his twenty-fourth year to
year 405 of the 'Roman' (i.e. Seleucid) era. This Seleucid date has also been
read 410 (giving A. D. 75 as Rabbel's first year), but 405 seems to be correct.
XX INTRODUCTION
the collections of the Marquis de Vogli^ and of Dussaud himself.^
One Oneishu, described as ' brother of the queen Shaqilath ', in
the sense of iniTpoTros,^ assisted the queen in the government.
Subsequently Rabbel married Gamilath, and all the coins (on
none of them are any dates legible with certainty) were issued
in their joint names.
The existence of a Malichus III in succession to Rabbel II,
assumed by Dussaud, is, as Schiirer has argued, very doubtful.
The dynasty came to an end with the creation of the province
of Arabia in 106.
The Berlin Cabinet possesses three bronze coins procured recently
at Bostra ; one is of Malichus II and Shaqilath, of the usual types ;
the second is an unusually rude specimen of Rabbel II and
Gamilath ; but the third is a new variety :
Obv. Figure standing 1., r. raised ; border of dots.
liev. Similar type ; in field r. inscr., apparently ^<i
n
border of dots. Here PL XLIX. 11.
This is therefore to be attributed to Malichus II and Shaqilath,
or, less probably, to Rabbel with his mother.
THE STANDARD OF THE SILVER.
The weights of the didrachm are as follows :
Obodas II 6-78 gm., 6-76 gm.
Malichus I 6-51 gm.
Obodas III 6-90 gm., 6-54 gm.
^ Dussaud, no. 65, PI. IV. 6 : Obv. Two laureate heads, jugate ; Bev. Two
cornuacopiae crossed; inscr. H/iSJ^ TO'^p^ /i^'2,1 (Rabbel, Shaqilath, his
mother). Here PI. XLIX. 10 (from M. de Vogue's Collection, now in the
Paris Collection).
^ So Clermont-Ganneau, quoting Strabo XVI. 4, 21, p. 779: the king has as
(■jTiTpoTTov Tcop (Tnlpcdv Tivo. K'lKovfxfvou cide\(p6v. Cp. Briinnow-Domaszewski,
Piovincia Arabia, i, p. 402.
KINGS OF NABATAEA THE STANDARD OF THE SILVER XXI
This is obviously the didrachm of the Tyrian or Ptolemaic standard.
The weights of the drachm are as follows :
Obodas III, maximum 4-75 gm. ; average 4-41 gm.
Aretas IV,^ maximum 4-79 gm. ; average 4-204 gm.
If the four very light coins below 4 gm., evidently under-
weighted, are omitted from the calculation, the average is 4-36 gm.
The coin was thus two-thirds of the Ptolemaic didrachm. It is
obvious that so high an average is unlikely if the standard is
supposed to be Attic. The evidence of confcemporaiy coinages,
such as those of Aradus or Parthia, shows that the level of the
' Attic ' standard in these parts is much lower. The standard is
evidently some independent, doubtless local one, with which we
are not acquainted.
These ' drachms ' are the j^S? 7D of Aretas mentioned above.
Malichus II, maximum 3-98 gm. ; average 3-52 gm.
Rabbel II, maximum 3-59 gm. ; average 3-40 gm.
It is not unreasonable to suppose that these were intended to
conform to the Roman denarius, which from the close of the First
Punic War until the time of Nero was normally 3-90 gm.-
The terms 'obol of silver' (S|D:3 r\Vt2) and 'half of silver'
<^DD T*n), which occur on coins of the tenth year of Aretas IV,
evidently mean that the pieces in question were to pass current
for i and ^^ of a drachm of silver respectively." The pieces in
question weigh from 11-26 gm. to 9-20 gm. and 5-35 gm. respec-
tively, but owing to the inexactitude of the weights of token
money at this period it is difficult to guess what denominations
^ Dussaud's weights corrected by the material available in the British
Museum. The data are hardly sufficient to allow of making a 'curve of
frequency ', but so far as this can be done, the top of the curve practically
coincides with the average, and while it rises suddenly from 4-15 gm,, it
descends very slowly to 4-79 gm. ; in other words, the mass of the coins is
above the average.
- Only two coins of Malichus II exceed this weight (3-98 gm., 3-95 gm.) ;
Dussaud's statement (p. 201) that his drachms are of a weight notably higher
than that of the denarius, assumes that the Neronian denarius (8-41 gm.) had
made itself known in Nabataea as early as the time of Malichus II.
^ See Dussaud, p. 222.
XXll INTRODUCTION
they were meant to represent. Normally the silver obol was
worth eight chalkoi. Babelon gives the average weight of the
chalkous of the Syrian kings (Antiochus IV and Alexander Bala)
as barely 6 gm.^ But the coin inscribed XAAKOYZ, attributed
to Agrippa II, and apparently struck in a. d. 86,^ weighs only
1-46 gm. Eight of these would weigh 11-68 gm., which is a little
more than the highest weig-ht of the obols of Aretas IV. It is
probable, however, that in his time the normal weight of the
chalkous was considerably higher than in the time of Agrippa II,
and the object of the inscriptions on his bronze was evidently to
give it a forced value. It was in fact mere token money.
ARABIA PROVINCIAL
The Arabian cities whose coins are catalog-ued in this volume
are those which happened to be comprised in the province from
the time of its institution in a.d. 106 down to the end of the
period of the Greek coinage.** Thus the mints of Philadelphia,
Gerasa, Dium, and Philippopolis are included, although they were
originally in the Decapolis,° and were only transferred to Arabia
in the reign of Severus at the earliest. But Canatha, which was
transferred at the same time, had then ceased to issue coins "^ ; it
is therefore omitted from this volume, Eboda, of which a solitary
coin of Nero's time is known, might have been omitted on the
same orounds, but is included because its coinage does not find
' Traite, I, 462.
2 B. M. C, Palestine, p. 247, no. 62.
^ The substance of this section has ah-eady appeared in the Journal of Boman
Studies, vol. vi (1916).
* On the boundaries at various pei'iods see Briinnow-Domaszewski, Provincia
Arabia, iii, pp. 264 if.
^ Under which head their coins, so far as represented in the British Museum
up to 1899, have been catalogued by Wroth, B.M.C., Gakifia, &c. (1899).
« See Wroth, op. cit., p. 302.
ARABIA PROVINCIA — ADRAA XXlll
a place in the series of any other province. The latest Greek
coins issued by any Arabian city are of the time of Valerian and
Gallienus.
ADRAA.
Adraa (Adri'dt in the Hauran, the Biblical Edrei) was a minor
centre of the cult of Dusares, whose baetyl is represented on the
coins.^ It was originally in the Nabataean kingdom, and was
doubtless included in Provincia Arabia at the time of the constitu-
tion of the province, whose era is employed on the coinage.-
The coinage ^ begins in the Antonine period (Marcus Aurelius^
Lucilla, Commodus) and continues to Valerian and Gallienus. The
chief types are :
Baetyl of the god Dusares (AOYCAPHC GCOC) placed (some-
times) between two ornaments (horns of the altar 1) * on a square
basis, probably a kabah or motab (PI. III. 5). This is the type
which has usually been described as a wine-press, but has been
at last recognized for what it really is by Dussaud.'^
Bust of City-goddess, turreted (TYXH).
City-goddess (TYXH), standing, turreted, resting on spear or
sceptre, and holding human head. On a coin in the British
Museum (PI. III. 4) this figure appears in a shrine. The head
■^ See especially Dussaud, Notes de Mythologie Syrienne, pp. 167 fF. and below,
under Bostra. It is supposed that the panegyriarchs of Adraa whose dedicatory
inscriptions appear at Petra (Briinnow, i, p. 220, no. 60, 2-4) represented
Adraa at the annual festival of Dusares ; and one of the inscriptions accom-
panies the figure of an omphalos-shaped baetyl like that shown on the coins
of Adraa. It is, however, noticeable that the neighbouring dedications of
panegyriarchs are to dea yayiaTrj, presumably Allat, who may be the paredros
of Dusares.
^ Briinnow-Domaszewski, iii, p. 265; Dussaud, Notes, p. 117.
^ See especially de Saulcy, Tene Sainte, pp. 373 ff., and Dussaud, loc. cit.
* Dalman, Petra u. s. Felsheiligtilmer, p. 50, thinks they are the remains of
pillars supporting an arch over the baetyl.
^ The coin of Elagabalus representing three baetyls on a platform approached
by steps, with A^YC .... 0€OC, which Dussaud (Notes, p. 170) ascribes
to Adraa, is more probably of Bostra.
XXIV INTRODUCTION
which she holds is that of the emperor ; see B. M. C, Palestine,
p. xix.
Herakles seated on rock, r. resting on club.
Two deities, one lying down, the other seated behind (apparently
a river-god, presumably the Wadi Zeidi, and Tyche). Inscrip-
tion AAPAHNCJN. . O? M? TYXHC ^rov^) BO (Paris). See
PL XLIX. 12. The doubtful letters may point to the title Kojjl-
[io8Lav5>v, of which there seems to be a trace on another coin of
Commodus recorded by Hardouin.^
The inscription AOYCAPIA which is supposed to occur on a
coin of Adraa is perhaps really AOYCAPHC.^ The description:
' Table on which is an urn, between two small figures ; under ^ the
table, a press ', suggests that the ' urn ' is not a prize-crown or vase,
but the baetyl of Dusares.
BOSTRA.
Bostra, the modern Bosra,^ belonged to the Nabataean kingdom
and was included by Trajan under the name Nea Tpa'iavr] Boar pa
in the Provincia Arabia. Its era dates from this incorporation,
beginning March 22, 106.'"'
The earliest coins which can with certainty be assigned to Bostra
are of Antoninus Pius ; but it is generally supposed that the coins
of Hadrian, with the bust of Arabia holding two small figures^
^ De Saulcy, p. 374, note on no. 2.
"^ See de Saulcy, p. 375, under Caracalla.
^ Not upon the table, as de Saulcy says.
■* For the remains see especially Briinnow-Domaszewski, iii, pp. 1-84. C. R.
Moray has made a useful list of the known coins of Bostra in the appendix
to Div. ii, sect. A, part 4 of Pithlications of the Princeton Univ. Arclmeol. Exped.
to Syi-ia in 1904-5 and 1909 ; this appendix is hereafter cited as Morey, Bostra.
It supersedes the same author's article in the Revue Numismatique for 1911.
The latest contribution to the subject is the article on Bostra by Kubitschek
in the Numismatische Zeitschrift in 1916.
^ Briinnow-Domaszewski, iii, p. 303.
''' Possibly personifying the Auranitis and Arabia Petraea. The type is not
included by M. Jatta in his Rappresentanze Jigurate delJe Prorincie Romane
(1908).
ARABIA PROVINCIA — EOSTRA XXV
in her arms (PI. III. 1-3), were struck at this mint. There are
a few quasi-autonomous coins (p. 16, nos. 1, 2) which seem to bear
the date^ ^(tovs) X^, i.e. 76, which would place them in the
reign of Commodus ; and another, apparently not dated, is men-
tioned below.
The date of the erection of Bostra into a colony is in dispute.
Eckhel- is inclined to refer the statement of Damascius, that it
was made a colony (TroX/^erat) by ' Severus ', to Septimius Severus
rather than Severus Alexander. This must have been after
A. D. 209-10, as the existence of Greek coins of Septimius Severus
and Domna shows. Some of the small coins of Caracalla inscribed
COL-MET-ANTONINIANA-AVR-.. (in various forms), and
usually classed under Carrhae, have been attributed to Bostra ; for
they are said to read B, and one of them BOSTRA in full, after
the other titles.^ These readings, up to the present, entirely lack
confirmation ; and it may be remarked that, if Bostra was already
called Metropolis in the reign of Caracalla, it would hardly have
dropped the title only to resume it under Philip. Further, while
these coins of Caracalla do not resemble in style or fabric those
of Bostra either before or after his reign, they are extremely close
to those of Carrhae. De Saulcy'^ seems therefore to have been
justified in rejecting the attribution to Bostra altogether.^ Nor
is it probable that Elagabalus was responsible for the foundation ;
for the one coin which seems to show that the place was a colony
^ For the form of ^ for trovs compare the coins of Olba in Cilicia, B. M. C,
Lycaonia, &c., pp. 119 ff.
^ Docti:, iii, 500. Kubitschek, op. cit., p. 189, argues that the authority of
Damascius on such a point is worthless.
^ Mhs. Sanclem., iii, pp. 8, 9 ; Mionnet, Suppl. viii, p. 385, nos. 9-14 ; Morey
in Bei: Num., 1911, p. 81 f. The reading BOSTRA is given in Mus.
Sanclem. on the authority of Cousinery. Morey, who had previously [Rev.
Num., loc. cit.) accepted the attribution of these coins to Bostra, now recognizes
its improbability.
* Ten-e Sainte, p. .36fi.
^ Another coin of Caracalla that has probably been misread seems to give
the name ANTflNI ... to Bostra (de Saulcy, p. 365, no. 2). As regards
an alleged later coin with Greek inscription, see Kubitschek, op. cit., p. 186
vMaximinus, Thessalonica).
d
XX"V1 INTRODUCTION
in his time is equally uii verified. ^ In fact, there is no satisfactory
evidence of the foundation of the colony before Severus Alexander/'^
It then takes the title Colonia Bostra Nova Traiana Alexandriana.
Under Philip it receives the title Metropolis, and the titles acquired
from Trajan and Severus Alexander disappear. The coinage comes
to an end with Trajan Decius or Trebonianus Gallus.
The types are as interesting as the}'- are puzzling. Of chief
importance is the god Dusares.^ There is an anthropomorphic
representation of this god on a coin of Commodus : —
Ohv. AAYPKOMOAOCKAICAYTOKYIor(v) EY.^
Bust of Commodus r.
Itev. BOCTPHN WNAOYCAPHC. Beardless male bust r.
draped, wearing diadem or fillet.
M 22 mm. Princeton Art Museum. C. R. Morey, Rev. Num., 1911,
p. 69 = Bostra, p. 12, no. 12, fig. 11 (here PI. XLIX. 13).
The bust on the reverse of a badly preserved coin of Philip,
which Morey takes for Philip Junior, perhaps represents the same
god (p. 23, no. 39).
Since Dusares was identified with Dionysos,"' it has l)een thought
that he is to be recognized in the god who appears on a coin of
1 Pellerin, Mel. de Med. i (1765), p. 300, no. 6. Ohv. IMP. M. AVR.
ANTOJNIN. Bust of Elagabalus laureate. Rev. N. TRA. BOSTRA.
Founder ploughing with two oxen. Cf. Mionnet, v, 582, 20 (who gives
N. TPA. BOSTRA). The mixture of Latin and Greek on the obverse is,
of course, possible, but does not add to our confidence in the reading.
Kubitschek, op. cit., p. 187, thinks that Bostra may have been made a colony
in the last days of Elagabalus, while Alexander was Caesar.
^ P. Meyer, Fleckeisen's Jalirhncher f. class. Fhilol., xliii, 1897, p. 595, note,
cuts the difficulty by saying that Bostra received ' Stadtrecht ' under Septimius
Severus, and became a colony under Severus Alexander.
^ See especially Baethgen, Beitr. z. setnit. Religio)isgesch., pp. 92 ff. ; Cumont
in Pauly-VVissowa, v, 1865 f . ; Dussaud, l^otes de Mythologie Syr., pp. 169 ff. ;
C. R. Morey, Rev. Ku»i., 1911, pp. 69 ft". = Bostra, pp. 1 ff.
* Cf. the inscription on the coin of Commodus in the British Museum
(no. 12): AAYPKOM[KA?]lCAV(V)TVIOC€B. On r for C and S, see
Kubitschek, op. cit., p. 190, n. 3.
■'' See e.g. G. Dalman, Fetra ii. s. Felsheiligtibner (1908), p. 50. In the
dedication by Syllaeus at Miletus he is identified with Zeus.
ARABIA PROVINCIA — EOSTRA XXVll
Elagabalus (PI. IV. 3), on which the attribute of the god has been
taken for a panther. But there is little doubt that that god is
the same as the one who appears under Trajan Decius (PI. IV. 13)/
where the animal accompanying him seems to be more like a ram
than a panther; in fact he is no other than Zeus Amnion (see
below).
Dussaud has explained the type, usually described as a wine-
press, which is found on various coins of Bostra (PI. IV. 12 and
XLIX. 14), as three baetyls sacred to Dusares. Kubitschek^
dismisses this interpretation as a ' verlorene Sache ' ; and recently
Morey has endeavoured to revive the wine-press theory.^ I confess
that the arguments against Dussaud's views seem to me to be
quite baseless. The fact that an anthropomorphic representation
of the god occurs under Commodus is certainly no reason for
supposing that an aniconic representation would not occur later ;
the evidence of coinages, such as those of Perga or Ephesus,
where primitive cultus statues existed, proves the precise contrary.
Secondly, the object does not, apparently, 'bear any very close
resemblance to any known form of ancient wine-press.* If the
central portion is a press, the two objects at the sides are certainly
not in the least like vases. It is true that no satisfactory explana-
tion has been given of the flat objects'^ of which seven are piled
on the central baetyl, and one on each of the side ones ; but such
^ Cf. the coin of Etruscilla, de Saulcy, y. 370, where the type is also
described as Dionysos (cf. Morey, Bostra, p. 16, no. 51).
^ Xtini, Zeit., 1908, p. 131. He still adheres to his view in Num. Zeit., 1916,
p. 192.
^ He publishes an interesting variation of the type, his fig. 20, on which the
base looks rather like a throne (here PI. XLIX. 14). On the left, upwards,
is AOY ; in the exergue OC (which is probably for ©€ [^C] as in Dussaud's
reading of the Rouvier specimen).
* Since the above was written, the technical objections to the wine-press
theory have been put with convincing force in Rev. Num., 1916, p. 184. All
the constructional parts of a press (the two summers, the two posts) are
lacking ; so also are all the essential elements of the screw (such as transverse
lever, hole therefor in the head of the screw, inclination of the thread, &c.);
and the base, instead of being solid, as is essential, is a platform.
^ Dussaud's suggestion of shewbread does not seem very probable.
XXVlll INTRODUCTION
caps to baetyls are known in otlier cases, and occur both singly
and doubly at Paphos.^ The number seven m&y have some
relisrious sig-nificance, as Dussaud remarks.
The platform on which the baetyls rest, and the top of which
is approached by steps, is doubtless, as Dussaud has shown, a sort
of altar, motab or kcihah. It is true that Suidas or his source
(s.v. Gevadpr]s) says that the baetyl of Dusares had square faces
and rested on a golden base ; but possibly he confused the omphalos-
shaped baetyl itself with the square base on which it rested. The
coins of Adraa show the baetyl in a simpler form (see above).
The fact that two camels (or rather the figures thereof) were
dedicated by Nabataeans to Dusares, according to an inscription
at Puteoli,^ does not prove, though it does suggest, that the camel
was his sacred animal ; nor is that necessary to explain the appear-
ance of the camel on the coins of Bostra. A quasi-autonomous coin
(here PI. XLIX. 15) in the Paris Cabinet (ohv. head of City -goddess)
is described by Morey (no. 1) as having on the reverse two camels,
one with a rider (possibly Dusares). But the animals, and the
type as a whole, bear an extraordinarily close resemblance to
the type on the coins of Orthosia in Phoenicia ^ ; and the animals,
whether they be panthers or griffins, are almost certainly winged.
On the other hand, a camel-rider appears on a coin of Caracalla or
Elagabalus (PL XLIX. 16) with the half-read and unexplained
inscription 0€OKANI (? ?),* which seems to contain the element
0€O, and may therefore be a god's name.
The games celebrated at the annual festival of Dusares (Dec. 25)
were known as the Actia Dusaria, as is proved by the inscriptions
on the coins (nos. 40-42).
^ B. M. C, Cyprus, p. cxxxii.
2 C.I.S., ii (i),p. 183, no. 157.
s B. M. C, Plioenicia, p. Ixxvii, plates XVI. 1 and XLI. 16.
^ De Saulcy, p. 366, no. 3. Cf. Kubitschek, op. cit., pp. 191-2. One of the
gods of the Nabataeans seems to have been called |^ (Baethgen, Beit): z. semit.
Religionsgesch., p. 107 f.), and this may be represented by the KAN I of the
Greek inscription.
ARABIA PROVINCIA— BOSTRA XXIX
If Dussaud is happy in his interpretation of the baetylic type
of Dusares, he is less certainly right in his theory of the identifica-
tion of Zeus Amnion with the Arabian god. Ammon appears as
the god of the third legion (Cyrenaica) which was quartered
at Bostra.^ He is represented on a coin already mentioned
(PI. IV. 13) in soldier's garb, proving his connexion with the legion.
A very interesting Concordia type (cf. Rev. JS^wni., 1911, plate iii, 10)
shows the god, representing the legion, in concord with the Citj—
goddess.
The City -goddess type (TYXH) is manifestly influenced by the
Astarte-City-goddess of Phoenicia and Palestine (PI. III. 8). One
foot is placed on the back of a small crouching animal; unfortunate] }■
this detail is obscure on all specimens known to me, although
de Saulcy identifies it as a lion on a good specimen which was
in his collection.^ She rests her hand on a spear, which is
apparently topped by a small trophy, although this detail is seldom
in any degree clear. She holds a cornucopiae. On one coin, of
Mamaea (PI. IV. 9), two small creatures, which have been taken
for centaurs, stand on either side of her; Dussaud is, however,
probably right in describing them as bulls.^ It may be observed
that in a dedication at Petra,* by one of the panegyriarchs of
Adraa, a goddess is figured ; she is described as being seated,
wearing modius and veil and holding a cornucopiae, with two
oxen recumbent at her feet. We have already seen that another
1 Drexler in Zeit.f. Num., xiii (1885), p. 281 ; C. R. Morey, Bostra, p. 8. The
cuirass woi-n by the god is best seen on a coin at Paris with his bust. On the
pre-colonial coin of Elagabalus, mentioned above, his garb is not military.
- p. 365. As Kubitschek remarks (p. 193), it is probable that the object on
which Tyche rests her foot is always the same, not a lion on one coin, a prow
on another, a human figure on a third. He describes (ibid.) a coin of Otacilia
Severa with rev. bust of Tyche, veiled and turreted, holding a sceptre ending
in a flower-shaped or cornucopiae-shaped head. Is not this the ordinary type
with the cornucopiae as seen on many earlier coins ?
^ Notes, p. 180. It is strange, at the same time, that he has mistaken the
goddess for a male deity.
* Briinnow-Domaszewski, i, p. 220, fig. 252. Dalman, Petra u. s. Fehheilig-
tilmer, -p. 145, says the goddess stands between two panthers ; he cannot see the
cornucopiae, and adds that the modius is conjectural.
XXX INTRODUCTION
of these dedications, in the same place, is connected with Dusares.
We may take it that this goddess, who is also the City-goddess
of Adraa and Bostra, is Allat, the consort of Dusares, or possibly
the Xaafxov mentioned by St. Epiphanius as the virgin-mother of
that god. Dussaud's attempt to explain away St. Epiphanius's
account is based on the doubtful reading Xaa^ov}
A very interesting type of the City-goddess is the Athena of.
PI. III. 9. There can be no doubt that she is the City-goddess,
since the inscription calls her Tyche. There is abundant evidence
that, in the Hauran, Athena was identified with Allat.^
The ' god of (the tribe) Qatsiu ' was worshipped at Bostra;^ but
the coins do not help to inform us how he was represented, and
whether he was identical with Z^v^ KdaLo's or Baal-Shamin.
Another unidentified god of Bostra was Aarra (X^y^{).■^
The coin-engravers of Bostra seem to have used the genitive
of the town name BOCTPflN and the ethnic BOCTPHNflN
indifferently. Among the Latin inscriptions on the coins is found
the transliteration BOSTPvON.
Many of the smaller coins of Bostra in the third century
(e. g. nos. 22-7, 32-8) seem to have been produced by casting.
There is no doubt that this process was more frequently used
in antiquity, at any rate under the Roman Empire, than is usually
supposed.
CHARACHMOBA.
The Qir-MOab of the Old Testament, el-Kerak at the present
day.° The coins, which are all of Elagabalus, were unknown
' See Baethgen, Beitr. z. semit. Religionsgesch. (1888), p. 107. Littmann
{Princeton Univ. Arch. Ex2)e(l., div. iv, sect. A, p. 57) is inclined to regard
n^^K' (Sharait) as the name of the consort of Dusares at Bostra ; but his
interpretation is admittedly very uncertain. Another Nabataean goddess at
Petra and Bostra is al-'Uzza (ibid., p. 58), but she is only a hypostasis of Allat
(Dussaud, Les Arahes en Syrie avant VIslam, p. 132),
* Baethgen, Beitr., p. 97; Dussaud, Les Arahes en Syrie avant VIslam (1907),
p. 129.
^ Littmann, Princeton Univ. Arch. Exped., div. iv, sect. A, p. 13.
* Jaussen et Savignac, Mission en Arahie, i, p. 205.
^ Benzinger in Pauly-Wissowa, iii, 2120 ; Babelon in Rev. Num., 1899,
ARABIA PROVINCIA DIUM
until Babelon published two of the specimens now in the British
Museum, The third was at the time unknown to him. On this
coin, unfortunately badly preserved, a figure is seated before an
erection on which is a tall object between two small baetyls (?),
i. e. probably an altar or cult-stone of Dusares, as on coins of
Bostra and Adraa, rather than a wine-press ; but the central
object in this case looks more like a column^ than an omphalos-
shaped baetyl.
DIUM.
Dium - of the Decapolis probably belonged to Provincia Arabia
in the time of Septimius Severus, when its coins were issued ^ ;
certainly that was the case at a later time. Its site is very
uncertain : Kefr-Ahil, near Pella ; Edun and QaVat el-Husn, near
Irbid : and T ell-el- Ash^ari, N. of el-MuzeHb have all been suggested.*
The era employed on the coins is the Pompeian, since the place
received its liberty from Pompeius. In the Decapolis this era
seems to have dated from Oct. 63 b. c.^ Consequently the dates
which appear on the coins of Caracalla and Geta (268, 270, 271,
and 275) are all, with the exception of the last, within the reign
of Septimius Severus. The coin of Caracalla, reputed to bear the
date €0C, rests on the authority of Sestini only ; that of Geta,
with apparently the same date, has been shown bj- de Saulcy to
be really of year 270 (^C). There is, of course, nothing improbalile
in the issue of a coin by Caracalla in 275 = a.d. 212-13. The type
p. 274 f. ; art. Kir {of Moah) in Hastings's Diet, of the Bible ; A. Musil, Arabia
Petraea, i (1907), pp. 45-62.
^ Such as the X^^Ji'tt erected to Dusares at Umm-el-Jimal {Princeton Univ.
Arch. Exped., div. iv, sect. A, p. 34). For Nabataean pillar-idols generally, see
Dalman, Petra u. s. Felslieiligtilmer, p. 70.
- Benzinger in Paulj'-Wissowa, v, 834 ; de Saulcy, pp. 378 fF.
' Briinnow-Domaszewski, iii, p. 264 f. The coin discussed at such length by
de Saulcy, with AKZAIOY, belongs to Seleucia on the Tigris.
* De Saulcy, Joe. cit. ; Briinnow-Domaszewski, Joc.cit. and p. 361 ; Bleekmann
in Zeitschr. d. detitschen Pcdastina-Vereins. xxxvi (1913), p. 234.
^ Briinnow-Domaszewski, op. cit., iii, p. 304.
XXXll INTRODUCTION
of this piece, according to Sestini, is the City-goddess seated, with
a river-god at her feet.
The type of the other coins is the Syrian god Hadad (PI. IV. 15,
16), who appears in many slightly varying forms on coins of
Syrian cities, notably Rhosus and Raphanea ^ ; the bulls are
a constant element in the type. At Rhosus, as at Dium,
horns appear on the top of his head. Hadad, being equated by
the Greeks with Zeus, was appropriately worshipped at a place
called Dium.
EBODA.
The site of "E^coSa ^ is at el-'Abda, in Arabia Petraea, south
of Elusa. It is sometimes called Oboda, and Zeus Obodas was
worshipped there.
Apparently the only known specimen of the coinage is that
identified by Imhoof-Blumer :
Obv. [NEPWN] KAAYAIOC KAIZ. Head of Nero r., laureate.
Bev. EBW 1., [A]HZ r. Nike apteros 1., semi-mide, holding wreath
in r., pahii-branch in 1.
JE 16 mm. Berlin (Imhoof-Blumer Collection, here PI. XLIX. 17) :
see Mionnet, Suppl. viii, 387, 21 (under Eshus) ; de Saulcy,
p. 394 ; Imhoof-Blumer, loc. cit.
The occurrence of a coinage in this district so early as the time
of Nero is surprising; but it must be remembered that the rela-
tions of Eboda with Gaza (between which and Petra it was about
half-way) must have been fairly close ; and Gaza had a coinage
at this time.
^ Dussaud in Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, vii, 2161.
^ See Imhoof-Blumer, Momi. gi-ecques, p. 450; Benzinger in Pauly-Wissowa,
V, 1896 ; Brunnow-Domaszewski, iii, p. 268 ; Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, PhU.-hist.
KL, xliv (1907j, p. 140. For the site see Rev. Bihl., 1904, pp. 403 fF., 1905,
pp. 74 flP. ; A. Musil, Arabia Petraea, ii (1908), pp. 106-51. I have to thank the
late Dr. Imhoof-Blumer for a cast of the coin here illustrated (PI. XLIX. 17).
ARABIA PRO VINCI A — GERASA XXXI 11
ESBUS.
'Ea-jBov's, the Biblical Heshbon, is the modern Hesbdn between
Philadelphia and Medaba, 26 km. east of the north end of the
Dead Sea.^
The coins are probably all of the time of Elagabalus, although
some of them have been attributed to Caracalla. The types are
an ordinary seated Zeus, holding phiale (PI. V. l) ; the City-goddess
in her temple, her right foot on a small figure, an obscure object
(perhaps the emperor's Ijust 2) in her hand (PI. V. 2) ; and the god
illustrated on PI. V. 3. The last is the second type described by
de Saulcy as Astarte holding a small bust ; but it is apparently
a male god,^ perhaps akin to the so-called Men who appears on
the coins of Gaba.^ The conical object which he holds resembles
a pine-cone, but it may perhaps be compared with the conical
stone, if it be a stone, held by the City -goddess on coins of Sebaste
in Samaria.^ A serpent twines round the spear or sceptre on
which he leans. '^
The coins show that Esbus was called Aurelia.
The inscription on the obverse is in Latin (save for the beginning,
AVT instead of IMP), that on the reverse in Greek.
GERASA.
Gerasa (Jerash) was prol)ably included in the Provincia Arabia
at the time of its foundation." The coins bear no dates, but the
^ De Saulcy, p. 393 ; Benzinger in Paulj'-Wissowa, vi, 613 ; A. Musil, Arabia
Fetraea, i (1907), pp. 383 ft'.
^ B. M. C, Palestine, p. xix.
^ Eckhel, iii, p. 503.
^ Drexler in Rosclier, ii, 2728 f., where it is suggested that this is the Semitic
god Sin.
'' B.M.C, Palestine, p. 78.
•^ This suggests another possibility: the god may be the Phoenician Eshmun
with his sacred serpent, whose worship, on account of the assonance, might
well have been considered in place at Heshhun.
"^ Briinnow-Domaszewski, iii, p. 265.
e
XXXIV INTRODUCTION
so-called Pompeiau era was in use on inscriptions there.^ The
place is not mentioned in history before Josephus, who says that
it was taken by Alexander Jannaeus.^ But one of the Seleucid
kings, probably Antiochus IV, who was fond of renaming cities,
had previously given it the name of Antiochia t] npo9 rco Xpvaopoa.
This is proved by various inscriptions of the second century after
Christ, which speak of the inhabitants as 'Avrio\ei9 ol npo^
Xpv(Top6a ol npoTepov Tepacrrjvoi^ ; and by coins of M. Aurelius
and L. Verus which bear the same legend abbreviated. These
coins are published by Imhoof-Blumer.'* The type of that of
M. Aurelius (PI. XLIX. 18) is Tyche, with rudder and cornucopiae,
standing, with the emperor (?) togate, standing to front Ijehind
her ; that of L. Verus (PI. XLIX. 19) bears Tyche seated on a rock,
holding ears of corn, with a figure of the river-god Chrysorrhoas
swimming at her feet.
The coins of imperial date belong for the most part, if not
entirely, to the period of the city's greatest prosperity in the
second century, and extend from Hadrian to Commodus, and
perhaps to Severus Alexander.-^ Under the bust on the obverse
' Ibid., p. 303; Schiirer, Gescli. d. jildischen Volkes, ii^ pp. 182 fF.
^ For the history of the place, see G. Schumacher in Zeitschr. d. dentschen
Pcdilstina-Vereins, xxv (1902), pp. 119 fF. ; Schiirer, op. cif., pp. 177 ff.
^ Perdrizet, Lettre au B. P. Sejournd in Bev. BihUque, p. 441 (pp. 18 ff. of
reprint), shows (1) that Imhoof-Blumer's interpretation of the latter part
of the coin-legend as tccv npoi Tepdaois must be corrected as in the text ;
(2) that therefore Antiochia ad Chrysorrhoam and Gerasa were identical, not
neighbouring places ; and (3) that the Chrysorrhoas is not the river of
Damascus and Leucas, but another stream on which Jerash lies, called the
Wady Jerash. The most recently found inscription is a Latin one of Hadrian
mentioning the place under the title ' Antiochia ad Chrysorhoan quae et
Gerasa Hiera et Asylo(s) et Autonomos' (Cheesman in Journ. Bom. Stud.,
iv (1914), p. 13).
* Bev. Suisse, viii (1898), p. 47 f. Specimens in the market. I have to thank
the late Di*. Imhoof-Blumer for casts of these coins, and of a third in the Gotha
cabinet on which the inscription is incomplete (M. Aurelius, Tyche seated as
on the coin of Verus).
® De Saulcy, Teire Sainte, pp. 385 ff. The coin of Severus Alexander, with
a figm-e of Ai'temis as huntress, depends on Sestini's authority only. The
coinage probably began on the occasion of Hadrian's visit to Palestine in
ARABIA PEOVINCIA — MED ABA XXXV
of many of the coins of Hadrian are certain unexplained letters,
which have been read €AI, A€, Al, i^vC. It does not seem possible
to read them as dates, or as part of the title of the emperor.
The prevailing type is the Ijust of Artemis as Tyche of the citj^
(PI. V. 4-6).^ Dedications to the goddess are found among the
inscriptions from the site ; the great temple of Gerasa was dedicated
to her, not, as formerly supposed, to the Sun.^ The coins throw
no light on the other cults of the city -which are revealed by the
inscriptions (Zeus Olympios with Hera, Zeus Helios Sarapis with
Isis and Necoripa, i. e. Nephthys,'^ the ©eb? 'Apa^tKO^, presumably
Dusares, &c.).
MED ABA.
Medaba (Mddaha), chiefly famous for its geographical mosaic,*
was not known to have struck coins until Babelon ^ published one
of the Hamburger specimens, now in the British Museum (PI. V. 9),
and another in the Paris Cabinet, which had been described by
de Saulcj' as possibly a coin of Rabbathmoba or Gaba.^ To these
coins, which are of Elagabalus, we may now add two dated coins
of Caracalla, nos. 1 and 2 (PI. V. 7, 8) in this catalogue, and two
129-30. when a statue of the emperor was erected in the city ; see Bleekmann
in Zeifschr. D. P. V., xxxvi, p. 231, and cf. ibid., p. 260 f. ; or it may have been
connected with the wintering of eight troops of the Cavahy of the Guard
at Gerasa, which Cheesman {Joiirn. Rom. Stud., iv (1914), p. 16) supposes to
have taken place in a. d. 132.
^ De Saulcy describes one coin of Hadrian (p. 385, 3 ; Mionnet, v, p. 329, .57)
as having the bust placed on a crescent.
- H. Lucas in Mitf. tt. Nachr. des deutschen Palcisfina-Vereins, 1901, pp. 50 flf. ;
no. 2 Geci 'Aprf/xtSi ; nos. 3, 5 'ApreiiiSi Kvpia ; no. 4 Qed AaKa[iV7;] iirqKoa 'Apre/xiS*.
Schumacher, Zeitschr. D.P.V.. xxv (1902J, p. 130, adheres to the view that the
great temple was dedicated to the Sun. For other inscriptions, besides the
references given by Schiirer, p. 179, note, see Princeton Univ. Expedition ,
div. iii, sect. A, part i, p. 18 f.
2 A. J. Reinach, Rev. Et. f/r., 1912, p. 68.
* A. Jacoby, Das geogv. Mosaik von Madaba (1905). On the site see A. Musil,
AvaUa Petraea, i (1907), pp. 113-23.
Comptes Rendus de VAcad., 1898, p. 387 = Mel. Num., iii, pp. 251 fF.
' De Saulcy, Ten-e Sainte, p. 358.
XXXVl INTRODUCTION
of Septimius SeverusJ De Saulcy read the coin of Elagabalus in
tlie Paris Cabinet . . . BHN TYXH, and Babelon accordingly
assumes, for this coin, the ethnic MHAABHNCJN. Possibly the
H is a badly formed W. The coins of Septimius Severus, if rightly
read, confirm the termination -rji/cou ; but in the illustration given
the last three letters NHN are indicated as doubtful^ while in the
text the letters [HN] are bracketed. The draughtsman has read
the first two letters as MA ; he may be right, since the form
MdSa^a is one of the many which the name assumes in literature.
All the other coins read MHAABIIN TYXH. The City-goddess
is represented, on three of the four specimens where she appears,
as holding a human bust, which has been shown elsewhere to be
that of the reigning emperor.- On the fourth the object in her
right hand, which is held close to her body, is not distinguishable.
An interesting coin of Septimius Severus, published Ijy R. P.
Decloedt, represents Helios (HA I) in a quadriga to front, his head
to 1. and his r. hand raised ; the torch which Pere Decloedt says
that he holds in his left arm is not shown in the illustration.
Behind him appears a double arc which may l)e meant to indicate
the heavens.
The coins of Caracalla appear to be dated by the Arabian era,
wliicli, as Kubitschek remarks,^ was naturally used by Medaba
so long as it belonged to the Arabian province. The dates on the
two coins in the British Museum appear to me to be P€ (A. D. 210-
11) rather than PG (a. d. 214-15).
MOCA.
De Saulcy * is rightly doubtful of the existence of coins of Moca.
Coins of Antoninus Pius and Septimius Severus were described by
Vaillant"' as reading respectively MO K A lEP. ACY. AYTO (City-
^ R. P. Achille Decloedt, Bev. Xum., 1910, p. 532. He mentious a second
specimen in the collection of the German Benedictines at Jerusalem.
" B. M.C., Palpstine, p. xix.
° Mitth. d. k. k. geog. GeseUsch. hi Wieii, 1900, ]). 369.
* Terre Sainte, p. 402.
^ Num. Imp., pp. 44 and 84.
ARABIA PEOVINCIA — PETRA
goddess in tetrastyle temple, in r. spear, in 1, cornucopiae) and
MOKA lEP. ACYA. AY (female figure standing, holding poppy-
head and corn-ears in r., cornucopiae in 1.). Mionnet^ described
similarly a specimen of the former from the Beaucousin cabinet,
and a specimen of the latter (with a slight dilTerence in the
inscription, MOKA. IE P. A. AYTO) which de Saulcy has shown
to be really a coin of Hermocapelia. Yet another autonomous
piece attributed to Moca is stated by de Saulcy to belong to
Mopsus. The coin of Antoninus Pius has not been verified.-
PETRA.
Petra/ the capital of the Nabataean kingdom, was presumably
the chief mint of the Nabataean regal coinage. Its coinage under
the Roman empire is of comparatively small interest, and extends
only from Hadrian to Geta. The coins show that Hadrian bestowed
on the city the titles Hadriana and Metropolis.* The coinage
under this emperor must have been considerable in extent, since
among the twelve coins in the British Museum only two show the
use of a common obverse die.
The chief type is the City-goddess (PI. V. 10, 11, 13-15), who,
according to Dalman, is to be identified with Allat-Manatu.' She
carries a trophy, and sometimes holds in her other hand other
1 V. p. 586, nos. 40, 41.
- Mr. E. S. G. Robinson suggests that it may be a coin of Dora, with the
inscription ACJPA. I€P. ACY. AYTO k.t.X. and a type similar to that
of B.M. C, Phoenicia, p. 118, no. 43 (Elagabalus). In the iUustration in
Gessnev, Num. Aiit. Ini2). Iiotn.,iA. CU,&gAQ, the word MOKA occupies the
same position in the exergue as the word AGJPA on the coin of Elagabalus.
and the representation of the temple looks as if the engraver had omitted the
gable and one column on each side.
^ See especially Briinnow-Domaszewski, i, pp. 125-428 ; A. Musil, Arabia
Petraea, ii (1907), pp. 41 if, ; G. Dalman, Petra u. s. Felslieiligtiimer (1908), and
Neue Petra-Forschungen (1912).
^ De Saulcy, pp. 351-3. Perhaps the titles were given on the occasion of
a visit by Hadrian in 130. Kubitschek, Num. Zei'., 1916, pp. 185-6.
5 Petra, p. 52.
INTRODUCTION
objects which cannot l)e easily made out. On one coin, the
object has been described ^ as a human bust : l)ut it differs
little from the object which, on another piece (PI. XLIX. 21),'''
looks like a small stele, and may perhaps represent a deity."
Usually, however, her right hand is open.* On a coin of Antoninus
Pius (PI. V. 13) she is shown sacrificing.'^ The coins throw no
light on the cult of Dusares, the chief god of the Arabians, unless
the object held by the City-goddess, as above described, is connected
with him.
De Saulcj^ has described a series of coins of Elagabalus wliich,
if rightly attributed, would show that Petra became a Roman
colony in the reign of that emperor. These coins, which are not
uncommon,'^ appear always to come from Palestine. The reverse
type is a founder (who is onl}^ partly visible) ploughing to r. with
two oxen. The inscription in the exergue is COLOM or COLON I
(with A sometimes in front of the oxen's forefeet) ; above is
PETAA, PETA, or PEXA. The lower bar of the X is, how-
ever, apparently the remains of a line drawn to regulate the
lettering. The fabric is usually thick and dumpy, entirely un-
like anything found at Petra, but resembling that of the smaller
coins of places like Caesarea Samariae and Ascalon. Under the
circumstances the series cannot j^et be accepted as belonging to
Petra.
^ De Saulcy, p. 353.
2 In the market in 1906 ; ohv. AYK YH POCTTE - bust of Severus
r., laureate; in countermark on neck, A; rev. AAPIANHTTET PAMH
TPOTTOAIC. City-goddess seated 1. as described in text. Mionnet (v,
p. 588, 49) describes a coin of Geta bearing on the obverse € in countermark.
' Cf. the pillar-idols so frequent at Petra ; Dalman, Petra, p. 70.
* Her fingers have apparently been taken for ears of corn by de Saulcy
(p. 351, no. 1); and the cornucopiae and palm-branch which have been
described as carried by her on some specimens seem to be equally doubtful.
^ Probably also on a joint coin of two Antonine emperors, where de Saulcy
describes the reverse type as a pontifex.
•^ De Saulcy mentions three in the Paris Cabinet, two in his own collection
(acquired at Jerusalem), and one (under Pella, p. 292, 'Caracalla') from the
Clermont-Ganneau collection ; this last is now in the British Museum, which
also acquired three others with the Hamburger collection.
ARABIA PROVINCIA — PHILADELPHIA XXXIX
De Saulcy has pointed out that the letters read as PA^ Ijy
Pellerin on a coin of Septimius Severus are really MHT. No
dated coins of Petra are known.
PHILADELPHIA.
Philadelphia/ the Biblical Rahhah or Rabbath-beiie-'Ammdn,
is represented by extensive ruins at 'Aonindn. It acquired its
Greek name from Ptolemy Philadelphus, who rebuilt it. Stephanus
(s.v. ^iXaSeXcpeta) says that it was called 'Aa-rdpTrj, which may be
a confusion with 'Acmpta, since a goddess of this name is proved
by the coins to have been worshipped there, and since Eustathius '
actually mentions a city called Asteria in Syria. The coins,"
which are inscribed 4>IAAA€A<I)GnN KOIAHC CYPIAC, show
that the place was included in Coele-Syria, and it is mentioned
by Pliny under Decapolis ; but it belonged to the province of
Arabia as early as A. D. 138, and doubtless from the constitution
of the province.^ It continued, however, to employ the Pompeian
era of 63 B. c. at least as late as a. d. 164-5.
The Ammonites in Rabbah as elsewhere worshipped the god
Milkom/ and this worship evidently survived into the Roman
period, since the Herakles, whose figure ^ or head (often assimilated
to the portrait of the Caesar of the time) and sacred chariot appear
on the coins, is clearly the ' Tj^'ian Herakles V Molech-Melqarth-
Milkom. According to one version,^ the mother of the Tyrian
^ De Saulcy, pp. 386 ff. ; Wroth, B. M.C., Galatia, Sec, pp. Ixxxix, 306;
Schiirer, ii*, pp. 189 ff. ; Princeton Univ. Arch. Exped., div. ii, sect. A, part 1,
pp. 34 ff. ; div. iii, sect. A, pp. 8 ff.
- Comin. ad Horn. Iliad., 332, 19.
^ Miiller's attribution of Alexandrine coins with <|)| (nos. 1473 ff.) to this
mint cannot be accepted.
■• Briinnow-Domaszewski, iii, p. 265 ; Schiirer, ii^ p. 192.
^ According to the LXX, 2 Sam. xii. 30.
•"' De Saulcy, p. 391 (Caracalla, or rather Elagabalus) ; Herakles standing,
resting on club, holding lion-skin.
^ Cf the bust on PI. VI. 5 with the coins of Tyre, B. M. C, Phoenicia,
pi. XXXVI.
* Cicero, de nat. deor., iii, xvi, 42 ; Athenaeus, ix, 392 d.
Xl INTRODUCTION
Herakles was Asteria, who also is represented and named on
the coins, as a veiled goddess with a star surmounting her head ^
(PL VI. 9).
The sacred chariot of Herakles (HPAKAEION APMA),^ which
is represented on some coins (PI. VI. 8 and 12), is evidentlj' one
of those shrines, whether wheeled or provided with carrying poles,
used for carrying an idol or cult-objects in procession, of which
Phoenicia pro\'ides various examples.''
The helmeted bust which appears both as an independent type
and as an adjunct to the portrait of Antoninus Pius is usually'
described as Athena, but appears rather to be male (PI. VI. 7).
Of the other t3'pes of Philadelphia, we may mention the City-
goddess (TYXH <I)IAAA€A<I>€IAC), who is depicted in the usual
Astarte-like form. The Dioscuri also occur ; the type is probably
only an allusion to the name of the city, and does not prove the
existence of a cult there. The head of ' Bacchus ', described by
Vaillant on coins of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, seems to require
verification.* The Herakles types have already been mentioned,
but attention should be called to the remarkable coin at Paris
of M. AureKus and L. Verus, with the facing bust of the god
HPAKAHC holding a club over his shoulder.^ (Here PI. XLIX. 20.)
Of the quasi-autonomous coins described by de Saulcy, his first
^ On the other hand, the veiled goddess on certain quasi-autonomous coins,
without a star above her head, is Demeter; for the reverse types associated
with her bust are a wicker basket containing two ears of corn between two
serpents (PI. VI. 2) and five ears of corn (Mionnet, v, p. 330. no. 61).
- Variously misread by older authorities.
= Jouni. HelJen. Stud., xxxi, pp. 61 ^., pi. HI, 17-19; IV, 25, 34; cf. also the
well-known car of the sun-god of Emesa. A temple of Herakles, and possibly
also a procession in his honour, at Philadelphia are mentioned in an inscrip-
tion: Clerraont-Ganneau, Rev. ArcJi., vi (1905 , pp. 209 ff.
* Perhaps they are coins of the Lydian Philadelphia. Lydian also may be
the coin of M. Aurelius and L. Verus showing a figure with extended arms
in a distyle temple (Mionnet, v. p. 333, 79) ; possibly Helios, cf. B. M. C, Lydia,
p. 199, no. 73.
'•' De Saulcy, pi. XXII, 7. To judge from a cast, it would seem that the
surface of the coin has been worked on.
ARABIA PROVIXCIA PHILIPPOPOLIS xli
is a misread coin of Philadelphia in Cilicia,^ and his second appears
to be badly preserved and of doubtful attribution. His coin of
Agrippina Junior belongs to the Lydian Philadelphia.^ Thus
there remain no coins earlier than the reign of Titus. From
henceforward until the reign of Elagabalus the coinage is fairly
continuous. The coins of Severus Alexander cited by de Saulcy
rest on the authority of Sestini only.
PHILIPPOPOLIS.
Philippopolis was founded as a Roman colony by Philip the
Arabian. The site is at Shuhba (or Shehha), about 7 kil. north
of el-Kanatvdt (Canathal).^ A building which bears inscriptions
in honour of members of Philip's family, including his father
Julius Marinus, was probably a temple in which the deified
Marinus was worshipped.'* Coins struck by Philip commemorate
the apotheosis of his father, whose bust is borne by an eagle, and
surrounded by the inscription SEH MAPINU (PL VI. 14, 15).''
But the statue of Roma on the coins with the portraits of the two
Philips and Otacilia bears in her hand an eagle supporting not one
but two small figures (PL VI. 16, 17). These are possibly intended
for Marinus and his wife, the mother of Philip, although there
is no evidence that she was divinized.'''
' A similar specimen from the Hamburger collection shows that the letters
on the reverse are KIH TOJN.
- Imhoof-Blumer, Lt/d. Stacltmunzen, p. 121, no. 29.
^ Briinnow-Domaszewski, iii, pp. 145 ft'. ; Ptiblications of an Amer. Arclmeol.
Exped. to Syria in 1899-1900, part ii (1904), pp. 376 ft'. ; iii, pp. 307 ff. ;
Kubitschek, Sitzb. Ahid. Wien, Bd. 177, Abh. 4 (1916), pp. 40 ft\ Kubitschek's
suggestion that the ancient name may have been Chababa is, he says, rejected
by philologists, so far as equation with the modern name is concerned. It
is to be presumed that Philip was born in the place where he founded the
city (Dessau, Prosopogr., ii, p. 205).
* Briinnow-Domaszewski, ibid., p. 167.
■' See especially Waddington, Jl/e7. de Num., ii, p. 61 f.
'' De Saulcy takes the two figures to be the two Philips ; but the eagle shows
that the figures are divinized. Mowat {Rev. Num., 1912, p. 200) is certainly
wrong in calling them the Dioscuri.
f
xlii INTRODUCTIOK
The coins of Philippopolis are not dated (though the city used
a local era, about a.d. 244, commemorating its foundation).^ Philip
gave it the status of a Roman colony, Imt the lack of Latin among
the colonists is proved by the use of Greek inscriptions. The
letters SC in the field are an attempt to repair the omission, on
the analogy of the coins of Syrian Antioch, which likewise used the
title KOAIINIA in Greek.
The only reverse types of Philippopolis represent Roma, either
standing or seated ; when standing she holds a phiale, when seated
the two figures. All the coins were evidently struck at the same
time.
RABBATHMOBA.
The ruins of Rabbathmoba, which the Greeks called Areopolis,
are at er-Rabha.^ The diflicult question of the relations of the
ancient places Ar and Kerioth with Rabbathmoba cannot be dis-
cussed here." The following points are, however, to be noted :
Kerioth (Qeriyyoth) was apparently the chief cultus-place of
the Moabite god Kemosh (Moabite Stone, G. A. Cooke, iV. Seni.
Inscr., p. 3j.
The old name of Areopolis was Ariel {'ApiiqX) : Theodoret, GomTii.
in Is., c. 16 and 29 (Migne, ? Pair. Gr.., 81, 275 and 302) ; cf . Hieron.,
de situ et nomin. locorum Hehr. (Migne, ? Pair. Gr., 23, 162) : some
consider Ariel (Isa, xxix. 1) to be Areopolis, ' eo quod ibi usque nunc
Ariel idolum colunt, vocatum cctto rod "Apecos, id est a Marte, unde
et civitatem dictam suspicantur ' * ; but St. Jerome takes Ariel here
' Briinnow-Domaszewski, iii, p. 805, give 248 ior, more exactly, between 247
and aut. 249). But Kubitschek, loc. cit., shows that Philip founded the colon}^
before he went to Rome, where he amved about summer 244.
'■' Briinnow-Domaszewski, i, pp. 54-9. A. Musil, Aiahia Petraea, i (1907),
pp. 370-2, 381.
•' See especiallj' F. Dietrich in Merx, Archiv f. tcias. Erforsch. desA. T., i (1869),
pp. 320 ff., and further references in articles Ar and Kerioth in Hastings's
Diet, of the Bible.
* Euseb., Onom., p. 58, 13 (ed. Larsow et Parthey) : eVetS') KaXoiaiv els eri Kn'i
viv 'Apir]X TO etSwXoi/ avTcov ol rrjv 'A/J60770X11' OLKOvvm, ano tov aefdnv top Apea,
€^ oil Koi Trjv TToXti' o)v6fj.aaav.
ARABIA PROVINCIA RABBATHMOBA xliii
to refer to Jerusalem, Elsewhere {Goinm. la Z*., c. 15, 1) identifying
Areopolis with the ancient Ar, he denies tlie derivation from Ares.
The god who is represented on tlie coins of Rabbathmoba is,
in the first place, a war-god (PI. VII. 1, 2). But the torch-like
altars which flank his figure (they are not ordinary incense altars,
since they evidently burn with a large flame) suggest a connexion
with fire ; and this is significant in view of the most favoured
interpretation of the word 7X1i< as ' altar-hearth '}
But for the statement of Eusebius it would be natural to give
the name Kemosh to the deity represented on the coins of Rabbath-
moba; and indeed it is possible that Eusebius misunderstood his
authority, and applied to the god the name that really belonged
to liis fire-altars ; or there may have existed between the god and
his altars the same intimate union as seems to be indicated in the
case of the Arabian god Dusares and his motab,^ the two being
mentioned on an equality. Baethgen^ has already pointed out
that Kemosh was probably a war-god.
The coins of Rabbathmoba belong chiefly to Septimius Severus
and his family. It may be doubted whether those which are
attributed to Antoninus Pius and Gordian III (see de Saulcy)
are rightly read ; there is, however, no reason to doubt de Saulcy 's
coin of Elagabalus, whose head seems also to occur in countermarks
on coins of the city (e. g. no. 3).'*
Besides the type of the war-god, we find on the coins the City-
goddess, her left foot on a river-god, resting with her r. on a
spear (?), and holding in her 1. the emperor's bust.'' The type of
Poseidon used on coins of Caracalla (no. 5) is interesting in con-
nexion with the fact that the city seems to have been subject to
earthquakes.''
' See G. A. Cooke, Xorfh-Seinific Liftcriptions, ij, 11, quoting Robertson
Smith's suggestion that the ^X'lX '"''^^ ^ pillar surmounted by a cresset, which
exactly describes the objects on the coins.
- Cooke, op. cit., no. 80, note on 1. 4.
^ Beitrage zur semit. Religionsfjeschichte, p. 14.
* Cf. F. de Saulcy, &c., Mel. de Num., i (1875), p. 338.
5 De Saulcy, p. 355 f., nos. 4-6.
'■ St. Jerome, Coiinii. in Jos., c. 15.
Xliv INTRODUCTION
Readings by Vaillant suggest that the phice-name was some-
times written Rabbathmoma, and tins form is also attested by one
of the manuscripts of Stephanus.
The era used on the coins is that of the province.
ARABIA FELIX
According to Strabo/ whose information is based on Eratos-
thenes, there were four leading tribes in occupation of Southern
Arabia : Meipaioi jxev kv rep Trpoy ttji' 'EpvOpav fi^pei, TroAi? 5'
avTmv 7] /xeyiaTT] Kdpva \rj KdpvavaY^ i\6fj,ei^0L Se tovtoiv ^a^aioL,
/jLrjTpoTToXis 8' avrSiv Mapia^a' rpLTOL Se Karra^avels, KaOrjKovT^s
rrpos TO, areva koI ttjv Sid^aaLV rov 'Apa^tov koXttov, to 8e ^aaiXeLov
avToou Tafxi/a /caAeirar Trpoy eco Se fidXicrra Xarpa/xcoTiTai, ttoXlv S'
eXovaL Sd(3aTau (v. L, Xa^dravov). The absence of the Him-
yarites from this list is due to the fact that they did not rise to
power until after the time of Eratosthenes. Pliny (vi. 161), on the
other hand, mentions the Himyarites, omitting the Katabanians,
whose place they had taken. They had already been mentioned
{circa a.d. 50-70) by the author of the Periphit^.
Hitherto the coins of Southern Arabia have always been classed
together as ' Himyarite '. It will be seen that a more exact term
for a great part of them would be ' Sabaean ', and also that there is
ground for distinguishing two small groups of coins, one attribut-
able to the Minaeans, the other to the Katabanians, although this
latter group can only be regarded as subordinate to the main
Himyarite series.^
1 xvi. 768. .
'^ Mordtmann's conjecture for the usual reading Kapvavn. The Minaean
inscriptions give Qarna'u. The place is the modern Ma'in.
^ The literature of South Arabian archaeology is widely scattered. The
following is a selection of the more important works and articles on the
numismatics, history, and geography of the district. There is a vast literature
ARABIA FELIX xlv
SABAEAN, HIMYARITE, AND KATABANIAN COINAGES.
Since the rise of the Himyarites to power probably did not take
place before the middle of the second century B.C., when their capital
at Sapphar regia (Safar, near Yerhn) superseded the old Sabaean
capital at Mariaba (Met rib), the earliest series of the coins with
which we are concerned should strictly be regarded as Sabaean
rather than Himyarite. Nevertheless, the chronology is so uncer-
tain, and the series are interlaced in so curious a way, that it is
dealing with the epigraphic remains, and the portion of the Corpus
Inscriptiomim Semiticarum which includes the inscriptions is still in progress
of publication. W. T. Filter, in Proc. Soc. Bihl. ^rc7i.,xxxix -(1917), has pub-
lished an Index of the South Arabian Preiser Names contained in the C. /. S.
Numismatics.
Adr. de Longperier, Rev. Num., 1868, pp. 169 fF. ; W. F. Frideaux, Trans.
Soc. Bihl. Arch., ii (1873), pp. 5, 6, 23; ibid., Jouni. As. Soc. Bemjal, 1881,
pp. 95 fF. ; B. V. Head, Ntm. Chron., 1878, pp. 273 fF. ; 1880, pp. 303 fF. ; J. H.
Mordtmann, Num. Zeit., 1880, pp. 289 fF. ; Gr. Schlumberger, Le Trcsor de San\l
(Paris), 1880; Rev. Ntim., 1886, pp. 369 fF. ; Casanova, Rev. Nuvi., 1893,
pp. 176 fF. ; D. H. Miiller und J. W. Kubitschek, Sudarahische Altertilmer
(Vienna), 1899, usually hereafter quoted as ' M. u. K.' ; E. Babelon, Traite des
Monnaies grecques et romaines, II, ii, pp. 686 fF. ; G. F. Hill, Ancient Coinage of
Southe7-n Arabia, in Proc. Brit. Academy, vol. vii, 1915 (this is the basis of the
present section).
History and Geoyraphy.
D. H. Miiller, Burgen und Schlosser Sildarabiens nadi dem Iklil des Hamddni,
in Sitzungsber. d. Wiener Akademie, Bd. 94 (1879), pp. 335-423, and Bd. 97
(1880), pp. 955-1050 ; especially pp. 981-96 and 1012-23 of the latter volume ;
see also his additions to the lists of kings in Zeitschr. Deutsch. Morg. Ges., 37
(1883), p. 390. E. Glaser, Die Abessinier in Arabien und AfrlJca, 1895. Martin
Hartmann, Der Islamische Orient, ii {Die Arabische Frage), 1909, is written from
the political and sociological rather than from the historical standpoint. The
summary by Tkac in Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, Realencyclopadie. viii, 2182 fF.
(Homeritae), and his immense article 'Saba' in the same work, lA 2, 1298-
1511, may also be consulted. The latter appeared too late for consultation
while this section was being written, but has been referred to later. I have
been unable to obtain a sight of Fart I of vol. i of Eduard Glaser's Skizze
der Geschichte und Geographie Arabiens (Munich, 1889). Vol. ii of the same
book (Berlin, 1890) deals with the geography, and I have frequently referred
to his more ingenious than convincing theoi-ies ; but the most useful treatment
of this subject is still A. Sprenger, Die alte Geographie Arabietts (Bern, 1875).
Xlvi INTKODUCTION
very difficult to draw any line between them. Roughly speaking,
we may assume that the earliest coins, which are direct imitations
of the earlier Attic coinage, belong to the Sabaean period, while the
later, flat coins (of that which we may for convenience call the
San'a class},^ with a reverse type derived from the Attic coinage of
the ' New Style ', the small coins with names and heads of various
kings, and the ' l:>ucranium ' series must certainly belong to the
Himyarite period. But there are certain single coins, or small
groups, which, although in fabric and types they look fairly early,
seem by their monograms and inscriptions to be intimately con-
nected with the San'a class, apparently so much later.
The following is an attempt at a provisional classification of the
various series.
I. Imitations of the Older Attic Types.
a. Ohv. Head of Athena. Hev. Owl, with olive-spray, crescent,
and AGE, more or less blundered ; traces of incuse square on some
specimens [Pl. VII. 3-8].
The largest coins which appear to belong to this class are repro-
ductions of the Athenian tetradrachm ; the only specimens known
to me are at Berlin.-^ One is countermarked on the obverse with X
(Sabaean H) and A ; another has something like a Sabaean mono-
gram (possibly meant for m reversed, wnth [^ below it) scratched
on the reverse.
But these large coins are quite exceptional, and we are justified
' Since the great majority, if not all, of the known specimens in silver
seem to have come from the great board discovered there and described by
Schlumberger, Le Tresor de Sana (Paris, 1880). The place-name, correctly
written, is Sau'd.
' D. H. Miiller and J. W. Kubitschek, Si'idarahlsche Altertiimer (Vienna),
1889, p. 76, I, nos. 474 and 183-7. All these coins were brought from South
Arabia by Glaser or Mordtmann. It may be mentioned here that the
imitation, in a different style, of an Attic coin bearing the name of Mazaeus,
which is attributed by Babelon {Traite, ii, p. 679, no. 1095) to Yemen, has
nothing to do with that district ; the supposed Irqih which is read on it is
not a Himyarite letter, whatever it may be. Cf. Newell in Ani<r. Journ. Num.,
1915, p. 70.
ARABIA — SABAEANS AND HIMYARITES xlvii
in regarding as the ordinar}^ unit the smaller coins of 5-55 gm.
maximum.^
These units all show the Sabaean 3 on the cheek of Athena ;
the halves, when legible, are similarly marked with Jl ; the quarters
with n,^ the eighths with ^. The same system appears to be
followed on the series next to be described. On the San'a coins,
however, we find the halves marked sometimes with ) (p. 58, no. 22),
sometimes with ^ (p. 58, nos. 18-20, and Schlumberger, PI. II, 23,
31 ; III. 47), while a cross (which may be meant for n, though that
is not certain) occurs on the reverse of some of the San'a units
(e.g. no. 36 and Schlumberger, PI. III. 48, 49) which have J on the
obverse. The h ( S) which is found on one half (no. 40, cp. Schlum-
berger, PI. III. 56) may perhaps be really f ()!). Schlumberger has
suggested that the J is the initial of Nejran {Neypaua). But if he
is right, it would seem to follow that the other letters mentioned
above are also mint-initials,^ and that, at least in the earliest
period, the four difierent denominations were issued from four
different mints. If this seems improbable, it is, for the following
reasons, equally difficult to accept the view, which suggests itself
upon the consideration of the earlier series, that the letters are the
initials of denominations. Schlumberger records (p. 22) an early
Attic tetradrachm which has been countermarked with a Sabaean
!•* and, as already stated, the J is found on halves of the San'a
class. We have also seen that the Berlin Museum possesses''
a piece of about the weight of the Attic tetradrachm (16-95 gm.),
imitated from the earlier Attic types, with two countermarks,
viz. X and A, of which the former may be the Himyarite D ; and
this letter, as we have seen, is found on the quarters.
^ The standard is discussed below (pp. Ixxixff.).
- Except one published by ^rovdtmann, Xioii. Zeit., 1880, p. 293, Taf. V,
no. ii, which appears to have O (y).
^ For J, the city of "J^^, associated in an inscription with Nejran, has been
suggested (see C.I.S., iv, 7i.
* It must be remembered that the Sabaean ^ is hardly distinguishable from
the same letter in some other Semitic scripts.
5 M. u. K., p. 76, no. 474.
xlviii INTRODUCTION
The coins of the class with which we are dealing bear nothing
Sabaean or Himyarite about them save their style and the letter
on the cheek of Athena (the ' tetradrachms ' at Berlin being with-
out even the latter distinguishing mark of Arab origin). They still
retain traces of the incuse square, and were dated by Head ' about
400 B.C. It is, however, clear from the treatment of the eye that
they are imitated from the comparatively late Attic coins which
may themselves be dated to the fourth century (c. 393-322 B.C.
according to Head).'^ The earliest imitations themselves are scarcely
earlier than the third century.^
/3. Similar to series a, but slightly broader in fabric and later in
style ; on the reverse, Sabaean letter or monogram ; traces of incuse
square rarely if ever present (PI. VII. 9-23). The units, halves,
and quarters are marked with the same letters as in series a ;
no eighths seem to be known.
These coins must cover a fairly long period of time ; for in
proportion to the number of specimens known (the collections in
London and Vienna provide all or nearly all of them), the number
of varieties is comparatively large, at least nineteen different letters
or monograms being represented ; while to strike the thirty-eight
specimens of the unit in the British Museum alone about twenty-
nine obverse and twenty-seven reverse dies were required. The
series may be dated to the second century B.C. The lower limit is
furnished by the fact that some coins which resemble this series in
fabric and style are intimately connected by monograms and in-
scriptions with the flat coins of the San'a class.
The following letters or monograms occur on coins of this series ;
I record only those of which I have seen originals, casts, or clear
photographs : —
(1) ^ r= ^. B, M. p. 48, nos. 24-5.
(2) U = 2:. B. M. nos. 26-7.
' iium. Chron., 1880, p. 310.
• Hist. Nmn.\ p. 374.
" I do not speak of the ' tetradrachms ', having seen none of those at Berlin,
but of the units and smaller denominations.
(-) )r1 =
ARABIA — SABAEANS AND HIMYARITES xHx
(3) g = h B. M. DOS. 28-35.
(4) "J^D-^^ B. M. nos. 36-7.
(5) r = ^ - y. B. M. nos. 38-40. Cp. M. u. K. nos. 24, 25.
(6) )§ = "I ^ D ^ n. B. M. nos. 41-3 and Pbilipsen Collection (Hirscb,
Katal XXV, 3072). Cp. the place ^» (Khamir) described as
a strong fortress by Al-Hamdani (M. u. K., p. 93).
") + ^^ + ^. B. M. nos. 44-5.
(8) J = /!:^"T + ^ B. M. nos. 4G-7, 62.
(9) f^ = n(V)^p + n(?). B. M. nos. 48-50.
(10)|| = -1 + V B. M. nos. 51-3.
(11) 'J^^^S^-I + X. B. M. nos. 51-3.
(12) -(7| = ^ + n(:) + X or y + n + X. B. M. no. 63. Cp. M. u. K.
no. 23 (Taf. XIV. 12).
(13) ^ = X + (?) + V B. M. no. 66.
(14) ^ ^?, and ^ M. u. K. nos. 8-1 1 ; Babelon, Traite, PL CXXVI.
10. 11. The letters J^, "J, and ^ seem to be common to all
three.
(15) \n=") + ^ + n- See M. u. K. no. 26. This also occurs on coins of
the San'a class, and Mordtmann {Xum. Zeit., 1880, p. 305)
suggests that it gives the name .»^a. (Hadur) of a mountain
and castle between San'a and Kaukeban.
(16) Si = ^ + J + i or * + {< (cp. no. 13 above). M. u. K. no. 26. The
additional sign there given beside the monogram is the curved
sign Avhich occurs on so many coins and which is discussed
below. In fact this coin is one of the links between the
earliest and the San'a class.
(1') ij = ^or y) + )|3 + 1. Paris, Babelon, Traite, 1118, PI. CXXYI. 12.
(18) An incomplete monogram of which the only certain element is
g(n). M. U.K. no. 16.
(19) Hy ^ 1 + ? B. M. nos. 54-7; Vienna, M. u. K. nos. 12, 15, 16.
g
INTRODUCTION
This last group has been the subject of considerable discussion.
Mordtmann ^ explains the right-hand sign as Pf or H, which
ordinarily take the forms U and y,- He notes that these two
signs, sometimes in reversed order, are frequently found in
lapidary inscriptions, now at the end, now at the beginning of the
inscription. They remind him of the unexplained AjJajL* >— s^^^
which precedes certain passages in the Koran. It is to be noted
that this group of signs is not confined to this particular series, but
also occurs on the small transitional group to be discussed below,
and on the earlier of the San'a series. Schlumberger -^ suggests that
it is the mark of the unit (drachm). As it occurs so irregularly,
this explanation may be at once rejected. Casanova,^ who pub-
lishes an interesting lapidary instance, where it is combined with
the ' gazelle-bucranium ' to be discussed later, thinks it has some
religious significance. The fact that the sign is uniformly on
a larger scale than its accompanying "1 seems to me to show that
it is not an ordinary letter, but some special symbol. It is possibly
a degenerate pictograph derived from the bucranium and associated
with 'Athtar ^ ; but still more probable appears to me the deriva-
tion from the Babylonian twin-serpent sceptre. The earliest
example ^ of the twin-serpent-sceptre onotif is found on a libation
vase in the Louvre of dark green steatite dedicated by Gudea.
patesi of Lagash, to Ningishzida, his patron deity, about 2450 b.c.'^
Ningishzida in his chief aspect was a war-god and a Sumerian
prototype of the god Ninib in his later character, whose emblem
1 Num.Zeit., 1880, p. 299 f.
'^ On the coins, in this connexion, the form is never M or ^ ; and probably
also never in the lapidary instances (see O. Weber in Hilprecht Anniversary
Volume, 1909, p. 271).
^ Tresor de San'd, p. 20.
* Rev. Num., 1893, p. 181. I may note here that the supposed Himyarite
signs which he finds on some early Arab coins of Syria appear to me to be,
■without the slightest doubt, misread Arabic inscriptions.
^ This suggestion is not new ; see C. I. S., iv, no. 366, p. 12.
^ I owe what follows to my late colleague, Professor L. W. King.
' L. Heuzey, Catal. des AntiqtiiUs chaldeennes, 1902, p. 280 ; the same,
Decouverles en Chaldee par E. de iSarzec, vol. ii. 1912, PJ. 44.
ARABIA — SAEAEAKS AND HIMYARITES 11
was the twin lion-headed sceptre ; so that the twining serpents
with natural heads are the direct ancestors of the lion-headed
serpents of the later emblem, as we get it, for instance, on a
boundary-stone of Nazimaruttash,^ about 1330 B.C. I take it that
the wavy form generally assumed by the tail of the Sabaean sign
in question is a relic of the spirals of the serpents' tails.
The other sign, as I have said, is usually, if not always repre-
sented of the same size as the ordinary letters of the inscription,
and is doubtless only "1. Weber and the editors of the G. I. S., how-
ever, regard it as a special symbol, the former elaborating a most
ingenious theory, which identifies it with the double curved symbol
which occurs so frequently upon the later coins (see below). If he
were right in this last identification, then (1) the voided and solid
forms of the curved symbol must be distinguished, because (2) the
solid form, at least, of the curved symbol occurs occasionally in
connexion v:itli and in addition to the group of signs which we
are discussing. (See, for instance, p. 54, nos. 2 fi". in this Catalogue.)
But that the solid and voided forms of the curved symbol cannot
be distinouished in significance is clear from the fact that both are
used iudiff"erently in the same context on coins of the San'a class.
y. In a small group of coins, comprising two specimens at Vienna,^
one at Paris (PL L. 1), and one in the British Museum (PI. VII. 24),
we find on the obverse, instead of the head of Athena, a beardless
male head with curly hair, in which the Viennese scholars see a
resemblance to the portrait of Philetairos on Pergamene coins. To
me, if it is a copy of anything, it seems to reproduce rather the
Soter portrait on Ptolemaic coins and CjTrenaic didrachms of
the Ptolemaic period ^ ; but it is probably an attempt at a por-
trait of a local ruler. That is surely true of the heads on the
' HUpredit Anniversary Volume, p. 274, Fig. 7.
2 M. u. K., p. 63, II, nos. 1, 2.
^ Mr. Robinson sees another trace of Ptolemaic influence in the similarity
between the head on the Himyarite coins of the Bucranium class (PI. X. 12 £F.)
and the bewigged head of Libya on late Cyrenaic copper with a Ptolemy's
title ; but I should regard this as a coincidence, since the ringlets are a
characteristic Arabian coiffure. See below on the head of the Sana coins.
lii INTRODUCTION
succeeding group. There is no letter on the cheek. The owl is
more erect than on the series a and /3, and A0E is ab.sent. The
monograms are more elaborate, and there are two on each coin.
That on the right of the second Vienna coin is the same as appears
on the Paris and London coins, which are incomplete on the left.
The Paris coin shows a 3 below the right-hand monogram, which
thus consists of Jl-f-y + ^ + ^ + fi. The left-hand monogram, judg-
ing from the photographs, consists of Jj f (^^) with q (i) above ;
but Mliller and Kubitschek draw it as a more elal)orate com-
bination.^
S. On this group (PI. VII. 25-6) the Attic types have disappeared.
On the obverse we have a beardless portrait of pronouncedly Semitic
character. On the reverse is a much less characteristic head,
bearded. The curly-haired Semite of the obverse connects this
group, which is represented, so far as I know, onl}^ by the two
half-drachms in the British Museum, with group y. On the reverse
of no. 71 we have the monogram ^■V which contains the same
elements as a monogram which is found on one of the two coins of
group y at Vienna.^ On the other coin we have in the exergue the
name Harb, on the left a mutilated monogram (possibly the same
as that just mentioned), and on the right another monogram rh.
well-known on later Katabanian coins, some of which were also
struck at Harb (see below, p. Ixxv), We may therefore perhaps
regard these two groups, y and 8, as representing the earliest Kata-
banian coinage, which developed, side by side wdth the coinage of
the San'a class, into the later coinage with the full names of kings.
€. The latest of the coins imitated from the older Attic coins
(PI. VII. 27-9) retain the old types, the i on the cheek of Athena
^ The apparent lower part of the monogram on the Viennese coin, Taf. xiv,
13 (Babelon, Traite, PI. CXXVI. 21), is evidently only clue to double striking
of the monogram. The n doubtless has the same significance here as when
it occurs on the cheek of Athena.
^ M. u. K., p. 68, no. 1, omitting the ) which, from the photograph, seems
to me to be very doubtful.
ARABIA — SABAEANS AND HIMYARITES liii
for the units, the broken-down A0E and the pair of signs \^ V
on the reverse ; but they introduce certain new features, viz. the
Yanaf monogram, the curved sign (see p. Ivii f.), and the very-
puzzling inscription ppT>\/T)\\} One of these coins in the British
Museum (PL VII. 29) appears to have a bare male head on the
obverse, instead of the head of Athena ; but in its present condition
this is not certain.
The monogram ^ (= &|]3^ Yanaf) represents a regal surname
('exalted'). Mordtmann^ has remarked that this name occurs as
the surname of three kings of Saba, all called Samah'ali ; of a king
whose name is missing on an inscription of Sapphar," and elsewhere ;
while in the form IANAA<t> it is inscribed on one of the later
Aethiopic coins. Mordtmann further notes that since the word has
no significance in Aethiopic, the equation IANAA<i> = f\y helps to
confirm Von Gutschmid's theory that of the two names which occur
on the Axumite coins one represents the under-king of Yemen. It
is obvious that all the Sabaean or Himyarite coins with the Yanaf
monogram are not necessarily to be attributed to one ruler on
account of that monogram only. Nevertheless, it would be un-
reasonable on the ground of fabric alone to separate the coins of
the group now under consideration from those of the San'a class
which are connected with them by the Yanaf monogram, the
Aramaic inscription, and the pair of signs \^ V. We may, there-
fore, attribute them to the same ruler, to whom must be due the
introduction of the coinage imitated from the ' New Style ' Attic
coins.
To the elucidation of the Aramaic inscription I am unable to
contribute anything definite, Mordtmann (loc. cit.) holds that it
' For convenience I call this henceforward the Aramaic inscription. M. u. K.,
p. 67, no. 14, give an additional letter on the right, which is. however, the
remains of the A of the A0E.
- mm. Zeit., 1880, p. 296 f. ; Z. D. M. G., xxxi, p. 90.
^ 'Amdan Bayyin, who struck coins at Sapphar (Raidan), was also called Yanaf
(see below, p. Ixx) ; may his then be the missing name ?
liv INTRODUCTION
should be inverted, and reads it Vlagash, i.e. Volagases, an Arsaeid
name. He points out that the writer of the Periplus Maris
Erythraei says that part of the coast of Hadramaut and the island
Massyra (Sarapidis insula) belonged to Persia, so that Yemen may
have been in relation with Persia before Sassanian times. Never-
theless, his reading is improbable for at least two reasons. First,
the position of the Yanaf monogram and other details of the design
show that the inscription should be read as here printed, and not
outwardly. Second, the two letters on the extreme left cannot
reasonably be given different values. The general character of the
script recalls the Characenian Aramaic.^ It might accordingly be
read nunyri)! (g-t-'-t-h-h).^ It is possible that the inscription
indicates the intrusion from the neighbourhood of the Persian Gulf
of some conqueror, who ruled in Yemen for a time, and introduced
the new style of coinage. But if so, why did he retain the distinc-
tive Sabaean or Himyarite Yanaf monogram on his coins 1 Another
possibility is that the inscription was added to the coins by a native
ruler in order to facilitate commerce with some tribes who used the
script in question.
II. Imitations of the Later Attic Type.
San'a class (PI. VIII-X. 11).
As stated above, the change from the old to the new Attic type
probably took place during the reign of a single ruler ; nevertheless,
^ See the alphabet given by Drouin, Rev. Num., 1889, PI. VII.
'^ Col. Allotte de la Fuye has been kind enough to give me his views on this
subject in a letter. He regards the inscription as Aramaic, and the last two
letters as more probably T^T) than nn ; the first letter may possibly be {i^
(since it sometimes approaches the Estranghelo form for that sound). He
adds that Schlumberger's attempt to recognize Sabaean letters in this inscrip-
tion must not, however, be lightly set aside ; it may be a cursive form of
Sabaean writing. From this point of view he suggests YTnirin ~ ^^^n^J^?
noting that for tp the form Y is actually found in some Sabaean inscriptions,
and V in Abyssinian. But it would be odd to find a cursive form like this
side by side with monograms showing the ordinary monumental forms.
ARABIA — SABAEANS AND HIMYARITES Iv
for purposes of classification it seems better to keep the two types
separate. HeacP dates the coins of the San'a class as follows:
Group with Arab head on obv., Aramaic inscription and monograms
on rev. (PI. VIII. 2-8). Circa 70-40 B.C.
Group with similar obv., monograms only on rev. (PI. VIII. 9-IX.ll).
Circa 40-24 B.C.
Group with Augustan head on obv., monograms on rev. (PL X.1-11).
After circa 24 b.c.
This classification is generally much more acceptable than that of
Schlumberger,* It is true that the Attic coinage of the New Style
by no means came to an end, or was even seriously restricted, under
Sulla, as was formerly supposed; we now know that it went on
until the time of Augustus. But the rule that a barbarous imita-
tive coinage begins when the supply of originals falls off must not
be rigidly interpreted. It would, for instance, be inconsistent to
insist on this rule, in order to find a date 2^081 quein for the earliest
San'a type, and yet fix the adoption of the later type, with the
Augustan head^ by the expedition of Aelius Gallus in 24 B. c. But
if the rule applies at all here, it is worthy of notice that the supply
of the New Style Attic coinage shrank considerably during the
periods circa 146-100 and 100-86 B.C. According to the latest
chronology ^ of these coins we find that in
Class I, circa 229-197 B.C., there are 17 series
II. „
196-187 B.C.,
9
Ilia, „
186-147 B.C.,
31
ni/3, „
146-100 B.C.,
14
IV a, „
100-88 B.C.,
9
IV A „
86-Augustus ,
30
The time of greatest scarcity of Attic coinage was therefore from
146 to 86 B.C., and the date of the beginning of the corresponding
Himyarite coinage may fall within this period.
1 Num. Chron., 1880, p. 310.
- Le Tresor de San^A (Paris, 1880).
3 Head, Hist. Num.\ pp. 380 ff.
Ivi INTRODUCTION
If, on the other hand, ignoring tliis rule, we seek to associate the
reform with some event in Himyarite history, we may find it in
the inauguration of the Himyarite era in 115 b. c.,^ a date which,
curiously enough, corresponds to within a single year with the
middle of the period 146-86 B.C. It appears to me quite reason-
able, on grounds of style, to place the accession of the ruler repre-
sented by the Aramaic inscription about this time, and to date the
San'a coins with that inscription during the period circa 115-
80 B.C. The other San'a coins with the Arab head may then be
dated circa 80-24 B.C.; and the Augustan type during the last
quarter of the century and the first half of the first Christian
century.
The head on the obverse of the pre-Augustan San'a coins is
seen by its head-dress to be that of an Arab king or god. The
encircling of the type by a wreath has been referred by Schlum-
berger to Seleucid coins,^ and the strange border made up of
small vases to the fillet-border on the same series ; and there
are no chronological objections to this view. The resemblance of
the ringletted head to certain heads on Ptolemaic and Roman coins
is doubtless purely a coincidence. It is indeed remarkable that
there are so few signs on the coinage of this district of that Ptole-
maic influence, which is so evident in Nabataea. Possibly, how-
ever, the weight of the gold coin discussed below may point to a
connexion with Egypt.
It is exceedingly difficult to decide whether the head ^ represents
a god or a ruler. The features on one coin (PI. VIII. 2) are curiously
like those of Obodas III of Nabataea in general effect. The face on
another (PI. VIII. 3) shows a very different individuality. It is
^ Glaser, Skizze der Gesch. Arabiens, i, as quoted by Mordtmann in Z.D.M. G.,
xliv (1890), p. 175.
2 Cp. the coins of Demetrius I (162-150 B.C.); B.M.C., Seleucid Kings,
PL XIV. 2.
^ The coins are sometimes so badly double-struck as to give the appearance
of two heads jugate. This is seen, for instance, in PI. VIII. 10 and IX. 5, and
doubtless the coin in the E. F. Weber Collection (Hirsch, Kaicd., xxi, 4331)
was similar.
ARABIA HIMYAEITES Ivil
probable that both gods and rulers would be represented in the
same sort of head-dress, even to the wearing of the ornament
(globe-in-crescent) which appears on the head in some specimens,
and which is doubtless the symbol of the moon-god.^
The more important groups of the coins of the San'a class may
be classified as follows ^ :
A. With Arab head.
a. Gold and Silver with monogram of Yanaf. (P. 54, no. 1,
PI. VIII. 1). The British Museum specimen is the only known
gold coin of this class ; another gold piece at Berlin is catalogued
by Milller and Kubitschek " in tlieir sixth class, i. e. among the
later coins with two heads. Its reverse is described as a clumsy
attempt at a cornucopiae ; can this be the curved sign f which we
shall discuss presently ?
The weight of our coin is 2-48 gm. = 38-3 gn. This maj perhaps
be regarded as one-third of a Phoenician didrachm of 7-44 gm. It
is possible that Egyptian gold coins may have been in circulation
in Yemen. As we know nothing of the ratio prevailing between
gold and silver, it is wiser not to speculate on the question of the
value of this gold coin in silver units.
Although it does not bear the mysterious Aramaic inscription,
this coin is connected with the groups which do bear it by its
fabric, the Yanaf monogram, and the curved sign* which appears in
so many varying forms on the remaining Himyarite coins. This
same sign, often resembling a sort of ribbon, is found also in
^ Compare the coins of Carrhae (PI. XII. 3, &c.). The globe in a crescent
is found on various inscribed Himyaritic stones, as C. /. S., iv, 226, 285, 362.
^ I have been obliged to omit some of the varieties described by Mliller and
Kubitschek, owing to their not being illustrated.
3 p. 78, no. 216. Wt. 0-31 gm., i. e. J of our coin.
* I regard all the forms, whether voided (i-ibbon-like) or solid, as variations
of the same sign ; for both voided and solid forms occur in precisely the same
I'elation to the other details of monogram,&c.(e. g. p. 62f.,nos. 44-8j. Otherwise,
since in one series we find the solid form on one side of the coin and the
voided form on the other, it might have seemed that they represent two
different signs.
h
Iviii INTRODUCTION
lapidary inscriptions,' and has been regarded as a non-significant
terminal or initial sign, or even as a misunderstood or degenerate
cornucopiae, derived from a symbol on some Attic coin which
started the fashion. Neither explanation will stand in view of the
fact that the object occurs alone as a symbol in the field of certain
coins, and of the importance which is assigned to it in the lapidary
inscriptions. The editors of the C. I. >S'.^ see in it the symbol of
a deity, possibly Ilmaqah or Ilmuqah.^ It occurs on a remarkable
little inscribed stone,* a dedication to 'Athtar and Sahr, with four
other symbols, thus (from r. to 1.): ' gazelle-bucranium ', dragon's
head, curved symbol, a second smaller bucranium, and the stan-
dard (?) sign to be discussed later. Since Ilmaqah is not mentioned
in this dedication, the curved sign can hardly be regarded as
exclusively, if at all, his symbol. Weber's '^ theory that the voided
form of this symbol is only another form of the sign for "l is not
tenable for reasons already given. The late Prof. L.W. King has here
again solved the difliculty, so far as tracing the origin of the object
is concerned ; for it is exactly like the curved weapon, consisting of
three or more strips bound together, which is held, for instance, by
King Eannatum on his stele in the Louvre.^
It seems doubtful whether the other gold coins which according
to rumour have been found in Yemen were Himyaritic." Mordt-
mann ® quotes Cruttenden as saying that rectangular gold coins
were often offered for sale by shepherds in the neighbourhood of
Marib, and Mohl for the story of the finding in the same place of
1 e.g., M. u. K., Taf. IX, 23; Bh-ch, PI. Ill (in the margin); 36, PI. XVII;
C.I.S., iv, 2, Tab. IV, no. 393.
^ Commentary on iv, no. 366, p. 11 f.
* On this deity see D. Nielsen, Mitt. d. Vorderas. Ges., 1909, 4.
* C.I.S., iv, 458. This is in the Marshall Hole Collection at Bulawayo.
® Hilprecht Annivei'sary Volume, p. 276 f.
^ L. Heuzey, C. R. de I' Acad. d. Inscr., 1908, p. 418, fig. B ; Catal. des
Antiqu.ifes chakUennes, pp. 102 ff. ; Decoiivertes en Chaldee, vol. ii, 1912, PI. 3 bis.
■^ Capt. W. H. Lee-Warner, however, assures me that he has seen some
Himyaritic gold coins in the possession of a dealer at Aden.
8 Num. Zeif., 1880, p. 289.
ARABIA — HIMYARITE8 Hx
a chest full of gold coins, which were melted down. There is no
reason to suppose that any of these last were Himyaritic rather
than Persian or Aethiopic. As to the rectangular gold coins, they
must be something otherwise quite unknown ; for the gold mohurs
of Akbar never, to our knowledge, circulated in those parts.
In the same class as the gold coin must be placed the silver coins
at Vienna of the same style, viz. a half (2-38 gm.) and a minute
denomination (0-16 gm.).^ These have the same symbols as the
gold, and the larger one, at any rate, is exactly similar in other
details (reverse border with pellet in crescent at top). The larger
silver denomination has not yet been found.
All the remaining coins of the San'a class are of silver, and of
fairly good quality.
p. (PI. VIII. 2-10). The distinguishing marks of this group are
the Yanaf monogram ; inscr. PpT)\/T)\\ ; AGE (blundered) ; and
the group of signs H (oi' H) Y () ^^ of which have been discussed
above.
The remains of AGE and the inscr. pPTiVDS^ hereafter dis-
appear from the coins ; so do the signs \f\ V, but the curved symbol
remains. '
y. Monograms :
9 = Yanaf.
M. u. K., p. 69, no. 1, Taf. XIV. 15.
S. Monograms the same as on preceding, but, in addition, on
1. J^ (= Jb + *1 + *1); on r., ^ attached to the bottom of the ^, thus j^.
M.u. K., p. 69, no. 5, Taf. xiv. 18 ; p. 76, no. 218. With the former
of the additional monograms, cp. the place Medr or Madar in the
Hamdan district, where there were no less than fourteen castles :
Sprenger, Alte Geogr. Arab., p. 221 ; C. I. S., iv. 5 ; M. u. K., p. 94
(from Al-Hamdani),
' M. u. K., p. 69, nos. 10 and 8, Taf. XIV. 22 and 19.
Ix INTRODUCTION
0 e. Monograms the same as on y, l)ut, in addition, on 1. ft
= C?) + !] + "1 + 7 (the upper sign is given differently b}^ Kubitschek);
on r., the same elements as in the right-hand monogram of 5
(i.e. * + i + ^ + 7 + ^) differently arranged. M. u. K., p. 69, no. 12,
Taf. XIV. 20.
\
\
^. Monograms :
= n + l + ^ + J. The i is perhaps not part of the mono-
gram, but the separate letter which occurs frequently on
this class. See, e.g., p. 57, no. 16.
as on 8, and below it ]Jp = *l + 23 + ^ ; cp. (jl Ijelow.
The name may be Shammar (Shammar Yuhar'ish was king
of Saba and Raidan ^ : cp. G. I. S., iv. 407) ; but there was
also a place-name *12/'D, C.I. 8., iv. 376, 1.9. M. u. K.,
p. 69, no. 6.
7]. On obverse, behind the head, ^. On rev., monograms T7
O + i + zb) reversed and another probably the .same as the second
on C- M. u. K., p. 69, no. 13, Taf. XIV. 31 ; cp. p. 76, no. 190. The
first monogram occurs on coins of the Bucranium class (see p. 64 f .)
0. (PI. VIII. 11, 12.) Monograms :
nr = D + Jl + J (according to Muller - ^ + '^5 + ^ + ^ = Arabic
J.-Jo, sic, for J^ ?).
tId
t, K. (PI. IX. 1-6) . Monograms :
= 7Xy*T^ (Yada'il) according to Prideaux"; this is
^ But according to Glaser {Die Abessinie7; p. 31) a dated inscription shows
that he reigned as late as A. d. 281, and was also the first who was king of
Hadramaut and Yemanat as well as of Saba and Raidan. The monogram
on the coins cannot therefore be his.
^ Biirgen u. ScMosser, as above, p. 995, note.
' See Muller, Burgen u. Schlossei; ibid.
h
ARABIA — HIMYAEITES Ixi
accepted by Miiller and Mordtinanu.^ It is the name of
five kings of Saba.^
(PI. IX. 7-9). Monograms :
\h = ^ivn, Hadur, according to Mordtmann (p. 305), a
castle and mountain between San'a and Kaukeban. Un-
fortunately for this identification, this same monogram
occurs on coins of King 'Amdan Bayyin which bear the
mint-name of Raidan in full ; it therefore probably repre-
sents a personal and not a place name.
as above (i, k).
These two monograms occur together on one group of the coins
with the Augustan head. We may therefore regard this group (X)
as the latest of the pre-Augustan series.
yu. (PL IX. 11.) On this solitary coin, differing somewhat in
workmanship from the others, the head is not laureate, and the
monograms are unusuall}^ elaborate. One of them £/ combines
n + ^ + *l + J, but the last may be merely the f^ which is found on so
man}^ of these coins, so that the same name may be intended as
in A. The other & includes 5 + J + * in its upper portion and
1(?) + f2+^ in its lower. Cp. ^ above.
B. With Augustan head.
f. Of this series, the first group must be that with the same
monograms as on A preceding.^ (PI. X. 1, 2.)
i- (PI. X. 3-11). Monograms :
/jij = * + ^< + 7 + fi + tJ^; perhaps also i + l + V. This is also
found on the Bucranium class. Muller interprets
^y hi<V^\ Mordtmann h^^^^ or S^<S?3t^'^^
1 Num. Zeit, 1880, p. 304.
^ Muller. Burgen n. Schlosser, as above, p. 983.
^ M, u. K,, Taf. XIV. 53, has these monograms, but the *^ attached to the left-
hand one has not been noticed by the editors.
* Muller, Burgen u. Schlosser, as above, p. 995, note ; Mordtmann, Num. Zeit.,
1880, p. 306.
Ixii INTRODUCTION
T A monogram somewhat resembling this (but with a *
added) is found on a stone (C. /. /S'. iv. 7, pp. 19 and 450)
of which the editors say, ' primo adspectu apparet in
lapidem titulum monetae esse translatum '. They suggest
that it may be for ^7N*n, the name of a coin. It seems
to me that the monogram may be read Tlfli^, which is
the name of the Sabaean castle Salhin, near Marib.^ But,
like Hadur, it also occurs on a coin which bears the mint-
name of Raidan (see p. Ixxi).
III.
There remain two more series of Himyaritic coins, that with the
names of kings and a human head on each side, and that with the
king's head on one side and an animal's head on the other.^ The
latter may be dealt with first, since they have certain points of
connexion with the San 'a class. Thus the monograms on nos. 1-23
are found also on coins of the San'a class (see above ^ and r]}.
The other monograms which I have noted are ^ = ^ + n + XD+/
(nos. 24-33, and M. u. K., p. 77, no number)^; ^ — '>+'^ + h+^ or
^ + y + n (nos. 34-5); ^ == * + :j + (?) + tJ^ (M.u. K., p. 77, no. 196) ; and
^ = -l(?^) + n + J + l + p + n (M. u. K., p. 78, no. 195), which is
apparently only the monogram on our nos. 36-7 without the ^.
A variety of our nos. 17-23 at Paris has the head on the obv. to r.
(here PI. L. 2). All the coins of this class show the curved sign in
two forms, the solid form on the obverse, the voided one on the
reverse. Ihe border on the reverse looks like a deaenerate
1 C. I. S., iv, 289, V 15 ; 308, v. 13 ; cp. Mordtmann, Z. D. M. G., xxxi, p. 65.
- Coins of this class were first published by Schlumberger in Rev. Num.,
1886, p. 370 f. ; then (the same specimens) by Casanova, Fer. Niint., 1893,
p. 183.
^ A specimen of this variety at Paris shows also a ^ on the obverse below
the head (here PI. L. 3). A *\ also occurs in the same place on a Paris
specimen, otherwise similar to nos. 8 ff. (except that the monogram on the
reverse is on the right).
ARABIA HIMYARITES Ixiii
descendant of the amphora Ijorder on the San'a class. The other
sign, like a standard, on the obverse is probably not a monogram,
but some sort of religious symbol. It occurs in the relief of the
five symbols dedicated to 'Athtar and Sahr mentioned above
(p. Iviii) and also in inscriptions (e.g. Brit. Mus., no. 102,460).^
A small coin at Vienna (M. u. K., no. 12, Taf. XIV. 28) omits the
ordinary types on both sides, and bears only the monograms or
symbols.
The metal of these coins is often comparatively poor ; there is a
large proportion of base coins in the Vienna series.^
The curious type of the reverse is evidently connected with the
animals' heads carved on certain of the inscribed stones from Yemen.
Thus at Vienna ^ we find two bucrania, each with a sort of plume
between the horns, and a somewhat similar bucranium occurs on
a stone at Paris already mentioned.^ Stylized bucrania also form the
decoration of another Vienna stone.^ On the altar in the British
Museum ^ the design is simplified into almost pictographic form.'^
Casanova has noticed that the head on the Paris stone resembles a
bull in its muzzle and a gazelle in its horns. There can be little
doubt that it is the sacred beast of some deity, probably 'Athtar, as
D^renbourg has suggested, since on some of the inscriptions it
seems to be associated with that deity .^
^ Weber {HilprecJit Anniversayy Volume, p. 275) recognizes its likeness to
the spear-head of Marduk, which, however, lacks the cross-piece.
^ M. u. K., p. 70, nos. 1-12. Other copper coins of small size, with very
degraded versions of the types, are in the possession of Comm. Carlo Conti
Rossini, as he kindly informs me.
2 Hofm. 24; M. u. K., Taf. IX. Miiller holds that the bucrania here cannot
have anything to do with bull-worship, because the inscription shows that the
bucrania are used with a magical object : a complete non seqiiitur. It is to be
noted that both on the Bulawayo stone and on that at Vienna the two bucrania
are of different sizes.
^ Casanova in Eev. Num., 1893, p. 181.
5 Hofm. 123 ; M. u. K., Taf. XII.
« Birch, PI. XV, no. 29.
■^ For other instances see Weber in Hilprecht Anniversai'y Volume, pp. 271 ff.
^ Nielsen, on the other hand, prefers to connect the stylized bull's head on
the monuments with Ilmuqah, as the Sabaean moon-god {Mitt. Vorderas. Ges.,
1909, 4, p. 52).
Ixiv INTRODUCTION
On one of the British Museum specimens of this series (no. 14),
unfortunately much worn on the obverse, I seem to detect the
sign X and even traces of IJJ to the right of it. These letters would
indicate the mint of Harb (see below).
Numbers of coins of this series have been brought to England
by officers stationed at Aden during the war. Some were reported
as being brought to Aden by an Arab from Zaaba ; others to have
come from Marib.
IV.
There is a general agreement that the Himyarite coins which are
inscribed with the full names of a series of kings, and which bear
a head on either side, come last in the series in point of time
(PI. XI. 1-20). It is also regarded as probable that Prideaux is
right in his identification of Karib'il Watar Yehun'im, who
struck coins at Raidan, with the Karab'il Watar Yehun'im,^ king
of Saba and Raidan, known from a number of inscriptions,
and with the Xapi(3arjX who was reigning at the time when
the Periplus Maris Erythraei was written, that is about
A.D. 70 or a decade or two earlier.- But since there were
five rulers called Karib'il, it must be admitted that the last-
mentioned equation, of the Charibael of the Pervpliis with the king
who struck the coins, is open to dispute. Glaser, for instance,^ is
inclined to identify the Charibael of the Periplus with the first of
the kings of the name Karib'il, who apparently bore no extra titles.
If this is so, then the Karib'il of the coins must come down a
generation or two later. But he will still probably fall within the
^ Of the five kings called Karib'il mentioned in inscriptions, it is the son
of Dharaar'ali Bayjun to whom the coins must be attributed (Prideaux and
Miiller, Burgen u. Sciilosser in Sitzber. Wiener Akad., 97, p. 994).
^ W. Christ, Gesch. d. gr. LHt.^, 672. Glaser {Die Ahessinier, p. 140) claims
to have fixed the date between a. d. 56 and 67. The latest discussion of the
date of the Periplus is by Tkac, art. Saba above cited, who concludes (1465)
that it was written about a.d. 40-5. The Periplus describes Charibael as
reigning over the Homeritae and Sabaeans in his metropolis Sapphar, and
being in constant diplomatic relations with Rome.
^ Op. cit., p. 37.
ARABIA — HIMYARITES IxV
second century after Christ. It may be remarked that it' we have
to pick out our king who struck coins from among five kings of the
same name, our choice will naturally fall upon that one who, like
the Charibael of the Peri'plus, was in close relations with Rome,
because such relations seem to indicate commercial prosperity. It
may be added that the coins themselves seem to show the influence
of the Roman denarius of the Neronian reduction (see below).
Mliller assigns the rulers who, like Karib'il, call themselves
' Kings of Saba and Raidan ', to the last period of Sabaean history,
ending about a.d. 100. Ilsharh Yahdib, king of Saba and Raidan,
who is also mentioned in inscriptions, may be the 'iXdaapo? who
was king of Mariaba or Marsyabae at the time of the expedition of
Aelius Gallus (24 b.c.).^ Since his father Fara' Yanhub is called
king of Saba only, the change from Sabaean to Himyarite domina-
tion, with the corresponding transference of the capital from
Mariaba to Raidan, may, Mliller suggests, have been connected
with the expedition of Gallus.^ Mordtmann,^ on the other hand,
would date the transference of the capital about the middle of the
first century of our era ; and if the coinage inscribed with regal
names began w^ith this transference, his date seems to suit the
numismatic evidence better.
If the identification of Ilsharh with 'iXdcrapo^ is correct, one
might expect to find a monogram representing the name on some
coin of the San 'a class ; but there is nothing of the kind. Another
curious fact is that of the kings whose names can be read in
full on the coins so few seem to be mentioned in the inscriptions.*
It must, however, be remembered that many more inscriptions
remain to be published. It is only fifteen years since the
inscription containing the names of two Katabanian rulers, to
whom as we shall see coins can be assigned, was first made known.
1 Strab., xvi, 782.
2 Cp. Mliller in Z.D.M.G., xxxvii (1883), pp. 10, 11. But it is doubtful
whether the titulature of the kings on these inscriptions is so rigid that we
can base an argument of this kind on it.
^ Z.D.ilf. (?.,xxxi, p. 72.
* Cp. Glaser, Die Abessinier, p. 32, note.
i
Ixvi INTRODUCTION
Longp^rier sees a general resemblance of the coins of the class
now under consideration to those of the Characenian Arabs of the
first and second centuries of our era,^ and suggests as the inferior
limit for the coinage the breaking of the dam of Marib, which
he supposes to have happened in the second century. But the
date of this critical event is extraordinarily uncertain.^
This much is certain, that all these small coins, showing little
change of style, belong to a comparatively restricted period." It
is highly improbable that they should overlap with the large flat
coins of the San 'a class : the non-numismatic evidence as to the
date of Karib'il points to the second half of the first century after
Christ; and since the tendency to a scyphate fabric, perceptible
in these coins, is a sign of decadence, we cannot reasonably date
any of the kings who struck them much earlier.
On the whole we shall not be far wrong in assigning the coinage
of this class to a period beginning about A. D. 50, and lasting about
a century.
The following is an attempt at the description and classification
of this regal coinage.*
^ There is no resemblance to the Characenian coinage \\\ fabric.
^ Some authorities, as Redhouse {The Pearl-Strmgs, vol. iii, 1908, p. 7), place
it in the time of the Achaemenidae ; Sale, soon after the time of Alexander
the Great ; Caussin de Perceval, about a. d. 120 ; de Sacy about A. d. 150-170 ;
and Glaser (who reckons three breaches) from A. D. 447-540 ! Of course there
may have been more than one breaking of the dam ; but that which caused
the dispersion of the Arabs was the one that mattered.
^ This is the answer to Glaser's question {Die Abessinief, p. 33) : ' Konnen
wir nach dem oben Entwickelten tibrigens auch nur annehmen, dass alle
Miinzkonige in so spate Zeit gehoren ? '
* The references to Mordtmann are to his useful article in Num. Zeit., 1880,
where (pp. 307-16) he classifies this coinage under seven heads. To avoid
confusion, it may be remarked that he calls the concave side obverse, the
convex side reverse ; but the convex side was obviously the anvil side, and
therefore the obverse, of the coin. Glaser {Die Ahessinier, pp. 32, note, 37)
speaks of coins bearing the name 'Jahmal', who may possibly be the Ilsharh
Yahm (?)... of the inscription Glaser 686. I have not been able to trace
any specimens of this coin.
ARABIA — HIMYA RITES Ixvii
The general types of the coins are :
i. (PI. XI. 1-20). Ohv. Head of the usual Himyarite type, with
ringlets, usually with a monogram behind it.
Rev. Smaller head of the same type, between two monograms ;
above, king's name ; below, mint-name,
ii. (PI. XI. 21, 22). Generally similar to i, but without any king's
name. (See also M. u. K., Taf. XIV. .36, 37, 39 a, 40, 41,
42, 44, 46.)
iii. Ohv. Monogram.
Rev. As in ii.
(See M. u. K., Taf. XIY. 38, 39.)
The second and third types are confined to small denominations
and, so far as I know, are represented only in the Vienna Cabinet
among the coins from the Glaser Expedition, with the exception
of two specimens of the second type in the British Museum.
The two heads on the two sides of the coin are so much alike ^
that it seems natural to assume that they both represent persons
of the same class ; that is to say, they are both human beings or
else both deities. The inscriptions sometimes mention two brothers
reigning jointly, but if the two heads on the coins represent joint
rulers, it is strange that the name of only one is inscribed, and that
too against the smaller head on the reverse. That smaller head,
since the king's name is written against it, may be regarded as
representing the reigning king. Is the larger head on the obverse
the founder of the dynasty 1 Or have we here merely a repetition
of the process which it is suggested took place on the Nabataean
coinage, so that both heads represent the same person, the head
on the reverse being repeated from the obverse when a type was
required to take the place of the original owl *? ^
^ Mordtmann, p. 308, says that the head on the rev. (his obv.) wears a
wreath ; but the distinction certainly does not hold in most cases. Longperier
(Rev. Num., 1868. p. 173) takes the two heads to represent the reigning king
and a subordinate prince.
^ A somewhat similar problem arises in regard to the two heads on Axumite
coins, and is discussed by Littmann [Deutsche Aksuni-Expedition, i, p. 46 j. But
there the two heads differ in their dress, one being crowned.
Ixviii INTKODUCTIOX
i. Coins tvith kings' names.
a. (PL XI. 1, 2.) Karib'il Yehun'ini Wattar ()X(D|llOf^yf JlftrDA
im Dy^n'' 7X^15) son of Dhamar'ali Bayyin.^ The coins were
first identified by Prideaux,^ who showed that the monogram on
the obverse is the surname Wattar," which the king l^ears in the
lapidary inscriptions.
On his no. 2 Mordtmann reads a H in the border above the
head, and behind it a monogram consisting of the letters V, t2, 1, ^
This contains the same elements as the names of two other kings
who struck coins ('Amdan or 'Umdan). Since it cannot be a place-
name (the mint-name being given on the other side), or another
surname of the king, we may assume that it and the other
monograms on the reverse represent magistrates of some kind
(possibly one of them may be an eponym). Or it may represent
the man who actually became king afterwards, in a subordinate
capacity. So far it has not been possible to discover any definite
rule about the use of monograms on these coins.
On the reverse the king's second name is sometimes written
HHV?' without the ain, as on the two specimens here catalogued.
The mint-mark is always tHYX Raidan, the castle of Sapphar ; the
regular title of the rulers of this period is p^Tl"! t^!}D *]7^, king
of Saba and Dhu-Raidan."* In front of the head is always the
sign «P (found also in slightly varying forms on coins of all
1 a I. S., iv, 373, cp. 37 ; Miiller, Burgen, ii, p. 994.
2 Miiller, loc. cit. ; Prideaux, J A.S.B., vol. 1, 1881, p. 98. Others are pub-
lished by Mordtmann, p. 307; Miiller u. Kubitschek, p. 72, nos. 16, 17 ; p. 77,
nos. 224, 483, and 481 (biat the last two are Mordtmann's specimens).
^ This solution of the monogram was found independently by Mordtmann,
p. 308.
* TOY PA€IAAN in the famous inscription of Aeizana*. C.I.G., iii.
5128. Hommel, in the Enzijlio})adie ties Islam, i, 39.5, says that the kings took
their territorial title from ' the mountain Raidan near the Kattabanian capital
Tamna' to the S.E. of Ma'rib '. Hut see M. Hartmann, Der Islamische Orient,
ii, p. 168 f. There seems no reason to reject the statement of Hamdana that
Raidan was the castle of Sapphar.
ARABIA — HIMYARITES Ixix
the other kings of this period except Yeda'ab Yanaf, Shahar Hilal,
and Waraw'il Ghailan), This appears to be not a monogram, but
some kind of symbol, analogous to the religious symbols on the
coins of the San'a and Bucranium classes ; it occurs in inscrip-
tions.^ On the left of the head, the British Museum specimens
show monograms, <pL and i., which probably occur also on other
specimens, although they have not been noticed. The former
seems to consist of ) + '2; the latter possibly of ^{ and ^ (or |
and ^). Mordtmann (p. 314) describes it as having marks in the
body of the rectangle which he takes for "I, thus reading it as
D1X, which is the name (1) of a place where the god Ilmaqah was
worshipped ; (2) of a god, perhaps the sun-god called Avfxov by
the Nabataeans. But among the many instances of this monogram
which occur on coins of this class I have seen no trace of the
interior signs.^ It is noticeable also that the rectangle shows
no signs of incurving sides, as J (f2) normally does. The interpre-
tation must therefore remain uncertain.
There seems to be at present no possibility of deciding whether
the other kings, whose coins remain to be described, were earlier
or later than Karib'il.
(3. (PI. XI. 3-5.) 'Amdan Yehuqbid (Bflt Vf iWllO, ppn^ pD5?).
Specimens of the coinage of" this ruler ^ were first puljlished by
Mordtmann * and Prideaux.^ One of Mordtmann's specimens has
no monogram (or an obscure one) on the obverse ; on the other
' Mordtmann, p. 309.
- An exception may be Mordtmann's no. 9, Taf. V. 9 ; but may not the marks
be due to accident ?
^ An inscription (Glaser 567 ; Die Ahessinier,-p. 32, note) contains a mutilated
name which he reads '- - - - n Bajjan Juhakb - -', and this king, he says, is
probably, though not certainly, the same as the ''Amdan Bajjan Juhakbidh'
of the coins. I know of no coins of any 'Amdan who combines the names
Bajjan (Bayyiri) with Juhakbidh (Yehuqbid), and suspect that Glaser is
confusing the coins now under discussion with the next group (y).
* p. 310.
' J.A.S.B., 1881, p. 99, PI. X. 3, 4, 5. See also M. u. K., p. 77, nos. 487
and 477 'Mordtmann's specimens).
IXX INTRODUCTION
we find a monogram which he resolves into "*+7 + n + n + ^ + *1.^
On the British Museum specimens we have four different mono-
grams, one T consisting of CJ' + n + p + i + S (i.e. in all but the
first letter the same as the king's name) ; another 1 apparently
* + J + ^(?); a third »«:. = ^ + i + i (?) ; and a fourth Hf consisting
of 7 + n + ^ + & (the double slanting line on the right is not quite
certain). On the reverse we have the sign <p, and on two out
of four specimens the monogram i.. The mint is always Raidan.
y. (PI. XI. 6-15.) 'Amdan Bayyin (H?nlHH30. T^ p^^)- The
coins with this name are usually all attributed to the same ruler,
but it will be observed that they may be divided into two groups,
according to the presence or absence of the Yanaf monogram a.
Coins were first published by Prideaux and Mordtmann.^ Taking
first those with the Yanaf monogram (which are the less numerous),
we find that they are on the whole better executed and of better
quality than the others. The border on the obverse is linear, not
dotted, and resembles a penannular torc.^ The mint is always
Eaidan : and the sign on the reverse takes the form ? or <P •
Above the head on the obverse of some specimens (e.g. no. 1)
appears an ornament or sign of some kind. It is not the letter f.
On the other hand, those without the Yanaf monogram, besides
being as a rule of poorer work and sometimes of poorer alloy,
include smaller denominations, and seem to belong to a later stage
of development. They are, for one thing, much more markedly
^ Kubitscbek's drawing of tbe monogram, p. 78, note 1, fig. 16, does not
entirely bear this out.
2 See Mordtmann, pp. 310, 311 ; M. u. K., p. 71, nos. 8-15, Taf. XIV. 82-5;
p. 77, nos. 194, 192, 225-31. It is a curious fact that one of the British
Museum specimens was acquired by Dr. Buresch in the Hermos plain near
Sardes.
^ Cp. M. u. K., Taf. XIV. 33 with the specimens in this Catalogue, PI. XI, 6-9.
Col. AUotte de la Fuye suggests that the border is meant for a serpent, but,
although one end is pointed, the other shows no resemblance to a serpent's
head.
ARABIA — HIMYARITES Ixxi
scyphate. On the obverse we find a number of monograms. Those
which can be made out are :
,1-^n
, on which see above, p. Ixi.
This could also be read pH/D, with which compare the name of
the Sabaean castle Salhin (see above, p. Ixii). But the improba-
bility that the monogram can here represent a place, since the
mint-name appears on the other side, has already been pointed out.
A very elaborate monogram given by Kubitschek ^ as J^ con-
tains the letters ^ + i + D (twice ?) + J| + ^ and at least one other.
2[ is also given by Kubitschek-; the letters seem to be
1i^) + 'n+f2 + ^ ', the wavy line below is perhaps not part of the
monogram but the curved symbol of a deity, which is, however,
not found on any other coins of this class.
Other monograms, not to be clearly made out, are given by
Kubitschek.^ On one obverse he describes a corn-ear in front of
the head.
The mint of all these coins is Raidan, with one exception which
is of barbarous workmanship and has the mint-name Sait
other peculiarities are the branch (?) on no. 4' (possibly the
corn-ear mentioned above is something of the same kind), and the
letter ^ (H^) on the neck of the bust on no. 7, p. 72. Both forms
of the characteristic sign A ♦ occur.
^ M.u. K., p. 71, no. 13.
- Ibid., p. 77, no. 194. Probably the monogram on the British Museum
coin, p. 71, no. 4, is the same.
3 Ibid., p. 71. no. 8 (^ + -|, cp. C.I.S., iv, 37); p. 73, at top. no. 1: also a
doubtful one on the reverse of a coin, p. 77, no. 192.
* Vienna, M. u. K., p. 73, no. 1.
^ The coin catalogued by M. u. K., p. 73, no. 11, as uncertain, is similar
to this ; they describe the object as ' unklares Ding, einem Cohorten-Insigne
ahnlich '.
Ixxii INTRODUCTION
The differences noted al lOve seem to point to a distinction either
between two rulers, an earlier, 'Amdan Bayyin Yanaf, and a later,
'Amdan Bayyin, or between two issues of the same ruler, those
without Yanaf being the later. This second alternative is
favoured by the facts :
(1) that more than one find seem to be composed entirel}^ of
coins of these two classes to the exclusion of coins of any other
ruler; if the two varieties belonged to two different kings, more
especially if they were separated by any interval, we should expect
some other king to be represented ;
(2) a curve of frequency shows that there is a slight falling off
in weight, the peak of the curve being at 1-50 gm. for the coins
without the monogram, at 1-60 gm. for those with the monogram ;
(3) in a series of coins from a find which I have examined, the
coins without Yanaf seemed to be on the whole in better condition
than the others, showing that they were more recent.^
I am inclined to think that the coin with a doubtful reading
published by Mordtmann ^ may be of 'Amdan Bayyin, and that the
monogram on the obverse which he reads f\ + i^ may be really ^,
as on no. 5, p. 71 : but if so, this is the only coin of 'Amdan Bayyin
with the monogram Q.
S. (PI. XI. 16-18.) Tha'ran Ya'ub (notlH)hS ^i?^ pi<f\). The
surname is sometimes written without the a I a. A king Tha'ran,
son of Dhamar'ali Yuhabir, son of Yasar Yuhasdiq, is known from
an inscription." Longp^rier and Mordtmann, who first published
his coins,'^ misread his name, the form of which is however quite
^ This find is said to have been made in a grave in Abyssinia ; I have examined
133 of the specimens, and understand that a large number of others were
acquired by the Paris cabinet. The coins acquired from Mr. Bakewell (p. 70,
nos. 1-3, p. 71, no. 2) are said to have come from a large find made at Marib ;
the fourteen coins in his possession were all of the two groups under con-
sideration.
2 p. 814, no. 10.
« C. I. S., iv, 457.
* Rev. Num., 1868, p. 169: Nxm. Zeif.. 1880, p. 812. See also M. u. K.,
p. 71, nos. 1-7.
ARABIA — HIMYARITES Ixxiii
clear on various pieces not known to them. The following mono-
grams may be noted as occurring on the obverses :
(?) = n + fl + i (Mordtmann no. 7).
J^ = ^ + ^ + 1 (Mordtmann no. 8). D^* (Yerim) is the name of
a place in Yemen, and also of a Sabaean king Yerim or Yarim
Aiman.^ W1 on the other hand is a surname (' the exalted '), and
this interpretation is preferred by Mordtmann, although, as he
admits, it is used by Minaean rulers, whereas the Sabaeans prefer
the equivalent ?\y.
= ^ + "l + n + 1 (M. u. K., p. 71, no. 5).
I
Tlie last two, being evidently meant for the same name, show that
the last letter of the name must be "1, since that is not present
in both. Madhuw (ooooypjj, 1im23) is the name of a deity.^ On
the reverse are the characteristic sign <p and the monogram q ;
on some specimens instead of the latter we find -J' ( = j^ + j^)
surmounted by ^Jj." The mint is always Raidan.
The head on the obverse occasionally bears a letter on its cheek
in characteristic Himyarite manner: X = H, on no. 1, fl = ^ on
the coin published by Longpdrier.
Mordtmann's no. 10, reading apparently !l+^ I p+V, may, ac-
cording to him, be a badly struck coin of Tha'ran Ya'ub ; but see
above, p. Ixxii.
e. (PI. XI. 19.) Shamnar Yehun'im (HO^iVf |)^l]j , D^jn^ "iD^SJ^).
So, rather than Shamdar ()Hll J ), I read the name on the rare
coins, p. 74, no. 1 in this Catalogue, and Mordtmann's no. 9 ; his
illustration does not, at any rate, conflict with this reading.
1 C.I.S., iv, 401.
^ Mordtmann u. Miiller, Sabdische Denkmuler, pp. 80, 102.
' No. 3 in this Catalogue, correcting the descriptions in M. u. K., p. 71,
nos. 1-3.
k
Ixxiv INTRODUCTION
On the obverses of these coins we have the monogram jT = fl + *i/
and on one of the two known coins the cheek is marked with
O = y. The mint is Raidan, and the reverse shows the usual sign
4» and the monogram f^.
Omitting a broken coin with an apparently blundered inscription,^
we have now given the list of all the coins bearing kings' names
which have the characteristic sign 3> or ?. The coins with kings'
names on which this sign is absent are much fewer in number.
C (PI. XI. 20.) Yeda'ab Yanaf (0*if | flfloH?, ^^' l^'^^').
Mordtmann points out that the name Yeda'ab occurs in inscriptions
with the surnames Bayyin and Ghailan, but these are kings of
Hadramaut ^ ; on the other hand the name is found with the
surname Dhubayyin (riU'l) as the name of the son of a Katabanian
priest-king, and we shall see later that the other rulers who
struck coins at the same mint (Harb) as this Yeda'ab were
Katabanians. The name also occurs among the deities and kings
invoked at the end of certain inscriptions mostly found at Kharibat
Sa'ud,'^ a day's journey north-east of Marib. All Glaser's ■' Kata-
banian inscriptions came from the country between Marib and
Shabwat, and they give as the name of the chief city Vi/^^ri, which
is the Tamna of Eratosthenes, the Thomna of Pliny, the Thumna
of Ptolemy, and, according to Glaser, the modern Tamna' in Wadi
Baihan el Qasab."^ Now Eratosthenes says that the Katabanian
country, which he mentions between the Sabaeans and the people
of Hadramaut, came down to the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb. It
^ This, and not the simple letter )^, seems to occur on Mordtmann's
specimen as on ours ; on his, the head on the obverse appears to be turned
to 1., not to r.
^ M. u. K., p. 72, no. 18. I have already noted that Glaser (Die Ahessinier,
pp. 32, note, 37) speaks of coins with the name ' Jahmal ', and that I have not
been able to trace these coins, of which he gives no details.
3 C. I. S., iv, 155, 308 ; cp. Mordtmann in Z. D. M. G., lii, p. 399.
* Halevy, 630, 631, 632, 635 ; Z.D. M. G., xxx, p. 291, no. 5.
^ See his Ahessinier, p. 112.
® For Glaser's earlier identification of Tamna with Duranat Djaba or Dumnat
Khadir see his Skizze, ii, p. 18 f.
ARABIA — KATABANIANS IxXV
would seem therefore that in his time the Katabanians occupied
a good deal of the country which afterwards belonged to the
Himyarites. There has been a general tendency to look for
the capital Tamna somewhere in the south-west corner of the
peninsula; but it is difficult to reject the evidence of the inscrip-
tions.^
Now the coins of Yeda'ab Yanaf bear in their exergue, in the
place where the mint-name normally comes, the name Harb.^
Mordtmann has accordingly suggested that Harb may be Kharibat
Sa'ud, the place where the inscriptions with the name of Yeda'ab
were found, and that both may be Caripeta, the furthest point
reached by Aelius Gallus.^ Kharibat, however, merely means
' ruins ', and there are various places of that name.
The name Har(i)b, again, is not singular; Manzoni marks one
place of the name about 55 km. E. by N. of San'a on the way to
Marib ; and there is another more important Harib south-east of
Marib, about half-way to Nisab. Since the Katabanian coins were
struck at Harb, is it not probable that it may have borne the same
relation to the capital Tamna as Raidan did to Sapphar, i. e. that it
may have been the stronghold of the Katabanian kings ?
The coins of Yeda'ab Yanaf have no monograms on the obverse.*
On the reverse, besides the familiar (^ and the incomplete mono-
^ See, for tlie latest discussion of Katabania and its capital, Tka2 in Pauly-
Wissowa-Kroll-Witte, lA 2, 1326 f.
^ Col. Allotte de la Fuye notes that on a specimen in his collection the
middle letter of the mint-name appears to be ^ or X rather than ); but
the reading is very obscure, to judge from an impression before me, and the
letter is clearly ) on other specimens.
^ Glaser (Shizze, ii, p. 58) is inclined to identify Pliny's Caripeta with
Kharibat Sirivah (a long day's journey west of Marib). In the same work
he distinguishes Strabo's Marsyabae from Mariaba, and thinks that Gallus
never reached the latter; but in his Abessinier, p. 35, note, he seems not dis-
inclined to admit that Marsyabae is Marib. Other views on the whole vexed
question in Tkac, art. Saba above cited, 1353 ft".
* Mordtmann describes two specimens as having a helmeted head on the
obverse, but from his illustrations the appearance of the helmet seems to be
deceptive. The head on the obverse is to the left on his no. 11 and on the
Berlin coin, M. u. K., p. 78, no. 193.
Ixxvi INTRODUCTION
gram on no. 1, p. 75 of this Catalogue, we find a monogram Avhich,
if rightly drawn by Kubitschek/ consists of ^ + 11; but in the
illustration it appears to me to be more elaborate.
The mint of Harb was also used by two other kings, who can
be identified in a most satisfactory way with kings mentioned in
inscriptions, and are represented each by a unique coin : —
77. Shahar (or Shahir) Hilal (11 V \ )Vj, SSn nnjT). This is
presumably the Katabanian king, known from an inscription.
The coin proves that Weber is right in correcting the reading of
his second name from Yalil or Yagil to Hilal.^ His third name
was Yuhargib (li'in*).
The only known coin of this ruler, which is in the Vienna
Cabinet,^ has the monogram £^ on the reverse, and weighs 0-77 gm.
6. Waraw'il Ghailan (h1?TI I Ift®)®. t^^^^ hi<)^\}, whose third
name was Yehun'im, the son of Shahar Hilal, just mentioned.
The inscription on the coin is incomplete,'* and is given by
Kubitschek as in"TTl I Ifl^)) with an alternative reading by
Glaser Hlffl I IWLfl]- Since O (y) and O {)) are so easily
confused, especially on these tiny coins, we may quite certainly
emend Kubitschek's reading, with the help of Glaser's, to
41f ^ I In®)®' the name of the Katabanian king who is known
from the same inscription as his son Shahar.^
The solitary coin of this ruler, which is in the Berlin Cabinet,
has on the reverse the monograms f^ and % (as drawn by
Kubitschek) ; the latter I cannot resolve.
The above identifications with Katabanian rulers perhaps justify
1 M. u. K., p. 73, 13, nos. 1, 2, Taf. XIV. 43. If no. 3 has no king's name
following the letter ^, should it not have been catalogued after no. 4 ? As
regards the Berlin specimens (p. 78, nos. 479, 193, 484, 480), all but the second
were acquired from Mordtmann, and are doubtless identical with three of the
four described by him on p. 315, but it is not quite clear which is which.
^ D. Nielsen, Xeue Katahanische Inschtiften, in Mitt. Vorderas. Gesellsch. 1906,
4, p. 17 ; O.Weber, Stiidien ziir sildarah. Alteiiumt<'kunde, ibid.. 1907, 2, pp. 12 ff'.
3 M. u. K., p. 73 /3, no. 4.
* M. u. K., p. 78, no. 191. Berlin. Wt. 1-52 gr.
^ D. Nielsen and 0. Weber, as above.
ARABIA HIMYARITES Ixxvii
US in i-L'^arding the group of coins without the characteristic mark
«j» as distinctively Katabanian.
And if our dating of these coins to the period a.d. 50-150 is
approximately correct, Glaser's theory ^ that Katabania was
absorbed into Hadramaut in the second century B.C., and that at
the time of the expedition of Aelius Gallus the Katabanian king-
dom had ceased to exist, needs considerable revision.
ii. Coins ivith ttvo heath, hut without the Icing's name.
With the exception of the two pieces described in this Cata-
logue (pp. 74-5), all the published coins of this class are in the
Vienna cabinet. They all belong to small denominations, and it
may be assumed that the absence of the king's name is merely due
to lack of space. They fall into the following groups :
a. Obv. Head r. Rev. Head r. ; ou I. «p ; sometimes on r. ? ; in
exergue ^Hf) (Raidan). PI. XI. 21. M. u. K., p. 72, nos.
19-23, Taf. XIV. 36, 37.
fj. Obv. Head r. Bev. Head r. ; on r. J, on 1. a combination of 4>
with y ; in exergue JJO*] (Na'am). M. u. K., p. 72/3, nos. 1, 2,
Taf. XIV. 39 a, 40.
y. Olv. Head r. Bev. Head r. ; on I. a> ; in exergue nOj (Ya'ub).
M. u. K., p. 72 y, nos. 1-5, Taf. XIV. 41, 42.
8. Obv. Head r, Ilev. Head r. ; on 1. t, on r. ^ ; in exergue ^rilT
(Yuhabir). M. u. K., p. 73 B. a, nos. 1, 2, Taf. XIV 47, 48.
e. Obv. Head r. ; sometimes on 1. a monogram, sucli as r*l.
Eev. Head r. ; monogram of J and ^ or r^ ; in exergue ri/M-l
(Harb). Brit. Mus., p. 75, no. 2, PI. XI. 22 ; M. u. K., p. 73,
nos. 5-10, Taf. XIV. 44-6.
If we assume, as Miiller and Kubitschek assume (and it is diffi-
cult to take any other view), that the names in the exergue of the
reverses of these five groups represent mints, it is strange that
three out of the five mints should be represented only on these
^ Die Ahessinier, pp. 77, 114 f.
Ixxviii INTRODUCTION
poor little coins. Haib itself, it must be admitted, may be a man's
name.^ As to Na'am, it can be both a man's name and the name
of a castle.^ Ya'ub and Yuhabir, on the other hand, seem to be
known, apart from their occurrence on these coins, onlj^ as sur-
names of kings of Saba and Raidan." One of these kings, Tha'ran
Ya'ub, struck coins at Raidan. The other, Dhamar'ali Yuhabir,
was the father of a Tha'ran, presumably this same Tha'ran Ya'ub.
This is a remarkable coincidence, if it is nothing more. We have
to choose between two alternatives : either the names Yuhabir and
Ya'ub on these coins represent not mints, but the two kings in
question, or they represent mint-places which were founded by and
named after these kings, just as the fortress of Na'am was named
after its founder Na'am.*
The Yanaf monogram occurs on the Raidan coins (a), and sug-
gests that they may have been struck by 'Amdan Bayjnn Yanaf ; it
is less reasonable to attribute them to Yeda'ab Yanaf because that
king's coins were struck not at Raidan but at Harb, and do not
bear the sign a.
On 13 we find, combined with the sign J, the letters f and y.
These might possibly stand for HO^iVf (Yehun'im), the surname of
Karib'il and Shamnar, or Bfl^V? (Yehuqbid), the surname of
'Amdan. It is again a curious coincidence, if nothing more, that
the supposed mint-name ||0*| in the exergue of these coins, if read
in continuation of the two isolated letters, gives the name JJOitT
(Yehun'im).
y may conjecturally be attributed to Tha'ran Ya'ub, and S to
Dhamar'ali Yuhabir, his father, even if we suppose the names in
their exergues to be the names of mints; for the assumption —
1 See Mordtmann u. Miiller, Sabaische Denkmaler, p. 100; C.I.S., iv, 345.
2 C.I.S., iv, 154; cp. iv. 21 and 1 Chron. iv. 15. The name is a place or
clan name {C.I.S., iv'. 37, v. 4 ; 74, v. 18 ; 117, v. 1 ; Z.D.M. G., xxix, p. 227;
cp. Haitmann, Der islam. Orient, ii, p. 291).
' Tha'ran Ya'ub, whose coins are described above, and Dhamar'ali Yuhabir,
C. I. S., iv. 365 and 457.
' C.J.S., iv, 154.
AEABIA HIMYARITES. STANDARDS Ixxix
taking- it for what it is worth — is that these mints were established
by the jDersons whose names they bore.
€ bears a monogram of ^ and ^J, which may represent Yeda'ab,
whose inscribed coins were struck at Harb.
iii. Finally, there are two coins which bear on the obverse
a monogram, on the reverse a head, the mint-name Raidan, and the
sign «p.^ The monogram is that which is already familiar to us
from coins of the San'a class (above, p. Ixi, A) and of 'Amdan
Bayyin (above, p. Ixxi), Possibly the coins were struck by the
last-named king.
Here also may be mentioned a coin which Kubitschek has placed
in a seventh class by itself.^ On the obverse it has a monogram
which he draws j[J ; on the reverse ®X(, i-e- Wattar, and the
curved symbol below it. It is natural to give this coin to Karib'il
Wattar Yehun'im ; but it must be remembered that there were
other kings bearing the name Wattar."
The Standard of the Coinage.
As Kubitschek^ has remarked, the standard in use was leased
on the Babylonian drachm of 5-6 gm. (86-4 grains troy). The
highest weight recorded for coins of this denomination of the
earlier class is 5 55 gm.''
On the other hand, among the coins of the San'a class we find
the maximum of this denomination reaching 5-62 gm. (86-7 gn.).*^
The maxima of the various denominations are given in grammes
1 M. u. K., p. 72, nos. 24, 25, Taf. XIV. 38, 39. On the second coin there
is another sign to the left of the monogram, but it is half obliterated ; if
Kubitschek reads it right, it is the Y of the earlier coins.
2 p. 74, vii. 1, Taf. XIV. 50. JP. plated ; wt. 0-24 gm.
^ AsYatha' 'amar Wattar (C. 7. &, iv. 490) and Wattar Yuha'min {C.I.S., iv.
10 and 258).
" M. u. K., p. 66.
5 lUd., p. 76, no. 217.
® p. 54, no. 2.
IXXX INTRODUCTION
in the following table (based on the coins in the British Museum
and Schlumberger's and Kubitsehek's lists) :
Three units.
Unit.
Half.
Quarter.
Eighth.
Earlier Class 16-95
5-55
2-Gl
1-35
0-55
Transitional Class
5-41
1-48
San'a Class
5-62
3-10
1-33
0-40
The high weight reached by the half in the San'a class is
remarkable ; but it is possible that the two coins at Vienna and
Berlin,^ weighing 3-10 and 3-05 gm. respectively, are accidentally
over- weighted, since otherwise the maximum of this group is 2-85
grn.^ The weight 0-16 gm. is reached by two small coins at Vienna,^
but the weights of these minute denominations are apt to 1 >e irregu-
lar, so that it is impossible to say what they represent.
The Berlin Museum, as already stated, possesses six'* coins of
approximately the weight of the Attic tetradrachm (ranging from
16-95 to 16-35 gm.), imitated from the earlier Attic type, but
differing from the smaller coins in the absence of any Sabaean
letter on the obverse. All appear to have come from South Arabia,
having been acquired from Mordtmann and Glaser. A tetradrachm
of purely Attic origin was acquired by the British Museum along
with the Himyarite coins purchased from Salunjie of Aden. It is
clear therefore that the Arabians were not only familiar with the
Attic tetradrachm, but made imitations of it of somewhat low
weight. Nevertheless, in consideration of the comparative rarity
of these larger coins, and of the steady persistence of the piece of
about 5-62 gm. as the dominant denomination throughout the
period of the coinage, we are justified in regarding the latter as
the unit. The pseudo-Attic tetradrachm, as Kubitschek has
pointed out, is a tridrachm expressed in terms of the piece of 5-62
gm. In the same way, in the little group of coins attributed below
1 M. u. K., p. 69, no. 12, and p. 76, no. 218.
2 p. 58, no. 18.
» M. u. K., p. 69, nos. 8, 9.
* Ibid., p. 76, nos. 474 and 183-7. One of these is the conntermarked coin
already mentioned.
ARABIA — HIMYARITES. STANDARDS IxXxi
to the Minaeans, we have an Alexandrine Attic tetradrachm or
Babylonic tridrachm of 16-72 gm.
The weights of the coins of the class with the bucranium reverse
are very irregular, and the metal is frequently very base, so that
any attempt to ascertain their standard is likely to be futile.
Fifty-six specimens of which the weights are available range from
0-30 to 3-63 gm.; the weight aimed at was, however, apparently
in the neighbourhood of 3-10 gm.^
The denominations employed for the latest class of Himyarite
coins are so small that here again it is difficult to come to any
conclusion about the standard.^
The maximum recorded weight seems to be 2-26 gm. (a coin of
'Amdan Bay y in Yanaf, from the alleged Abyssinian find), but this
is quite exceptional. Another coin of the same ruler from the
same find weighs 2-02 gm. These are clearly outliers; the table
of frequency ^ shows that there is a fairly continuous series from
1-83 gm. down to 1-00 gm. ; thus, at intervals of 0-10 gm., we get
1-80 gm. 15 specimens
1-70 24
1-60 46
l-oO 48
1-40 30
1-30 14
1-20 10
MO 7
1-00 2
This indicates (allowing for loss of weight by circulation) that
the norm was in the neighbourhood of 1-60 gm. The coins
' In a table of frequency we get the highest number (ten coins) at S-IO gm. ;
eight at 2-90 gm. ; four at 3-20 gm. and 2-50 gm. But the material is
inadequate for this method.
^ It is unfortunate that Mordtmann's weighings of his coins are hard to
reconcile with those given by Kubitschek for the coins acquired from Mordtmann
by the Berlin Museum.
^ Calculated from the coins in this Catalogue and in Miiller und Kubitschek,
and from others which have passed through my hands.
1
Ixxxii INTRODUCTION
weighing less than 1-00 gm. fall into two groups, representing
probably the half and the quarter of the highest denomination,
at about 0-80 and 0-40 gm. respectively. Most probably the
highest denomination represents half the weight of the Neronian
denarius (1-71 gm,).
MINAEAN COINAGE.
The remarkable imitation of an Alexandrine tetradrachm in the
Cabinet of the University of Aberdeen, the Arabian source of
which was hrst recognized by Head,^ stands quite apart from the
rest of the South Arabian series in every particular except the
script. I follow Head's description :
Ohv. Head of young Herakles r., in lion's skin. Border of dots.
Rev. Ojfnh ((^^ v^ S^n^^X, 'Abyatha') in the Himyarite
character.
Figure imitated from, or rather suggested by, the Zeus on the coins
of Alexander, seated left on throne, his feet on footstool. He
rests with his left arm on sceptre. The upper part of his body
is naked, the lower limbs draped. The face is beardless, and
the hair falls in curls, in the Arab fashion. In his right hand,
instead of the eagle, he holds apparently a flower. Outside
the inscription and parallel with the sceptre is a long perpen-
dicular line of dots. In the field in front of the figure is the
Himyaritic letter f\ {Alif).
M 8i [30 mm.]. \Vt. 258 gn. [16-72 gm.]. [Die-position \].
PI. XV. 3 [here PI. L. 5].
The apparent radiation round the head on the reverse seems to be
due to creases in the impression from which the cast photographed
by Head and the electrotype now in the British Museum were
made.
The original Alexandrine from which this piece was imitated
belonged to Muller's Class V. Head remarks that the original was
doubtless struck about 200 B.C. We may date the coin itself to
some time in the second century B. C.
' Num. Chroit., 1880, pp. 803 ff.
ARABIA — MINAEANS Ixxxiii
Since this coin seems to belong to a different category from the
other South Arabian coins, which form one connected series attri-
butable to the Sabaean and Himyarite rulers, we are justified in
looking for its origin in one of the other two great Arabian tribes,
viz. the Minaeans or the Chatramotites. Now it happens that a
typical Minaean name is S?1^iX , Abyada*. Mordtmann has already
remarked ^ that the Abyateh who was subdued by Assurbanipal in
the middle of the seventh century B.C. must have been king of
Ma'in, because his name, which is to be equated- with S?1^!3X,
is peculiar to the Minaean royal race. We seem therefore to be
justified in removing this coin from the Sabaean- Himyarite series
and placing it in a separate class as Minaean. But to which of
the kings Abyada' who are mentioned in the inscriptions it is
to be attributed depends on the dates of those inscriptions, a
question on which I do not feel competent to pronounce. D. H.
Miiller^ places Abyada' Yathi' in the second group of Minaean
kings ; if his third and last group was contemporary with the
latest Himyarite dynasty of which we have coins (the fixed point
among which is Karib'il, about a. d. 50-70), then kings of his second
group may possibly have been reigning during the second cen-
tury B.c^
The Aberdeen tetradrachm carries with it the curious bronze
imitation of an Alexandrine drachm (PL XI. 23), which came from
the Prideaux Collection, therefore probably from Arabia. The
resemblance to the tetradrachm is very striking, especially in the
modelling of the figure on the reverse.
The reverse type of a small coin at Vienna^ is also imitated
1 Z. D.M. G., xliv (1890), p. 183.
- The form VH^^X occurs in the Obne inscription ; see Homniel, Sildarab.
Chrestotnathie, p. 119.
3 Burgm ti. ScMosser, as above, p. 1012. Muller's arrangement is disputed
in certain details by Mordtmann, Z.D.M.G., xlvii, pp. 407 ff. See further
M. Hartmann, Der islamische Orient, ii, pp. 126 ff.
* The Minaean dynasty was still flourishing in the third century B. c, by
the evidence of Eratosthenes (see Mordtmann in Z. D. M. G., xliv, p. 184).
Hartmann, oj). cit., p. 132, thinks it came to an end about 230 B. C.
5 M. u. K., p. 70, Taf. XIV. 23. Wt. 0-41 gm. (fy of the Alexander drachm).
IxXXiv INTRODUCTION
from the Alexandrine coinage, with less modification than the
tetradrachm above discussed ; the obverse shows a bare male head,
with short curly hair, and a skin (lion-skin?) fastened round his
neck.
The ancient Minaean capital is probably represented by impor-
tant ruins at Ma'in, about 1^ hours east of El-Hazm Hamdan, in
the middle Jauf.^ The ancient writers give Kama or Karnaua
(Qarna'u ; see above, p. xliv) as the name of the capital. Important
Minaean sites are also at Es-Sud and Beraqish.^ These are all
in the interior, whereas the statement of Eratosthenes that the
Minaeans lived iu tS> npo^ 'EpvOpau /lipeL seems to point to
the coast." Probably the geographer's use of the phrase merely
implies south-western Arabia generally, which is bounded by the
Arabian Gulf (the Red Sea in the modern acceptation) and the Gulf
of Aden, Both these pieces of water were included by the ancients
in the Red Sea.
To sum up : we have seen that the coinage of Southern Arabia
Felix may be divided into (1) the coinage of the Sabaean dynasty,
merging into that of the Himyarites, with a small group that can
be assigned with practical certainty to the Katabanians ; (2) a small
group which stands apart, and may be attributed to the Minaeans.
It is doubtful whether any of the coinage is earlier than the third
century B. c, although the Attic prototype is of the fourth century.
The influence of Athens is dominant as regards morphology, that
of Persia in the standard. The coinage probably comes to an end
in the second century of the Christian era.
^ J. Halevy, Rapport sur une mission archeologique clans le Yemen, 1872, p. 75.
^ See Mordtmann in Z.D.M. G., xlvii, p. 408; Ma'in = Qaniau, Beraqish =
Yathil.
^ Glaser accordingly {Ahessinier, p. Ill) supposes that Eratosthenes cannot
mean the Minaeans of the period of the Minaean kingdom, known from
inscriptions, since these inhabited the Jauf ; and that at most he could mean
the Minaeans whom Pliny describes as living in the immediate neighbourhood
of the frankincense country.
NORTH ARABIA IxXXV
NORTH ARABIAN IMITATIONS OF ATHENIAN COINS.
Head has published- a group of very barbarous small imita-
tions of the earlier Attic type, some of which come from the
land of Midian. Burton obtained at Macna (Muqna') on the
east coast of the Gulf of Aila an ancient plated coin copied
from one of the earlier Attic tetradrachms. Unfortunately
Head did not illustrate this, and it is not clear how precise he
intended to be in describing it as of the same class as the coin
next to be mentioned (see PI. XI. 26). This, which has recently
been presented to the British Museum by Mr. J. Mavroo-ordato,^
weighs 10-87 gm., and is of copper or bronze, without trace of plat-
ing. It is said to have been found in Babylonia hy Loftus. This
is not in favour of its Arabian origin, though it may well have
passed across the neck of the Arabian peninsula to the head of the
Persian Gulf ; but Head points out that it is the prototype of
small coins already mentioned as having been acquired by Burton
at Muqna'. On these the degradation has proceeded still farther,
the types being almost unrecognizable, and the fabric similar to
that of the small bronze coins of the Jewish rulers in the late
second and first centuries b. c. ' Among them,' says Head, ' and
at first sight hardly to be distinguished from the rest, I have found
coins struck hy the Maccabaean princes, Alexander Jannaeus and
Alexander II, a coin of Herod Archelaus, and several coins of
Tiberius, one struck in a. D. 30 l:)y Pontius Pilate, also a few coins
of the Nabathaean king, Aretas II, 7 b. c. to A. D. 40 .'^ Clearly
then these imitations, although derived from the earlier Attic
1 Num. Chron., 1878, pp. 274, 283, PI. XIII. 17-22. These coins are the
property of the Camberwell Public Library, but are deposited in the British
Museum on indefinite loan, so that it has been possible to include them in
this Catalogue (pp. 78 fi"., PI. LV. 2-9). I have not been able to identify
among the pieces that I have seen all those described by Head, e.g. nos. 18, 19
on his plate ; doubtless these have gone astray between 1878 and 1920.
2 The Photiades coin (Froehner's Catalogue, lot 785) seems to be something
of the same kind.
^ For the last vrords read ' Aretas IV, 9 b. c. to a. d. 40 '.
IxXXvi INTRODUCTION
type, must have been made as late as the first century B. c, since
their fab)'ic is that of coins which would only have come into
circulation in North Arabia in the last third of the second century.
The British Museum possesses (see PI. XI. 24, 25) two other
imitations of the Athenian tetradrachm which, although their
provenance is not known, alike differ from any other Eastern
imitations in certain peculiarities, which at the same time seem
to connect them with the Loftus coin. These are, on the
obverse, the large curve on the cheek under the eye, and, on
the reverse, the treatment of the olive-spray, which, with a little
more formalization might well develop into the form which it
takes on the Loftus coin. Both still retain traces of the incuse
square, and are evidently, to judge by the treatment of the eye,
copied from a quite early variety of the Athenian coinage. They
have been tentatively included in this Catalogue as earlj'' examples
of the Arabian imitations circulating in the northern part of the
peninsula.
Finally, among Arabian imitations of Athenian coins, may be
mentioned the curious piece (PI. L. 4) belonging to Mr. J. de
Morgan, and illustrated here by his permission. It was procured
by him at Muscat. The crest of Athena's helmet is represented
by a row of annulets. On the reverse the owl is incuse; on the
left are three letters, HM^ (^), and on the right a crescent above
a sign resembling the Cypriote sign for ba.
MESOPOTAMIA.
The cities considered under this heading were all included in the
Roman province of Mesopota^mia.^ The region was conquered by
Trajan at the same time as Armenia and Assyria, as a result of his
campaigns of a.d. 114-16; but it was given up by Hadrian, and
^ Kiepert, Formae Orbis Antiqui ; Mommsen, Provinces, ii, 68 fF. The details
in Marquardt, Rom. Staatsverw., P, 435 ff., are for the most part worthless,
owing to his uncritical use of the numismatic evidence.
MESOPOTAMIA CARKHAE IxXXvii
only partly recovered by the campaigns of L. Verus (a. u. 162-5).
It was first properly organized by Septimius Severus. The Romans
held it with varying completeness until Jovian in 363 ceded all
east of the Chaboras to the Persians. It is bounded on the north
by Armenia, on the west by the Euphrates, on the east by the
Tigris ; southwards it may for a time have extended to the sea ;
but the coinage of the southern portion was issued from Babylon
and Seleucia,^ and none of it comes into the period of the Roman
Province ; it is therefore dealt with under the heading Babylonia.
ANTHEMUSIAS.
Anthemusias (also called Anthemusia or Anthemus) is identified
by Regling ^ with Batnai and the modern EsJci-Seruj. It was a
Macedonian foundation and took its name from the Macedonian
Anthemus. All the coins that can be verified are of the reign of
Caracalla, who, as Regling suggests, may have visited the place on
his eastern campaign.^ The reverse type is a head of the City-
goddess (PL XII. 1, 2). On some specimens she wears a crescent on
her turreted crown, as at Carrhae.
CARRHAE.
Carrhae, or Harrdii, Crasd ciade nobiles, lay at the junction of
tlie rivers Skirtos and Karrha.^ It is described by Dio Cassius
(37, 5) as a Macedonian colony. It was famous in antiquity for
^ Seleucia is usually included by numismatists under Mesopotamia ; but its
nearness to Babylon and the unlikeness of its coinage to the otherwise
homogeneous Roman coinages of Mesopotamian cities make it desii'able to
transfer it to Babylonia.
^ In Lehmann's Beitrage zur alten Gesch., i, pp. 450-6.
^ Sestini (Mus. Hed., iii, p. 123. n. 1, Tab. XXXII. 3) gives a coin of Maximinus,
which is apparently like our no. 2 (Caracalla). The reverse inscription on
no. 1 is probably to be completed as AN0€MO VCI AC. A coin of Domitian
which has often been published is of Anemurium in Cilicia (see B. M. C,
Lycaonia, &c., p. xli, note 2).
* Regling in Lehmann's Beitr. z. alt. Gesch., i, map at p. 445 ; E. Sachau,
Beise in Syrien u. Mesopotamien, 1883, pp. 217 ff . ; D. Chwolsohn, Die Ssabitr
unci der Ssahismus (1856), i, 303 ff.
IxXXviii INTRODUCTION
its cult of the Moon-o-od, the Babylono-Assyriau Sin, here called
Ba'al-Harran.^ The coinage extends from Marcus Aurelius ■^ to
Gordian and Tranquillina. Most, if not all, of the quasi-autono-
mous coins attributed to Carrhae belong to other mints. Thus the
piece described by Duraersan ^ and Millingen * {ohv. bearded head r.
rev. XAPP three ears of corn) is a common coin of Tingis in
Mauretania^ with a Punic inscription ; and Arigoni's piece {ohv. head
of Helios, with torch in front, rev. bucranium surmounted by a
crescent and two stars with the inscription ETCKAP PHNnN)
is of Stectorium in Phrygia.*'
Here may be mentioned a curious bronze coin in the Fitzwilliam
Museum, Cambridge :
Ohv. Figure of armed goddess ou basis, facing, with round shield
on 1. arm, wielding axe (?) in r. ; inscription KAIKOACO
N€IAC Border of dots.
Rev. On a basis, a baetyi, decorated with an eagle displayed, and
with a crescent(?); inscription AACB^filA^ Border of
dots.
M 19 mm.
Dr. Imhoof-Blumer kindly informed me that a specimen formerly
in his collection read MHTPOTTOACCJC on the reverse, on the
right side, where the Fitzwilliam coin is deficient ; on the other
hand his specimen failed altogether where that in the Fitzwilliam
Museum shows considerable though obscure remains of lettering.
I had been inclined to read these remains as AA€ZANAP€IAC
and to attribute the coin to Carrhae, regarding KAI on the obverse
1 Cf. Chwolsohn, op. cit., i, pp. 399 ff., and the article Sin by Jeremias in
Roscher's Lexicon, 890 f.
^ Unless Invent. Waddington, 7287, is rightly read, in which case the coinage
begins with Antoninus Pius.
* Cabinet Allier de Hauteroche, 1829, p. 114.
* Sylloge, p. 82, PI. IV. 63.
^ L. Miiller, Numism. de VAfrique anc, iii, p. 146.
® Sestini, Catal. Num. vet. Mtts. Arig. (1805), p. 89. The type is coramon in
Phrygia ; see the coins of P^ucarpeia, Hieropolis, and Peltae, B. M. C, Phri/gia,
PI. XXVI. 7 ; XXXII. 5 ; XLI. 5.
MESOPOTAMIA — CARRHAE JXXXIX
as a miswriting of KAP. The type of the reverse would be quite
appropriate to Carrhae. Further examination, however, inclines
me strongly to read AAOAIKIAC. If I am right, the coin must
belong to Laodicea ad Mare. The type of the obverse would then
be the Artemis Brauronia, who appears on the coins of that city,
with axe and shield, accompanied by deer.^ The baetyl of the
reverse, on the other hand, must be the stone of Elagabal, which on
the coins of the neighbouring Emesa is represented adorned with
an eagle. ^
Sestini^ has published the following coin from the Munich
Cabinet :
Ohv. Crescent with star, resting on globe.
Rev. KAPPHNflN Crab.
JE size 4.
If this is correctly described, the crab presumably stands for the
constellation Cancer.
The ethnic of Carrhae is given as Kappalo^ by Dio Cassius, as
Kappaio9 or Kapprji/6^ by Stephanus. Only the latter form (some-
times written with one p) is found on the coins. Where the name
of the city appears instead of the ethnic, it takes the form KAPPA.*
On a coin of Sept. Severus we find this in the genitive miswritten
KAPCJN.
The books of the older writers on Carrhae swarm with mis-
readings.'* On the authenticated coins the following titles appear,
usually abbreviated :
<l>IAOPnM€0|. M. Aurelius and L. Verus ; possibly also Com-
modus. See Eckhel, iii, p. 509.
AYPHAIA, AYPHA(iai/oO. From Commodus onwards.
1 Wroth, B. M. C, Galatia, &c., p. 263, no. 113, PL XXXI. 5.
- Wroth, 02?. cit., PL XXVIL 12; cf. B.M.C., Palestine, p. xxxii.
^ Classes generales, 1821, p. 156.
* Macdonald, Hunter. Catal., iii, p. 301, 3-5.
® Grave doubt attaches to Sestini's description of a word in oriental script on
a coin of Elagabalus {Mits. Hede>v., iii, p. 124, 8 ; cf. Chwolsohn, Die Ssabier,
p. 413).
m
XC INTRODUCTION
AOYKIA. Septiniius Severus. See MsLcdonald, Hunter. CataL, iii,
p. 301, 2.
KOAflNEIA. From Septimius Severus onwards.
MHTPOTTOAIC. From Caracalla onwards.
MHTPOTTOAIC MECOn(ora/xray). Severus Alexander; some-
times with A added in the field (for TTPnTH). See Eckhel, iii,
p. 509. Vaillant's coin of ' Marcus Aurelius ' with this title is
doubtless really of Severus Alexander.
On the Latin coins of Caracalla the titles are Col{onia) Met{roi)olls)
Antoniniana Aur{elia) Alex{andriana) or Got. Aur. Metropolis
Antoniniana. According to Eckhel one coin with the latter legend
adds CA, and indeed this affords the reason for the attribution of
these Latin coins to Carrhae.
Numerous coins of M. Aurelius, L. Verus and Commodus ^ have
been published by Arigoni, Vaillant, Sestini and others, which
would seem to show that Carrhae was a colony before the time of
Septimius Severus; and Eckhel and other good authorities have
not questioned the readings. In no case, however, have I been
able to verify them. Some of them combine the colonial title with
the epithet <l>IAOpnMAIO|, but how should Roman colonists be
described as 'Friends of Rome ' r- Yet, if KOAHNEIA really
appears on coins of Commodus, the latter portion of the word may
have been the source of the readings KOAHN. €. If. given by
Arigoni and KOAHN. SEIUN. quoted by Rasche from Odericius.
The titles Lucia Aurelia were, as Macdonald has remarked, derived
from Verus, who effected the Roman conquest of Mesopotamia.
Whether, however, either of them appears before the time of
Commodus seems to be doubtful; and of AOYKIA the only occur-
rence seems to be on a coin of Severus.
^ I observe that, as at Edessa, it is easy to confuse the portrait of Septimius
Severas on these poor coins with those of some of the Antonines.
^ Chwolsohn, Die Ssabier, i, p. 394, sees the difficulty and attempts to
explain it away. Prof. J. S. Reid also suggests to me that the title may have been
taken by the Carrhenes to declare their loyalty to Rome, before the foundation
of the colony, and retained afterwards. But the title remains otiose in the
case of colonists, however unreal their Roman character may have been.
MESOPOTAMIA CARRHAE XCl
Imhoof ^ has suggested the attribution to Carrhae of two silver
tetradrachms, the style of which, and the form of oxide with which
they are encrusted, point to a Mesopotamian origin. He describes
them as follows :
1. AYT K M AY [C€ ANTWJNINOC C€. Bust of young
Caracalla 1., laureate ; on his back, scale-cuhass, on his 1.
arm, shield.
Rev. <I)OYAOYIA HAAYTIAAA AYfOYCTA. Bust of Plau-
tilla r.
M 25 mm. Wt. 11.60 gm. PI. L. 6.
2. AYT K M AY C€ ANTWNINO. Bust of Caracalla 1., with
slight beard, radiate crown, and scale-cuirass; spear in r.,
shield on 1. shoulder.
Rev. eeCJ C€OY[HPCa] TTATTTTCJ Bust of Severus r., wearing
cuirass and paludamentum.
M 25 mm. W^t. 10-35 gm. PI. L. 7.
These could not have been struck at Edessa, since until the death
of Abgar IX (X) (216-17) the Edessene coins bear the portrait of
that king, whereas one of the above coins was issued before the
banishment of Plautilla in 205. The other is not earlier than 211.
The only likely mint, other than Edessa, is Carrhae, on the bronze
coins of which the bust of Caracalla is sometimes represented in
the same way, with shield on shoulder.- Udinro?, as Imhoof points
out, must be used in the sense of 'pater.
The great outburst of coinage under Caracalla is to be connected
with his use of this district as a base for his eastern campaigns.
It was in setting out in 214 for his first expedition that €v6v^
'AXe^auSpo^ rji/,^ and accordingly we find that the colony received
the title Alexandriana. He was murdered on the road from
Edessa to Carrhae.
1 Rev. Suisse, 1908, p. 131, Taf. V (IX), 8 and 4. The coins were obtained
from Aleppo.
2 Mionnet, Suppl. viii, 394, 26. Ct. PI. XII. 24 (Sev. Alexander) and the
type of Edessa, PI. XV. 4 and 6 (Elagabalus).
^ Herodian, iv, 8, 1.
XCU INTRODUCTION
The conquest of Carrhae by tlie Persians accounts for the
absence of coins of that mint in the reign of Maximinus. The
issue was restored during the brief period of re-conquest by
Gordian III.
The types are for the most part illustrative of the cult of the
local moon-god. The crescent (PI. XII. 3, 5, 9-12, 23 ; XIII. 4, 5)
is usually represented with a single star, and is frequently placed
on a globe or cushion-like object, but occasionally there are two
stars, which must be the sun and Venus, so that we have the
trinity : Sin, Shamash, and Ishtar.^ From the crescent sometimes
descend streamers on either side. The moon-god or goddess is
sometimes represented by a conical or obelisk-like object, possibly
a baetyl, surmounted by a crescent.^ The coins of Septimius
Severus show this type in the central space of a temple (PI. XII. 4).
In the intercolumniations on either side are two objects which
have been taken for cultus-figures.^ It seems probable, however,
that Mionnet, Chwolsohn, and others were right * in calling them
military standards. A single standard in a shrine is also found
at the Syrian HieropoHs, where again it has been taken to be
the representation of a deity.'^ That the Roman standard was
placed in a shrine and worshipped ^ is well known. In ordinary
' .Jeremias in Roscher, art. Schamasch, col. 535, and Sin, col. 921 ; cf. the
types at Phrygian cities mentioned above.
' This is the origin of Pellerin's ' fly with spread wings ' on his coin reading
AYPHAIO • KAPHNCJ; the streamers have suggested the wings. See
Hirsch, Kafal xxi, 4332.
2 Macdonald, Hunter. Ccttal., iii, p. 301, 2.
* Mionnet, v, 520, 24 (he attributed the coin to Aelia Capitolina, following
Lajard) ; Chwolsohn, Die Ssabiei; i, p. 401.
^ H. A. Strong and J. Garstang, The Syrian Goddess, frontispiece, no. 1, and
p. 70 ; A. B. Cook, Zeiis, p. 586. Six and Imhoof-Blumer, Gr. Munzen, p. 759,
recognize the legionary standard.
" See Daremberg et Saglio, Did. s.v. Signa, p. 1324. A. L. Frothingham, on
the other hand, writes (Amer. Jotini. Arch., xx, 1916, p. 208) : 'Numismatics
{sic) have more or less half-heartedly accepted the opinion of Six that this
is a Roman standard or legionary eagle. No archaeologist can agree to
this after reflecting for a moment on the absolute impossibility of supposing
a Roman standard to have been substituted for a god in the sanctum sanctorum
MESOPOTAMIA — CARRHAE XClll
camps the aedicula was doubtless placed near the praetorium ; but
iu a colony the standards of the legions quartered there would
naturally be placed in one of the chief temples. At Carrhae then
we see two standards, eacli in an aedicula in the chief temple.
Each aedicula is surmounted by a crescent ^ ; it was the easier
thus to connect the worship of the standard with the local cult
because a crescent often formed part of the symbolic decoration
of the military standard. To say, with Mr. A. B. Cook, that the
objects in these aediculae were originally pillar-altars, later con-
ventionalized into Roman standards, is surely to exhibit a desperate
ingenuity.
Vaillant ^ describes a coin of Marcus Aurelius on the reverse of
which the crescent supports a bust of the Moon-goddess ; but the
engraving and description are so untrustworthy that all details
must be regarded as suspect until confirmed.
The figure of the City-goddess is, as usual, deriv^ed from that
of Antioch on the Orontes ; the river-god at her feet is either the
Skirtos or the Karrha. On a few of the Latin coins of Caracalla
a cornucopiae or a small serpent appears in front of her bust
(PI. XII. 19-22). The crescent-moon is placed above her head on
the coins of Gordian III, and at the same time a small figure is
represented on a pedestal before the bust (PI. XIII. 1, 2). This has
been explained by MacdonakP as the sign Aquarius. He points
out that it seems to correspond to other astronomical signs, such
as Aries and Sagittarius, on Mesopotamian coins. But the corre-
of so holy and ancient a city as Hieropolis. Besides, there is in this image
not the least resemblance to Roman standards or to their commonly known
cqin types. The fact of the matter is that the circles are not the solid
medallions of Roman standards but are serpent coils. The shadows and lines
show that there is a continuity and not a solution of the curved lines.'
Mr. Frothingham is too positive. Certain details, which he considers have
been added by the draughtsman responsible for the drawing in Strong and
Garstang, are confirmed by the half-tone illustration in the same book made
directly from a cast of the coin.
^ At Hieropolis, similarly, by a dove, for the Syrian goddess.
- Nmn. Col, i, p. 179.
' Hunter. Catal., iii, p. 303, note.
XCIV INTRODUCTION
spondence is not exact, since this figure alone of the three is
represented on a pedestal, which seems to indicate that it is a
monument ; also the figure seems to hold a skin and not a jar,
which would indicate the ' Marsyas ' of the Forum, a frequent type
on colonial coins, even if it be not the ordinary symbol of colonial
right. On the other hand, the attitude is not that of the ' Marsyas',
and on some specimens liquid appears to be issuing from the skin ;
so that the probabilities as between the ' Marsyas ' and Aquarius
seem to be about evenly balanced. For the present we may
continue to use the latter name.
It may be suggested that the zodiacal signs wliich play so
important a part on the coins of Mesopotamian cities are, so to
speak, genethliac, marking in each case the sign under which the
colony was founded. They cannot, as Eckhel has shown,^ mark
the month in which the local era begins.
EDESSA.
Edessa ^ in Osrhoene, or more correctly Orrhoene, is represented
V)y tlie modern Urfa. It is first heard of in Macedonian times,
when its earlier name Orrhoe was changed by Seleucus I to Edessa
after the Macedonian city. For a time (perhaps only under
Antiochus IV) it bore the name of Antiochia r] km rfj KaWiporj,
from a lake of that name, and the coins struck there by Antiochus
IV are inscribed 'Avrioxicou rccu i-rrl KaWiporji. The river Skirtos,
on which the city was situated, and which is represented below
the feet of the city-goddess on the coins (e.g. PI. XIV. 18) is now
^ Dodr., iii, p. 517.
^ E. Sachau, Reise, pp. 189-210 ; Ed. Meyer in Pauly-Wissowa. BeahEncyd.,
V, 1933 ff. ; A. von Gutschmid, Unfersitch. iihcr die Gesch. chs Kuiiigreichs
Osvoene, in Mem. de VAcad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Peteishouyg, vii* ser., t. xxxv,
no. 1 (1887); Rubens-Duval, Hist. d'Edesse, in Journal Asiatiqiie. 18, 1891;
19, 1892.
MESOPOTAMIA — EDESSA XCV
called the Daisdn ^ ; both names mean the same thing, the ' leaper ',
and refer to the serious inundations to which it subjected the city.
The rock on which the City-goddess sits more probably represents
the Nivirild Ddgh than, as Babelon supposes, the far distant range
of Masios. The Kallirrhoe is now called Birket Ibrdhtm^ and its
fish are still regarded as sacred. This fish-worship was doubtless
connected with the cult of Atargatis, which is otherwise known to
have prevailed at Edessa. Christian authorities also mention the
cults of Bel and Nebo. We know also from Julian ^ that the Sun-
god was worshipped at Edessa with two attendant deities Azizos
and Monimos, probably the morning and the evening stars. Helios
and Bel are probably to be identified.^
The thorough study which has been made of the coinage l)y
Babelon ^ makes it unnecessary to go into many numismatic details
here. The examination of the material available confirms his
attributions and dates in all essentials ; a few minor points of
difference are noticed as they occur.
Although the kingdom of Edessa began in the second century
B.C., the founder of the dynasty being Aryu, 132-127 B.C., there is
no coinage before the time of Marcus Aurelius. The generally
accepted chronology from the reign of Ma'nu VIII onwards (which
is that of A. von Gutschmid, based on Dionysius of Tellmahre) has
been corrected by Babelon with the help of the coins, as will be
seen from the following comparative table ^ :
^ The modern name is also given as Nah7- el Qut and Qara Qotjwi.
^ J. S. Buckingham, Travels in Mesopotamia (1827), i, p. Ill ; Rubens-Duval,
p. 92 ; Sachau, p. 196 f.
^ Orat., iv, pp. 150 and 154 ; cf. Dussaud, Notes de Mijthologie Syrieune
(1903), p. 10.
* Dussaud, op. cit., p. 75.
"' Melanges Numismatiqties, ii, 1893, pp. 209-96.
" In the following discussion I retain Babelon's notation, adding the number
according to that of A. von Gutschmid in brackets. Thus by Abgar VIII (IX)
I mean the son of Ma'nu who reigned from A. D. 179 to 214. Babelon gives
no number to the Ma'nu whom he assumes to have reigned only with
Abgar VIII (IX), and, to avoid confusion, I have followed his example.
XCVl INTRODUCTION
A. D. Gutschmicl. Babelon.
163-1G5 Wael, son of Sahru (2 years).
A
I •
165-167 Abgar VIII (2 years). j Interregnum.
V .
Y '
167-179 Ma'nu VIII restored (12 years).
179-214 Abgar IX the Great, son of
Ma'nu (35 years).
214-216 Abgar IX and Severus Abgar,
his son (1 year 7 months).
Abgar VIII the Great, son of
Ma'nu, alone, aftei"wards with
his son Ma'nu (35 years).
Abgar IX Severus.
216-242 Ma'nu JX son of Abgar, titular king only (26 years).
242-244 Abgar XI Phrahates, son of 1 Abgar X Phrahates, son of
Ma'nu (2 years). | Ma'nu (2 years).
The coinage begins with the expulsion of Ma'nu VIII from the
throne of Edessa by the Parthian king Volagases III. Three
classes of bronze coins appear now to have been struck at Edessa :
(1) Coins with the bust of Volagases on the obverse, and the
symbol O as reverse type. These bear the name of 'Volagases
Arsaces king of kings ' in the local script (Wroth, B. M. C. Parthia,
p. 236). (2) Coins with the bust of Volagases on the obverse, and
the bust of Wael (with inscription Wael Malka ^) on the reverse
(PI. XIII. 6). (3) Coins with the bust of Wael {Wael Malka) on
the obverse and a temple containing a cult object on the reverse
(PI. XIII. 7, 8). The inscription accompanying the reverse type
has been read by Babelon as ^PK TOi^, and the remains of the
inscription on the British Museum specimens do not contradict
this reading, and certainly support it more than any other that
has been suggested. The star which appears in the pediment of
the temple indicates the god's celestial character, and the object
by which the deity was represented was a cubic stone or something
of that kind. Such an object is represented in the temple which
occurs as an adjunct on some of the later coins of the city
(e. g. PI. XV. 4). It is tempting, in view of the celestial
' On the name, see G. A. Cooke, North-Semitic Inscri2)tions, pp. 106-7.
MESOPOTAMIA — EDESSA XCVH
character of the god in question, to connect the name 7I7X with
Alhd, the Babylonian name for the constellation Cancer.^ At the
neighbouring city of Carrhae a crab appears as one of the types,
if Sestini's description of a coin at Munich is to be trusted.-
Wael, the creature of Volagases, reigned but two j'ears. On or
after the conclusion of the Parthian w^ar by L. Verus about the
middle of 166/' Ma'nu VIII was restored to his throne. There
ma}^ have been some interval between the expulsion of Wael by
the Romans and the restoration of Ma'nu, but, as Babelon has
shown, there is no reason to fill the gap with an otherwise
unknown Abgar.^ Dionysius of Tellmahre mentions no king, nor
indeed any interval, between Wael and Ma'nu. Wael doubtless
disappeared from Edessa soon after the beginning of the campaign
of 165.^ I do not see any reason for dating the restoration of
Ma'nu in 167 rather than 166.
During the second reign of this king. Edessa w^as the mint of
certain silver denarii with the portraits of Marcus Aurelius,
Faustina II, Lucius Verus, and Lucilla. They all bear on the
reverse the name of Ma'nu (Mannos) wdth the titles BaaiXevs and
^iXopcofiaio?. As regards types, those of the denarii of M. Aurelius,
Faustina Junior, and Lucilla are purely Roman in character. The
resting Mars of PL XIII. 10 alludes to the conclusion of the war.*^
^ The late Prof. L. W. King, to whom I owe this suggestion, remarks that
AUul probably represents the pronunciation of the name in Semitic as well
as in Sumerian, being taken over in the same way as EfiJil (the chief god
of the Babylonian Pantheon), whose name in the later form is EUil, written
77{i^ in Aramaic dockets of the Achaemenian period (of. Clay, Amei: Jotirn.
of Semit. Lamj. and Lit., xxiii, pp. 269 ft'.).
^ See above, p. Ixxxix.
^ C. H. Dodd, Num. Chron., 1911, pp. 253, 259.
* The coins supposed to associate an Abgar with M. Aurelius and L. Verus
are really of Septimius Severus. As Babelon remarks, some of the heads
which are intended for Severus are more like Verus and other emperors.
® This campaign had come to a successful end in the eaily autumn : Dodd,
op. cit., p. 235.
8 Cf. Dodd, op. cit., p. 225.
n
XCVlll INTRODUCTION
The reverse of the denarius of L. Verus bears merely the king's
name and title in four lines across the field (PI. L. 8).^
Edessa, rather than Carrhae, was probably also the mint of
certain other silver denarii of Marcus Aurelius, Faustina II,
L. Verus, and Lucilla (PI. XIX. 5-12), and small bronze of Commodus
(PI. XIX. 13), which commemorate a Roman victory in the words
YTT€P NIKHC PHMAIflN or the like. They are described on
pp. 137-9. Eckhel attributes the bronze of Commodus to
Carrhae, but leaves the mint of the silver coins uncertain,
Babelon " gives them all to Carrhae on the ground that the silver
must go with the bronze, and that the bronze cannot have been
struck at Edessa under Commodus, because its 'republican' type
of Tyche is unsuitable to Edessa at a time when a dynast was
striking coins there in his own name. There is, however, no
reason against supposing that coins with the complimentary
inscriptions YTT€P NIKHC PHMAinN k.t.X. may have been
struck at more than one mint in Mesopotamia; so that even
if the bronze coin was struck at Carrhae, the denarii might
belong to Edessa. But indeed the occurrence of the head of Tyche
on the bronze does not forbid the attribution of it to Edessa during
the reign of a dynast, unless we are prepared at the same time
to deny the existence of coins of Tigranes with the Tyche of
Antioch, or of Philopator of Cilicia with the Tyche of Hieropolis.
The head of Tyche, moreover, does not, so far as I know, occur
on coins bearing the name of Carrhae in the time of Commodus * ;
so that we are free to attribute the bronze as well as the silver to
Edessa, where we know that a silver coinage of exactly similar
style was being issued at the time. A further reason, though not
1 Babelon, p. 234, PI. III. 7; Macdonald, Hunter. Catal, iii, p. 305, no, 3,
PI. LXXVIII. 32,
- iii, 508 and 520.
'^ Mel. Num., ii, p. 233,
* A specimen with this type, on which the reverse inscription is entirely
illegible, is in the British Museum trays under Carrhae; but it may well be
one of the coins with YTT€P NIKHC PriMAIflN which we are
discussing.
MESOPOTAMIA — EDESSA
a strong; one, for attributing- these coins to Edessa is the fact that
the denarii of Ma'nu, which were struck there, bear the portraits
of exactly the same four imperial personages. It must, however,
be admitted that the attribution to Edessa does not amount to a
certainty.
Wherever they may have been struck, the silver coins bear
Roman types, although it is difficult to give names to some of the
personifications, as nothing- exactly like them occurs on contem-
porary Roman coins. The figure of Armenia seated on the ground
(PI. XIX. 6) on the coin of Marcus is, however, an exact reproduc-
tion of that inspired by the Armenian campaign of L. Verus, which
first appeared on the coins at the end of a. d. 163.^
Other types that occur in this series are :—
Victory, carrying long palm-branch and circlet with pendent
fillets, standing on a globe (PI. XIX. 5).
Female figure, with globe or apple and cornucopiae (PL XIX. 7, 9)-
Female figure, with sceptre and cornucopiae (PI. XIX. 8).
Female figure with patera and sceptre (PI. XIX. 10).
Venus with apple and sceptre (PI. XIX. 11, 12).
Female figure, holding .sceptre in 1., ears of corn in r. over altar.
(PI. XL VIII. 7).
Fecunditas, with four children. Mionnet, v, 638, 229.
Jupiter seated, holding Victory. Ihid. 639, 231.
Lectisternium. Ihid. 232 (the Saeculi Felicitas type of Faus-
tina II).
Minerva standing, with javelin and shield. Ihid. 233.
Fortuna standing, with rudder on globe, and cornucopiae,
Ihid. 234.
The inscriptions are H N€IKH Pn/^AIHN, YHEP NIKHC
PIlMAinN, VneP NIKHC THN KYPIHN, sometimes with
C€B added, YHCP NIKHC THN C€BAC. The Armenian type
is identified by AP/**A€N in the exergue.
' C. H. Dodd, op. cit., p. 218.
C INTRODUCTION
To return to Ma'im : Babelon also assigns to liim the coins
which bear his name in Estranghelo on the reverse {Ma'iiu Malka).
Most of these have the king's portrait in a tiara on the obverse
(PI. XIII. 9) ; but one variety (here PI. L. 9) ^ has a bearded
portrait, without tiara, which so strongly resembles Lucius Verus
that I take it to represent that emperor rather than the king.
That in itself would be sufficient to fix the date of all these coins
to the time of Verus, i. e. to the second reign of Ma'nu. This
bronze coin, with the portrait of Verus on the obverse and the
name of the king without type on the reverse, is exactly parallel
to the silver denarii, except that, doubtless for reasons of space,
the bronze coin does not give the king the epithet corresponding
to ^iAopco/iaioy.
Ma'nu VIII, dying in a. d. 179, was followed by his son Abgar the
Great (VIII according to Babelon, IX according to von Gutschmid),
who reigned thirty-five years (a. d. 179-.'2i4). His coins (all of
bronze) fall into the following groups :
(1) Ohv. Bust of Abgar r. wearing tiara.
Rev. ^^712 *\y2^ in two lines in Estranghelo ; no type.
M 12 mm. Collection of the Marquis de Vogii^. (Rev. Xum.,
1892, p. 210; Babelon, Melanges, ii, p. 243, no. 14, PI. IV. l).'^
(2) Coins with the heads and names of Commodus and Abgar
(PI. XIII. 14 and Babelon, p. 248, nos. 15, 16).
(3) Coins with the heads and names of Septimius Se verus and
Abgar (PI. XIII. 15— XIV. 7, and Babelon, pp. 251 ft'.). The.se are
often very badly blundered. The obverse inscription seems to be
usually intended for C€0 YHPOC AYTOKP ATHP, and the portrait
of Severus is often assimilated to those of other emperors, such as
^ Babelon, p. 240, no. 10, PI. III. 10. Babelon says that the portrait is
similar to that on the coins with the tiara ; but in his engraving the greater
resemblance to Verus is manifest. Note particularly the treatment of the
beard.
- This coin does not seem to have come to the Bibliotheque Nationale with
the rest of the Marquis de Vogue's collection, and its present possessor is
unknown to me.
MESOPOTAMIA — EDESSA
L. Verus. On one (no. 29) tlie inscription seems to be a mixture
of the names of Trajan or Hadrian and Severus. None of the
coins in the British Museum gives Abgar any additional name ;
but Babelon pubhshes specimens (his nos. 22-4) on which he reads
BAOA.AIA.Cen.ABrAPOCi and BACIA€YC AIA-AYPHA.
C€TT»ABrAPOC. See PI. L. 10, 11. The names Lucius Aelius
Aurelius are derived from Commodus, and Septimius from Severus.
(4) A coin with the portraits and names of Caracalla and Abgar,
ABr< A>POC [BACI]A€YC (Babelon, no. 33, PL V. 7, here PI. L. 12).
(5) There are also some coins (Babelon, pp. 258 fl'.) which bear
on the obverse the bearded portrait of king Abgar (PI. L. 14), and
on the reverse a portrait of Ma'nu (MANNOC with beardless bust
(PI. XIV. 8, 9), or MANNOC TTAIC with bearded bust, here
PI. L. 13). Both persons wear the tiara. It is clear that this
Ma'nu was associated in youth with his father Abgar. The question
arises : are these two persons Abgar VIII and an otherwise unknown
son Ma'nu wdio was associated in the kingship, but did not succeed
his father, and is not known except from the coins ? Or are they
Abgar IX Severus and his son, who, according to Dionysius of
Tellmahre, reigned together for one year and seven months, begin-
ning A. Abr. 2203 (a.d. 214): 'and after Abgar, there reigned his
son Ma'nu, for 26 years ' ? The Abgar whose portrait is associated
with the boy Ma'nu is bearded, and resembles Abgar VIII, whereas
all the portraits which can with any probability be identified with
Abgar IX (see below) are beardless. We are therefore constrained,
in spite of the undesirability of inventing an otherwise unknown
Ma'nu son of Aligar VIII, to follow Babelon and adopt the former
alternative. It is curious that the beardless portraits are en-
titled simply AAANNOC, and the bearded one /^ANNOC TTAIC;
possibly, wdien the son had grown a beard, it was thought necessary
to indicate his juniority in the inscription.
Von Gutschmid, by an arbitrary alteration of the text of Diony-
sius, makes Abgar VIII (IX) continue to reign after a.d. 214 for one
1 Of. Hirsch, Katal. xxi, 4336 (E. F. Weber).
Cll INTRODUCTION
}'ear and seven months with his son Severus Abgar. Now we
know ^ that Caracalla deposed ' Abgar king of the Osroenes ' who,
as soon as he had estal)Hshed his power over his people, began to
treat them with great cruelty. Therefore this Abgar, who is
Severus Abgar, must have been reigning for some little time before
his deposition; in other words, Abgar VIII (IX) must have ceased
to reign : and there is no reason to emend Dionysius or extend the
reign of Abgar VIII (IX) beyond A.D. 214. It was, as Babelon
maintains, Severus Abgar who reigned for one year and seven
months from 214 to 216, not with his father Abgar VIII (IX) but
with a son, possibly the Ma'nu who was afterwards titular king of
Edessa for 26 j^ears.
An epitaph at Rome ^ tells us that ' Abgar, son of the former
king Abgar ', died there aged 26 years ; the epitaph was put up by
his brother Antoninus. According to von Gutschmid and von
Rohden "' this young Abgar was the Abgar IX (X) Severus who was
deposed hy Caracalla, and Antoninus was the Ma'nu who appears
on the coins with Abgar the Great. But we should, in that case,
expect to find this j'oung Abgar called by his Roman name Severus
(especiallj^ since his brother calls himself Antoninus) ; and, also, the
fact that he had actually reigned for a time would hardly be
ignored. It is much more probable that 6 nplv ^aacXev? 'A^yapos
of the epitaph was Abgar IX (X) Severus. Whether the Abgar
buried at Rome was the son who, according to Dionysius, was
associated with his father on the throne, may be doubted, since
such a fact, again, would hardly have been ignored in the
epitaph. Probably Antoninus was his elder brother ; for Abgar IX
being named after Septimius Severus would appropriately name
his elder son after Caracalla. It is accordingly not unreasonable
to assume that Antoninus was the name of that Ma'nu who,
according to Dionysius, reigned for twenty-six years after his
' Dio Cassius, 77, 12.
2 C.I.G., 6196.
^ In Pauly-Wissowa, Beal-Enc, i, col. 95
MESOPOTAMIA — EDESSA
father Abgar IX (X) had been deposed by Caracalla. This reign
was of course merely de jure. Was he also the son who had also
previously been associated with his father on the throne ? If so,
would he not have mentioned the fact in the epitaph which he put
up to his brother's memory 1 Or would he perhaps have considered
it politic not to allude more definitely to his claim to a kingdom
which had been suppressed 1
We may therefore, provisionally, accept the following table as
representing the relations of the family at this period :
Abgar VIII (IX) the Great
son of Ma'nu, reigned a. d. 179-214.
Ma'nu Abgar IX (X) Severus
reigned for a time reigned A. D. 214-216.
with his father I
A son reigned] perhaps pla'nu Antoninus, Abgar,
with his father identical ] reigned f?e J i<re died at Rome
A.D. 214-216. j with (a. d. 216-242. aged 26 years.
Abgar X (XI)
Phrahatesi?) reigned
A. D. 242-244.
The coins attributable to Abgar IX Severus bear on the obverse
the bust of Caracalla, on the reverse the bust of the king, wearing
the tiara. He is beardless, or at the most has a very slight beard.
The coins ^ clearly give him the name Severus Abgar (PI. XIV. 10).
From 216 until 242 the kingdom was in abeyance, but coins were
issued at Edessa in the names of Caracalla, Macrinus, Diadumenian,
Elagabalus, Severus Alexander, Julia Mamaea, Gordian III and
Tranquillina. The distinction between the coins of Caracalla and
Elagabalus, always a matter of difficulty, is here so doubtful that
Babelon gives up the attempt to draw it, and describes all these
1 Here Babelon's descriptions (p. 261. nos. 36 ft'., PL V. 10-12) must be
supplemented by von Grutschmid's (pp. 40-1). The obverses of the two Leake
specimens read ANTCJN . . . (retrograde), the reverses C€OYH ABfAPOC,
in one case retrograde (PI. L. 15). Babelon's no. 36, which he reads 'DYI
•IAQI, is, judging from his engraving, to be read [3]90YH A91, i.e.
'S.iovr^pos "A/3-yapoy.
Civ INTRODUCTION
coins under the later emperor. It is generally assumed^ tliat
Caracalla gave Edessa the status of a Roman colony; but this
assumption is based only on the attribution to Caracalla of coins
reading KOA. It is, however, to be noted that no coins of Macrinus
or Diadumenian give the city that title ; and we may therefore
argue ^ that the colony was founded by Elagabalus. If so, no coins
with the title KOA can belong to Caracalla. The safest course is
perhaps to credit Caracalla with only a small group of coins
reading Ay(pr]\ta) AN(Tcoy€cuiai'r)) €A€CCA.^
On the coins of Macrinus and Diadumenian the city is called
^(ireXXLa) (^{aKpeifLaurj) €A€CCA. On those which are attri-
butable to Elagabalus we find the following titles : €A€CC€ . . . . ;
KO/\UJ{u[a) t^AP{Kta) GA€CCA : r^AP(K{a) AY(prjXia) ANT{(ouet-
I'laffj) KOA. €AeCCA or €A€CCHNCJN: KOA. ANT. AYP.
€A€CCA; r^AKipetuiai^^) AYP. KO. €A€CCA ; /^AK. AYP.
eAeCC: t^HTipoTToXi?) KO/\((oi^[a) eACCCHNCON; and €A€CC.
KOA.
The title MAK. occurs on no. 68, and on the Paris coin, Babelon,
no. 55, PI. YI. 11. Babelon reads M»A»K, but his engraving shows
no stops ; and the K on the British Museum coin cannot stand for
KoXoavia, since KO comes later in the same inscription. The title
MAK. also persists into the next reign. If the interpretation
above given is right, it is clear that no coins on which the city is
called MAK. can be as early as Caracalla.
^ As by Eckhel and by Zumpt, Comm. Epigr., 433. Marquardt. Rom.
Staatsvenvaltung, i'^ (1881), p. 437, n. 12, accepting the reading of Mionnet,
Suppl. viii, 399, 1 (which is a quotation from Sestini), would attribute the
foundation of the colony to M. Aurelius !
- The argument is, of course, not conclusive, seeing that, as is observed
below, the title of Colony is omitted on the coins of Severus Alexander
Caesar. But where the distinction of the emperors Caracalla and Elagabalus
is so uncertain, we are justified in adopting the classification which assumes
continuity in the use of the title of Colony.
" A certain number of coins which give the emperor the name C€Y.
ANT0JN€INOC would naturally have been assigned to Caracalla. But
there is clear evidence that Elagabalus bore the name Severus; e.g. the coin
of Perinthus AlC N€flKOPflN, A^i?w. Zeit., xvi, 234.
MESOPOTAMIA — EDESSA CV
Babelon disputes the reading of all coins earlier than the reign
of Severus Alexander which give the title MrjrpoTroXLS to Edessa ;
but there can be no doubt about the reading of such coins as those
of Elagabalus figured in PI. XV. 6, 7. The title was not, however,
tii'mly established until later ; for under Severus Alexander we
find, on his coins as Caesar: /^AP. AVP. ANT. CACCCA and
MAK. AVP. €A€CCA, in which also the absence of the colonial
title is remarkable; on his coins as Augustus: AAAK. AVP.
€A€CC. and AAHT. KOA. €A€CCHNWN.
The Persian occupation of Mesopotamia during the reign of
Maximinus doubtless, as Babelon remarks, included Edessa, so that
no coins of that emperor were struck there.
Under Gordian III (who reconquered Mesopotamia) and Tran-
quillina the inscription MHT. KOA. €AeCCHN(JN is found,
apparently without exception.
Gordian III re-established the kingdom of Edessa ; this is proved
by the coins which were struck there in the joint names of the
emperor and king Abgar, commemorating the restoration of the
kingdom. This event doubtless dates from Gordian's arrival in
Mesopotamia, in 242. With the murder of the emperor in 244 it
is probable that the reign of Abgar X came to an end. Babelon's
statement that Philip closed the mint of Edessa and deprived the
city of its colonial title is not disproved, as it might be thought,
by the coin in the Leake collection,^ described as bearing Philip's
name and bust r. on the obverse, and on the reverse a goddess
seated to front in a tetrastyle temple, with the inscription KOA.
€A€CCHNnN ; since that piece appears in reality to be a coin
of Nesibi, reading KOAHNGCIBIMHT.
Abgar X (XI) is usually identified with the Abgar Phrahates
who is mentioned in a puzzling inscription at Rome ^ : D.IA. ABGAR
PRAHATES FILIVS REX PRINCIPIS ORRHENORv HODDA
CONIVCI BENE MERENTI FEC. Von Gutschmid supposes that
^ Num. Hellen., As. Gr., p. 54.
■' (7./.L., vi, 1797.
INTRODUCTION
this epitaph was set up by Abgar to his wife Hodda ; and that
king Abgar Phrahates was the son of IMa'nu, who is called 'prince'ps,
because he was only co-regent with his father, or successor designate,
but never really became king. Mommsen, on the other hand,
thinks that the curious language of the inscription is to be
explained by a confusion between two drafts, the first having read
Dis riianibus Abgari Prali.atis filii 'principis Orrheaorum, &c., and
the word iwincipis having been accidentally retained when the
construction was altered, and rex substituted for priiiceys. It
may be suggested that we should read: Bin m.ardbuti ; Abgar
Prahates rex, filius principis Orrhenorum; Hodda coniugi bene
merenti fecit. There is little to be said for the identification of
this Abgar with the one who died at Rome aged twenty-six, and
of whom we have a Greek epitaph (discussed above), or with the
Abgar who was deposed by Caracalla ; as we have seen, the latter
was the son of Abgar VIII (IX), and his surname was Severus.
Mommsen does not explain whether he regards Phrahates as a
surname of Abgar, or as the name of his father who was ruler of
Orrhoene. On the whole the probabilities seem to be in favour
of von Gutschmid's identification.
The latest coinage of Edessa is an insignificant series issued by
Trajan Decius. The coinage of Rhesaena ceases at the same time,
and there is no later Greek coinage of Mesopotamian cities, although
it is clear that some of them held out against the Persians until
the time of Valerian.
The types of the earlier regal coins of Edessa have already been
discussed above. Besides the ordinary bust-portraits of the kings,
we have, under Gordian III, an interesting representation of the
emperor standing, or seated on a platform, receiving the new king
whom he has installed, and another of the king riding to the
ceremony (PI. XVI. 7, 8). The city-types are (1) the bust of
the City -goddess (occasionally with the inscription TYXH or
TYXHC). A small figure, which occurs also at Carrhae, and
which may be meant for the sign of Aquarius, is sometimes on a
pedestal in front of the bust (see PL XVI. 4, 6 and above, p. xciii).
MESOPOTAMIA — EDESSA
Two busts confronted, with a small temple below them, are found
on some coins (PI. XV. 4) ; the meaning of this duplication is
obscure, unless the two Fortunes are those of Emperor and
Empress.' On a coin of Severus Alexander and Mamaea
(PI. XVI. 1), the little figure of Aquarius appears above the head
of the goddess, as on coins where the bust alone is represented.
(2) Figure of the City-goddess, seated on a rock with the River
Skirtos at her feet (PL XV. 11, &c.). She holds an object which
is often obscure : sometimes it resembles a branch ; at others,
a bunch of • fruit or corn-ears; or incense which she drops on an
altar; or a small temple (Babelon, PI. VII. 6, here PI. L. 16).
Besides the altar which occurs frequently in the field, and is
sometimes duplicated, we occasionally find a cornucopiae, and once
a serpent rearing and a small turreted bust ^ : or the goddess is
crowned by a flying Victory. In the time of Severus Alexander
the field usually holds two or four stars (PI. XV. 11— XVI. 3).^
(3) A temple fa9ade of a somewhat unusual kind is seen on the
reverse of a coin of Severus Alexander'*: it has the appearance
of a hexastyle shrine in a tit is with a pediment, within a larger
building of which two columns supporting a gable are shown
(PI. L. 17). The Leake coin of Philip Senior also shows a goddess
to front in a tetrastyle temple.
The coins with the reverse type of Roma seated, crowned by
the City-goddess, which are sometimes'^ classified under the
Mesopotamian mint, belong to Edessa in Macedonia. It is a
curious coincidence that a specimen of such a coin of Philip (similar
to B. M. C, Macedon, p. 40, no. 28) recently shown at the British
Museum was stated to have been found in Mesopotamia.
' A small temple occnvs in the same way below the confronted busts of
Emperor and Empress (PI. XV. 8).
- Eckhel, Cat. Mus. Caes. Vind., i, p. 259, no. 10.
^ They also occur beside the bust of Tyche on some coins of Gordian III
(Babelon, PI, VIII. 2).
' Babelon, PI. VII. 7.
■' As by myself in J. E. S., vol. vi, p. 164.
CVUl INTRODUCTION
MAIOZOMALCHA.
The coin attributed to this place by Sestini ^ is of the colony
of Mallus in Cilicia/''
NESIBI.
Nesibi, as it is almost invariabl}^ called on its coins,^ while the
usual literary form is Nisihls, was situated on the Mygdonius,
a tributary of the Chaboras.*
Strabo (xvi. 747) records the fact that the name of Mygdones
was given by the Macedonians to the inhabitants of the neigbour-
hood, and Nesibi was called 'AuTL6')(^^La f] kv ttj MvySovia. Under
Antiochus IV accordingly coins were issued thence with the
inscription ANTIOXEHN THN EN THI AAYrAONIAI.^ The
place was taken by Lucullus in 68 b. c, ceded to Tigranes, and
reconquered by Trajan in a. d. 115; under Septimius Severus it
became a Roman colony ^ : witness the title ^eptimia which it bears
on the coins, and the statement of Dio Cassius (Ixxv. 3) that Severus
increased the dignity of the place and handed it over to the Roman
knights. The Roman coinage does not, however, begin before the
time of Macrinus, unless the coin published by Macdonald {loc. cit.)
is really of Caracalla, and not rather of some later emperor. The
bust on this coin is supported by an eagle. The titles borne by
the city in the Roman period are : KOA. N€CIBI under Macrinus ;
^ See Mionnet, Suppl. viii, 414.
2 B. M. C, Cilicia, p. 101, nos. 30, 31.
^ Macdonald, Hunter. Catal., iii, p. 815, no. 1 (PL LXXIX. 3), gives the only
known coin which agrees with the literary form. Stephauus, s.v. Nt'o-ijSis,
quotes Uranius for the spelling Nfo-i/Siy ; cf. also Plin. K. H., vi, 13 (42).
^ The modern name is Ne^ihin. See J. S. Buckingham, Travels in Mesopotamia
(1827j, i, pp. 442-6; Max von Oppenheim, Vom Mittehneer sum Persischen Golf
(1900), ii, pp. 29-36.
6 B. M. C, SeJeuckl Kinys, p. 42, nos. 86-8.
^ Marquardt, Bum. Staatsvertvaltung, i^ (1881), p. 437, n. 13.
MESOPOTAMIA — NICEPHORIUM CIX
CeriiTLfxia) KOAO(i.[adc)NeC\B\ /^HTPOnOA(i9)underSeverus
Alexander and Gordian III ; and I OY(Xm) ^ C€TT (r£//ta) KO/\n.(uia)
N€CIBI /^HT(p67roAiy) under Philip Senior. The title Julia was
doubtless taken in honour of Philip.
Mionnet (v, 628, 183) cites a coin which he attributes to Trajan
Decius, but his description suggests that it may be of* Macrinus.''^
The astronomical sign under which the city seems to have been
placed was the Ram, just as at Edessa we find the sign of Aquarius
and at Singara that of Sagittarius governing the destiny of the
city. At Nesibi the sign usually occurs over the head of the City-
goddess (PI. XVII. 8, 9, &c.), but it also forms a type by itself
(PI. XVII. 13). The river-god" who appears at the feet of the
City -goddess is the Mygdonius. On coins of Philip and his family
(PI. XVII. 10 fF.) the seated figure of the goddess is represented
to front, so rudely that when the preservation of the specimen
is not good she has the appearance of a Canopic figure. The
temple in which she sits has, as a rule, nothing unusual except
its twisted columns ; but on one specimen (PI. XVII. 12), instead
of the inner columns, a panelled wall, perhaps the front wall of
the cella, appears to be represented.
NICEPHORIUM.
Vaillant * has attributed to this place, the modern Raqqa,^ coins
of Gordian (rev. Zeus seated holding Nike and sceptre) and
Gallienus (rev. female figure holding phiale and cornucopiae) on
which he reads the inscription NIKH4>0PinN. His attributions
have not been confirmed.
' |0A. on certain specimens (cf. Macdonald, Hunter. Gated., iii, p. 316, no. 8)
seems to be a mere mistake for |0 V.
^ It must be admitted that Mionnet's reading is confirmed by Chaix, no. 967.
^ In Hirsch, Katal. xxv (Philipsen), 3079, apparently mistaken for an eagle.
* Num. Gr., pp. 154 and 182.
^ Regling in Lehmann's Beitrdge, i, p. 467.
ex INTRODUCTION
RHESAENA.
Rhesaena, later called Theodosioupolis, lay near the upper waters
of the Chaboras, about half way between Carrhae and Nesibi at
Ras el 'Ain. The spelling on the coins is uniformly 'Pijaaiva,
whereas most of the literary authorities write the first syllable
with €.^
The inscriptions on the coins show that it was colonized by
Septimius Severus,^ and that a detachment of the Legio Tertia
P(arthica)" was quartered there.
The coinage appears to begin with Caracalla, although some
of the coins attributed to him may belong to Elagabalus.'* After
Severus Alexander the coinage ceased, to be revived in great plenty
in the time of Trajan Decius ; but after this revival it came to an
end altogether.
The Roman eagle is a frequent accompaniment of the main
type ; on some coins it is apparently held by the City-goddess in
her hand, or it is placed above her head,'^ but more frequently it
^ Stephanus has 'i'eaiva, noXis Trepl tov "AjSopov ('Ajyoppar) Trornfiov. He is
evidently unaware of the true ethnic 'Prja-aivfjaios, and guesses either 'Pea-ivdrris
or 'Pfaiva'ios. Ptolemy (v. 17, 7) mentions the place thrice as 'Piaiva and
Pecraiva.
- The titles C€TT. KOA do not, however, occur with certainty before the
time of Severus Alexander; and even later the title KOA is not infrequently
omitted,
^ The reading L. III. GAL on certain coins is discredited; on the other
hand, L. III. PI A is supported by several writers. On all coins that I have
been able to verify, the name of the legion is III. P ; once, III. P2, whatever
that may mean. M. Dieudonne's examination of the coins in the Paris
cabinet confirms my results. Since we know from Dio Cassius (Iv, 24) that
the Tertia Paiihica was established by Severus in Mesopotamia, we must
interpret P accordingly as Parthica.
^ The reading (in Num. Zeit.. xxsiii, p. 48, no. 101) of Scholz's coin of
Elagabalus [obv. AYTKA IMAYPANTONINOC, rev. C€Y. RESAIN
- - COLO, priest liloughing, with labarum inscribed LE behind) is to be
regarded with the utmost suspicion.
•^ Macdonald, Hunter. Catal, iii, PI. LXXIX, 19.
MESOPOTAMIA — KHESAENA CXI
appears as a separate adjunct. Under Trajan Decius it is repre-
sented in a temple (PI. XVIII. 17).
The river-god Cliaboras is figured in the usual way below the
feet of the Citj^-goddess, or in the exergue under other types. The
very rude representations on PI. XVIII. 1, 2, if rightly made out/
may be meant for a fountain nymph. If so, we may perhaps
identify her as the Fous Cavorae (Scabore, i. e. Chaborae) of the
Anonymus Ravennas and the Tabula Peutingeriana, a fountain
which was quite close to Rhesaena.
The Founder ploughing the sulcus primigenius is represented
with a vexillum inscribed with the name of the legion in the back-
ground, under Severus Alexander, according to Vaillant ; but on
the later coins the vexillum is absent. It appears, on the other
hand, both as a main type and accompanied by the fountain-figure
or by a centaur (PI. XVIII. 3, 2, 6).
The centaur Sagittarius ^ is the type of a coin of Elagabalus
(PI. XVIII. 4), and appears as an accompaniment to one of the two
figures of the city-goddess in the Concordia type (PI. XVIII. 11),
the other goddess being accompanied by a figure of Aquarius on a
pedestal, just as at Carrhae and Edessa. Sagittarius is less pro-
bal:)ly the sign of the legion, or an allusion to a local force of
mounted archers, than the zodiacal sign proper to Rhesaena.^
Singara seems also to have been founded under the same constella-
tion. Macdonald"^ has suggested that in the Concordia type the
City-goddess on the left represents Carrhae or Edessa, and that on
the right Rhesaena or Sino^ara. Since Carrhae seems to have been
of small importance at the time and Rhesaena is not likel}' to have
' Cf. Mionnet, v, 629, 184.
- Sestini (Mus. Heden:, iii, p. 24, no. 4, tab. XXXII, 4. has published a coin
of Caracalla which he gives to Carrhae. and describes as reading COL CAR
on the rev. The type : Centaur r. with vexillum in background, is suspiciously
appropriate to Rhesaena ; and its obv, (head of emperor supported on eagle)
should be compared with the coin of Rhesaena (PI. XVIII. 2), on which the
bust of Caracalla or Elagabalus has a similar support.
^ See Eckhel, Doctrina, iii, pp. 518-19, for a discussion of the question.
* Himter. Catal., iii, p. 319, no. 19,
INTRODUCTION
been omitted altogether from a type of its own coinage, the two
figures probably represent Edessa and Rhesaena.
The Caryatid supporting the offering slab between the two
figures, which is sometimes substituted for an altar (cp. nos. 28, 29)
is shown clearly on the Hunterian specimen (here PI. L. 18).
The letters T C?) and A which appear in the field of some of the
coins (cf. Mionnet, v. 629, 184) are unexplained. There are remark-
able l)lunders in the writing of the name of Herennia Etruscilla
(OJTPACKAAAA, AITPOJCKI AAA),i the former of which suggests
a confused reminiscence of Otacilia Severa.
SINGARA.
Singara {to. ^iyyapa, but occasionally as a fem. sing.) lay at the
modern Slnjar, on the south slope of the ^lyydpas mountain, at
the head of the W. Tartar, the stream of which is doubtless
represented by the river-god at the feet of the City-goddess on
the coins.
The titles AvprjXia SeTTTCfxia indicate that benefits were conferred
on the place by M. Aurelius or L, Verus and Septimius Severus,
though which of them made it a colony we cannot tell.
Vaillant ^ describes a coin of Severus Alexander (rev. bust of
City -goddess 1.) ; but otherwise the only known coins belong to the
reign of Gordian III,^ and presumably to the years 242-244, when
Gordian after the battle of Rhesaena recovered Mesopotamia from
the Persians.
The City-goddess (figure or bust, PI. XIX. 1-4) provides all the
types for the coinage. The sign of Sagittarius above her head has
already Ijeen noticed (p. cxi).
1 Cf. Mionnet, v, 633, nos. 20.5-11.
2 Nicm. Col, p. 124.
^ I cannot verify the statements, which I allowed to survive in the ?econcl
edition of Head, Hist. Num., p. 816, that there are coins of Philip with the
inscription |0Y. C€TT. KOAIIN. CINfAPA, and that the inscr. r^HT.
KO. AY. C. C€. CINPAPA occurs on coins of Gordian's time.
BABYLONIA BABYLON CXUl
zaDtha.
Zalitha was situated on the left bank of the Euphrates, about
30 km. below the point where the river Chaboras enters the main
stream. It is mentioned by Ammianus Marcellinus (xxiii. 5, 7 :
Zaitha locus, qui olea arbor interpretatur) as a place at which the
tomb of Gordian III was conspicuous. Zosimus (iii. 14) calls it
ZavOd, and places the tomb of Gordian at Dura, the next stage.
Ptolemy (v. 17) gives the name as Zeida. The place is otherwise
quite unknown, and was evidently of very small importance.
Two coins have been described, purporting to be issued from this
obscure town. The one^ is a bronze coin of Trajan (AY. N€PYAN
TPAIANON C€., head r. laureate); rev. Nike 1. with wreath and
palm-branch, and an inscription alleged to be ZAY0HC NIAC.
It is highly improbable that Trajan should have struck coins at
this alone of the Mesopotamian cities ; and, so far as it is possible
to judge from the engraving published (the two publications are
evidently from the same plate), the coin looks as if it belonged to
some Lydian mint.^
The second coin '■'' is of Carrhae (see below, p. 83, no. 5).
It is quite clear that Zaiitha may be expunged from the list of
Mesopotamian mints.
BABYLONIA.
BABYLON.
Certain series, representing the coinage (other than that bearing
the name and types of Alexander the Great) which was issued
by Alexander's governors and immediate successors between the
1 Pellerin, Bee, iii, p. 252, PI. CXXXVI, no. 1 ; Caylus, Rec, vi. pp. 207-8,
PI. LXV. iii.
^ Since the above was written, M. Dieuclonne kindly informs me that the
coin is indeed of Stratonicea in Lydia, PATON€ INA€ having been
misread as ZAY0HC NIAC!
' Sestini, Miis. Hedervar., iii, p. 132, tab. xxxii, 6.
P
CXIV INTBODUCTION
fall of the Persian Empire and the establishment of Antioch on
the Orontes as the Seleucid capital, are currently attributed to
the mint of Babylon. As these coins are the successors of the
Imperial Persian issues, they are catalogued after the darics and
sigloi of the Persian kings (pp. 176-9.2).
SELEUCIA AD TIGRIM.
Seleucia^ was founded by Seleucus on the right bank of the
Tigris near the point where the Royal Canal from the Euphrates
reaches the eastern river, perhaps on the site of the older city
of Opis. It superseded Babylon as the chief city of the country ;
indeed it became one of the greatest cities in the world. It must
have been the mint from which many of the earlier Seleucid coins
were issued. With the rest of the Seleucid Empire east of the
Euphrates, the city fell into Parthian hands about 141 b. c, during
the reign of Mithradates I. On the opposite bank of the river lay
Ctesiphon, and this, rather than Seleucia, was the chief city during
the Parthian domination from the first half of the first century
down to A. D. 2.26. Some of the uninscribed coins generally
attributed to Seleucia may just as well have been issued from
Ctesiphon, which, as Wroth has remarked, was probably the mint
of most of the ordinary later Parthian coinage. For convenience,
however, and for lack of any criterion for distinguishing the two
mints, all are collected together in this Catalogue under the heading
of Seleucia.
The coins which bear the name of the city read ZEAEYKEIIN
THN TTPOZ Till TirPEI. In addition to the varieties repre-
sented in this Catalogue, some are described by Imhoof-Blumer '"^
as follows :
^ Bevan, House of SeUiiciis, i, pp. 25B-5 ; Oppenheim, Vom Mittehneer ziiiu
Persischen Golf, ii, pp. 285-7 ; M. Streck, Seleucia unci Ktesiphon, in Der Alte
Orient, xvi (1917), Heft 3/4.
'^ Monn. fjr., p. 451, nos. 60 ff.
BABYLONIA SELEUCIA AD TIGRIM CXV
1. Obv. Head of City-goddess r., turreted. Border of dots.
Rev. ZEAEYKEHN TQN HPOZ Till and, in ex., TlfPEI.
Two women ^ turreted, standing confronted, eacli holding
cornucopiae, and grasping each other's hands over a tripod.
^18 mm. Wt. 3-94 gm. Cp. Mionnet, Suppl. viii, 417. 79. Here
PI. LII. 1 (Paris).
2. Ohv. Similar ; border of dots ; bevelled edge.
Rev. Z[EAEY]KEnN and, in smaller letters, THN TTPOZ THI
[TirPEI], in circular legend. Man, nude, seated 1. on
cippus, holding in r. a large corn-ear or palm-branch, and
in 1., supported against his seat, a cornucopiae (?).
M 18 mm. Wt. .3-67 gm.
This type .seems to resemble, in some respects, that of no. 5,
PI. XXIII. 7, in this Catalogue. The figure on the Museum coin
also appears to be male and nude, but the kalathos-shaped head-
dress, which suggests Tyche, is clear. The object behind does not
seem to be held in the figure's hand, and is more like a lyre than
a cornucopiae ; the figure sits forward on the edge of the seat
or cippus, on which appears an omphalos-shaped object. These
details indicate a connexion with Apollo, whose tripod appears on
other coins (PI. XXIII. 3. 4).
Imhoof-Blumer also gives two specimens .similar to our no. 4,
on the obverse of which monograms ^ and |^ (?) are visible ; also
varieties of no. 6, without date, and (from other authorities) with
the dates ABC (?ADC)- and AOQ; the last has the reading
CEAEVKIA THC k.t.X., and the City-goddess standing. A speci-
men acquired in Persia and presented to the British Museum by
Mr. G. B. Hopkins shows the reading - - AEYKIA - - and the date
AOC. On the Paris specimen illustrated in PI. LII. 2, the mono-
gram 1^ C?) is partly legible both on obverse and on reverse.
The anonymous coins fall into the following groups :
1. Ohv. Head of City-goddess.
Rev. City-goddess seated, holding Nike, with horned river-god at
her feet; inscr. TTOAIZ and large A (see nos. 7-15,
PI. XXIII. 9, 10).
^ Seleucia and Ctesiphon ?
^ So too AOC on a specimen at Paris (PL LIT. 3).
CXVl INTRODUCTION
Imlioof-Blumer explains A as wpcoTr), Seleucia being the Parthian
capital. The word TTOAIZ occurs, accompanying the type of an
eagle r., on Ijronze coins with the portrait of Phraates IV,^ and
these city -coins may perhaps belong to his time.
2. Obv. Bearded bead r.
Eev. Head of City-goddess r., turreted ; behind, A ; all in wreath.
JE 17 mm. Wt. 4-35 gm. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. gr., p. 452,
no. 69.
3. Ohv. Head of City-goddess r.
Rev. King(?) seated, holding Nike. (See no. 16, PI. XXIII. 11).
4. Obv. King seated, receiving wreath from City.
Rev. City-goddess seated, holding wreath (see nos. 17, 18, PI. XXIII.
12, 13).
In style and fabric groups 3 and 4 are late and poor, and would
seem to be about contemporary with Volagases III (second half
of the second century after Christ).
The following dated groups exist :
5. The common coins with AKZ AIOY A (nos. 19-40, PI. XXIII.
14, 15). These belong to the end of the reign of Mithradates II,
or to the beginning of his successor's. The A seems to connect
them with the TTOAIZ coins, which are, however, probably later,
if the era used on the coins in question is really the Seleucid.-
6. The small group with a veiled head, wearing small kalathos,
on the reverse, dated in the months Gorpiaios and Hyperberetaios
of the year 326 ( = a. d. 14-15). See no. 41 and Gardner, Parthian
Coinage, PI. VII. 21, here PI. LII. 4. Both bear the same mono-
gram, K or XI according to the way in which it is looked at.
Connected with this group is an interesting coin with a similar
1 B.M.C., Pm-thia, PI. XXIII. 7. See below under group 7. We are
reminded of the phrase of Pliny {N. H., vi. 122) : ' ferunt ei plebis urbanae DC
esse, situm vero moenium aquilae 2->andentis alcts^ ; although on the coin the
eagle's wings are not fully displayed.
^ Wroth, B. M. C, Partliia, p. xlvii, note. The era Kara Xakbalovs began
a year later than the true Seleucid ; but the choice is between some other
local era and the Seleucid.
BABYLONIA — SELEUCIA AD TIGRIM
obverse tj'pe, and the same monogram as reverse type, surrounded
by the inscription BOYAHCCKY' (so de Saulcy; probably SKT.).
In the time of Tacitus {Ann. vi. 42) the Senate of Seleucia con-
sisted of trecenti opihiis uut sapientia delecti tit Senatv.s.
7. For coins with the head of Phraates IV on the obverse, and
the bust or figure of the City-goddess, or eagle with TTOAIC on
the reverse, see Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. (jr., p. 452, nos. 70-2 ;
B.M.C., Parthia, pp. 128, 131, 133, 134.
8. The little coin no. 42, PI. XXIII. 17, is badly preserved:
indeed, the type has been taken for a dolphin to 1., instead of
an elephant's head to r. ; and the supposed date has been read
as YAA (431 = a. d. 119-20) instead of TAA. In either case the
date is inverted as regards the type ; and the coin is only included
here with the greatest reserve.
9. The little group of coins with dates from 351 to 355 (= a.d.
39-40 to 41-2) must belong to the revolt of Seleucia. The date
of the suppression of the revolt, which lasted seven years, is fixed
by Gutschmid in a. d. 43, by others in a. d. 46.'- The earlier date
is to be preferred ; for these coins are immediately succeeded by
others, with the portrait of Vardanes, the type of BO YAH seated,
and the dates ANT and €NT (a.d. 42-3 and 43-4), which, as
Wroth suggests, must have been struck by the Senate of Seleucia
on returning to its allegiance. But from this time onwards,
Ctesiphon greatly overshadowed its neighbour, which probably
ceased to issue coinage of any kind, and was utterly destroyed
by Avidius Cassius in a.d. 165."
1 De Saulcy, Terre Sainte, p. 287, no. 1, PL XIV. 8 (French Collection).
2 See Wroth, B. M. C, Pmihia, p. xlvi.
^ A new city was founded on the site by the Sassanian iixler Ardashir I
(226-41). On its history see Streck, oj). cit., pp. 27 ff.
CXVJll INTKODUCTION
ASSYRIA.
ATUSIA(?), ATUMIA(1j, ou NATUMIA(^).
Atusia ^ (as the name of the city has always hitherto been read)
is not mentioned by ancient literary authorities, and is only known
from the solitary specimen of its coinage here catalogued (p. 147,
no. 1, PI. XXIII. 22). The style of the coin shows that the
Kapros on which the city stood was the Assyrian, not the Phrygian
river. The ' palm-branch ' which, together with an arrow, forms
the reverse type of the coin, may perhaps be really meant for the
jaw-bone of a boar, alluding to the name of the river, the whole
type being reminiscent of that of the Aetolian coins; l;)ut, if so,
the jaw-bone is singularly ill represented. But, as Mr. Robinson
points out to me, the reading of the coin is by no means certainly
ATOY^IEIIN. The supposed 5 is very large compared with the
rest of the letters, and much older in form (having splayed arms)
than the nearly square C of TTPOQ, and the top bar is perhaps
separate from the rest of the letter. It seems preferable to read,
continuing in the direction of the first four letters, ATOY/Vl or
ATOYM. Further, it is more natural, though not necessarily
correct, to begin the word with N, rather than to suppose that the
N comes at the end of the legend. In that case the • after KATTP
must be regarded as a stop. The two other stops in the inscrip-
tion appear to be equally large, though placed lower in relation
to the other letters. The problem is further complicated by the
fact that, as Weston pointed out in the first publication of the coin,
a distinguishing epithet giving the name of the river on which
a place stands usually indicates the existence of another city of
the same name. So that we might expect to find two cities
Atumia or Natumia.
^ See Pauly-Wissowa, ii, s.v., and the authorities cited on p. 147.
ASSYRIA— DEMETRIAS AD TIGRIM
Weston suggested that the arrow may 1)e an allusion to the
name of the Tigris, which appears to he connected with the Zend
word tighri for arrow. ^ If he is right, the site of the city should
he looked for near the confluence of the Lesser Zab and the Tigrris.
DEMETRIAS AD TIGRIM.
This cit}^ is mentioned b}?- Strabo ^ and Stephanus as lieing in
the neighbourhood of Arbela. The only known specimen of its
coinage was described by Millingen, from the cabinet of Steuart.^ '
Obv. Bust of City-goddess r., turreted.
Eev. Tripod; in field, downwards, inscr. [AHJMHTPEnN r.,
THNTTPOCXni I TirPEI 1. Border of dots.
JE -65.
The proper form of the ethnic would be AHMHTPIEHN, and
the engraving in Millingen shows a slight space between P and E.
Steuart is either R. Steuart or Col. Claude Scott Steuart, of whom
the British Museum bought a number of Parthian and other coins in
1848 ; acquisitions were also made at his sale in 1853.* The coin
is unfortunately no longer to be traced, and it appears possible
that the first word of the inscription should really be read
ZEAEYKEHN, since it so closely resembles that of the coins of
Seleucia with the same types.'^
^ Cp. Eustatliius ad Dionysium, 984: MjjSot yap Tiypiv koXovctl to To^evjxa,
quoted by M. A. Stein in Babylonian and Oriental Record, i (1887), p. 160.
^ xvi. 738. I do not know what is Millingen's reason for identifying the
place with Ptolemy's KopKovpa.
3 Millingen, SyUoge, p. 84, PI. IV. 65 ; Mionnet, Suppl. viii, 398. 47.
* Sotheby's Sale Catalogue, 'A well-known Collector', April 5, 1853. I take
this opportunity of saying that in the Museum registers for this period it
is not always possible to distinguish between the two Steuavts, and some of
the Museum coins attributed to one may have been bought from the other.
'' The late Dr. Imhoof-Blumer informed me that he was of the same
opinion.
CXX INTRODUCTION
NINIVA.
It is hardly necessary to state here that the supposed Roman
colony at Nineveh never existed, and that the coins attriljuted
to it in old books belong to Ninica Claudiopolis in Cilicia.^
PERSIAN EMPIRE.-
The rulers of the Persian Empire, during whose reigns the
Persian Imperial coinage was issued, were the following ^ :
B.C.
Darius I, s, of Hystaspes .... 521-486
Xerxes I, s. of Darius I 486-465
Artaxerxes I Makrocheir, s. of Xerxes I . 465-4:25
Xerxes II, s. of Artaxerxes I . . . 425
Ochos = Darius II Notlios, s. of Artaxerxes I 424-405
Arsakas = Artaxerxes II Mnemon, s. of
Darius II 405-359
Cyrus the Younger, s. of Darius II . . 401
Ochos = Artaxerxes III, s. of Artaxerxes II . 359-338
Arses, s, of Artaxerxes III .... 338-337
Kodomannos = Darius III, s. of Arsanes, s. of
Artostes or Ostanes, s. of Darius II . . 337-330
The Persian Imperial coinage consisted of gold coins, generally
known to the Greeks as Darics {AapeLKol ararrjpe^), with smaller
denominations, and silver coins, generally known as sigloi [aiyXoi,
aUXoL, (TiKXa, the same word as Hebrew shekel), which also had
smaller denominations. The word AapeiKo^ was sometimes also
^ B. M. C, Lycaonia, &c., p. Iviii f. ; Kubitschek, Num. Zeit., xsxiv (1902),
pp. 1-27.
'^ The substance of this section was published in the Jottrnal of Hellenic
Studies, vol. xxxix (1919), pp. 116-29.
^ References to recent authorities in Babelon, Traite, II, ii, 44. See also
the genealogical tree in Pauly-Wissowa, R.E., i, s.v. ' Achaimenidai '.
PERSIAN EMPIRE CXXl
used by the Greeks of the silver coins.^ The Persian name for the
gold coins is not known"-: there can be little doubt that the word
AapeLKos is ' a pure Greek formation from the Greek form of the
Persian name Darayavaush ; just as " fanciful " is a pure English
formation from the English form " fancy" of the Greek (/>auTa(TLa.''''
The probability is that the daric was introduced by Darius I * ;
no specimens that have survived appear, so far as one can judge by
style and fabric, to be earlier than his reign.
The metrology of the daric and siglos has been subjected to an
exhaustive analysis by Regling,^ which makes it unnecessary to go
into details here. He comes to the conclusion that the normal
weight of the daric is 8-4 gm. (129-7 gn.),^ although single speci-
mens are known of various higher weights from 8*41 gm. (129-8 gn.)
to 8-83 gm. (136-3 gn.). The average weight is 8-354 gm. (128-9 gn.).
The supposed half -daric does not exist as a denomination ;'^ but
two specimens of the ^V daric survive, one in the British Museum
weighing 0-69 gm. (PI. XXVII. 22), and one weighing 0-71 gm. at
Berlin,^ as well as a single specimen of /^ of a daric, weighing
0-155 gm.^ It is difficult to know what purpose these small
denominations can have serv^ed, except as makeweights when it was
desired to make up the value of under-weighted darics.
1 Cp. Plut., Clm., X.
^ It has long been known that there was a word dariku used in contracts
of the reigns of Nabonidus and the false Smerdis, before the reign of Darius I,
as in the phrase 'he gave in payment two talents of dry dates and a dariku\
The meaning of the word, however, remains quite uncertain, and it is not
clear that it is the name even of a weight, as Babelon {Traife, II, ii, p. 39)
now maintains.
3 Hill, Hist. Greek Coins, p. 27.
^ Herodotus, iv. 166; Harpocration, s.v. An/jei/cos (cp. Schol. Aristoph. EccL
602), says that it was named after some older king.
^ Klio, xiv, 1914, pp. 91 ff., with full tables of revised weights.
•^ Borrell (Num. Chron., vi, 1843, p. 153) reports that the average weight of
125 gold darics from the Canal Find was 129-4 gn,, and that darics found
in Asia Minor are always lighter, however well preserved, by from 2 to 2| gn.,
than the lightest of those in the Canal Find.
' Klio, loc. cit., p. 106.
» Z.f. N., xxiv, 1904, p. 87, Taf. IV. 5.
^ Ibid., Taf. IV. 6. Obr. head of king r. , bearded ; rer. incuse.
q
CXXU INTRODUCTION
The specific gravity of seven of the <larics in the British Museum
has been ascertained by the Rev. J. W. Hunkin.^ The average is
18'96. If the alloy is pure silver, the average fineness of these darics
is 0-981, as opposed to 0-991 for Croesean staters also ascertained
from the examination of seven specimens.
The normal weight of the siglos, again according to Regling's
exhaustive demonstration, is 5-6 gm. (86-4 gn.); the highest
recorded weight is 5-88 gm. (90-7 gn.); the average 5-38 gm.
(8-31 gn.). A table of frequency shows the mass of the coins
concentrated between 5-26 and 5-60 gm. As smaller denominations
Regling gives thirds, fourths (the point of distinction between
these two denominations is difficult), sixths, and one specimen of
a twelfth.^ A specimen of a third (1-72 gm.) is illustrated in
PI. LII. 6 from the Paris cabinet.^ He reckons certain very light
specimens, some of them not much more than half the normal
weight, as full sigloi ; but the last piece in his list (British
Museum, from Cunningham, 2-93 gm.) proves on examination to be
nothing more than an electrotype, though an admirably made one.
Mr. Newell has a specimen weighing 4-00 gm., which, he says,
shows no signs of being plated or cast. The coins of very low
weight may, as suggested to me by Mr. Allan, be of Indian origin ;
but the coin from Cunningham's collection weighing 3-58 gm., and
supposed to have been found on the Oxus, is, I regret to say, really
one of Becker's forgeries.*
The gold daric, as is well known,"' was in the time of Darius I
1 Xam. Chron., 1916, p. 258.
^ Macdonald, Hunterian Catalogue, iii, p. 354, no. 4; ohv. king with bow and
dagger; rev. head of a satrap; therefore not a normal Imperial coin. Sir
Hermann Weber possessed a quarter-siglos of 1-20 gm. (18-6 gn.) similar to
that in the British Museum weighing MO gm. (PI. XXVI. 27). To Regling's
list of sixths, add that in the Prowe Coll. [Eggo- Ratal., xlvi. 2678, Taf. XLT,
0-71 gm.) which is of Type I (king with spear).
^ Babelon, Perses Ach., no. 106.
* J.A.S.B., 1881, p. 170, no. 14, PL XII. 4; J.H.S., 1919. PI. V. b.
•'' Regling, loc. cit., p. 100.
PERSIAN EJIPIEE
rated at 20 sigloi, the ratio letueen gold and silver being as 13'3
to 1. According to Viedebantt ^ about the time of Xenophon its
value was only 16 sigloi. In the passage of Xenophon (Anab. i.
7. 18) in which 3,000 darics are equated to 10 talents, he regards
the talents as talents of Attic silver, not (as Regling does) talents
of 6,000 Persian sigloi. ' Ten talents ' is Xenophon's way of ex-
pressing the amount for his Greek readers, not Cyrus's own phrase.
It would follow that 1 daric was equivalent to 20 Attic silver
drachms. But elsewhere Xenophon (Anah. i. 5. 6) says 1 siglos
was equivalent to 7§ Attic obols, in other words 1 Attic drachm
= f siglos. It follows that 1 daric = 20xf sigloi = 16 sigloi.
This reduces the ratio of gold to silver from 13§ : 1 to lOf : 1. Since
a deterioration of the Persian gold is out of the question, it follows,
he maintains, that the qualit}' of the Persian silver must have
improved. The old Persian siglos had been legally adulterated
(which was the reason for the troubles of Aryandes, who made coins
too pure) ; the new was improved in quality. The few analyses ^
that have been made of sigloi, while they show that the quality of
the silver was below that of Attic coin, do not, since the date of the
specimens is uncertain, enable us to judge whether the quality was
improved after 400 as Yiedebantt maintains. But his assumption
is unnecessary. For it may be observed that the change in the
value of the daric from 20 to 16 sigloi may have been due not to
a deterioration in the quality of gold but to a decrease in its
market price (owing to increased supplj^), just as much as to an
improvement in the quality of the silver coin.
It is perhaps necessary to say a word here of certain names of
coins which, it has been thought, have some connexion with the
Persian system. The Elephantine papyri reveal to us the existence
in Egypt in the fifth century of a system of reckoning by which
^ Forschiingen znr Meirol. des Altoiums {K. Siichft. Ges., Abh. PhiL-liist. KL,
Bd. xsxiv. iii. 1917), pp. 100-1.
- Hammer in Z.f.X., xxvi (1907-8). p. 84: (1) 0-940, (2) 0-930, (3) 0-884
with 0-0035 gold, (4) 0-901 with 00028 gold.
CXXIV INTRODUCTION
1 keresh =10 shekels,
1 shekel = 4 d(rachmae ?),
1 d(rachma 1) = 10 hallurin.^
Keresh is apparently the old Persian karsha.^ The word hallur
CwT^) seems to correspond to the Assyrian khalhiru." Clermont-
Ganneau ingeniously interprets the system as based on a shekel-
tetradrachm of the Attic standard ; and this may well be right,
although the premiss on which he bases his argument is apparently
unsound."* It is very doubtful whether the hallur was an actual coin,
and not merely a money of account ; but it would be a convenient
unit, since -^q of an Attic tetradrachm was roughly equivalent to
5^0 of a tetradrachm of the ' Babylonian ' standard, and to -^^q of a
tetradrachm of the ' Phoenician ' standard, and many coins of those
systems must have circulated in Egypt.
AavaKT] or SavccKrjs is the Greek form of the old Persian danaka,
and is described by late Greek writers (Hesychius and Etym. Magn.)
as vo^KTfidTLovTL fiap^apiKov, Swdn^vov nX^ov o^oXov.^ Whether
it was a denomination of the Imperial Persian currency may be
doubted. But there are small coins, such as the ' y g shekel ' struck
at Sidon (about 0-89 gm. or 13-8 gn.) and the Aradian ' oIjoI ' (about
the same M'^eight) which were fairly plentiful in Phoenicia, and
would fit the description.*^ The inxiSavaKLov which is recorded
would, on this theory, be represented by an actual Sidonian coin.
^ See especially A. H. Sayce and A. E. Cowley, Aramaic Papyn discovered
at Assiian (1906), pp. 22-3; Cleimont-Ganneaii, Recueil d'Arch. Orient., vi,
pp. 153 ff.; also (too late for consideration here) Segre in Sir. It., 1920, Y)-p. 60-62.
2 See P.S.B.A., 1888, pp. 464-6; Lehmann in Verhandl. Berl. Ges. fur
Anthrop., 1889, p. 273. Cp. also Hesycli : Ke'po-n, 'Amavov i/d/^Kr/^d and Ko/j(T[i7r]ioi',
pi^a rir, ^ j/o/xttr/xa Trap' Alyvnriois to Kepaaluv Xeyofxfvov. The word karsa used
in India of a standard coin may also be related (see E. J. Rapson, B. M. Catalogue
of the Coins of the Andhra Dynasty, &c., pp. clxxviii ft'.).
^ P.S.B.A., XXV (1903), p. 206. What precisely khalluru means, however,
whether it is a small denomination of weight or coin, seems to me not to be
quite made out.
* The Hebrew shekel which Josephus {Ant. lud., iii, 8. 2) equates to four
Attic drachms is the Tyrian shekel of his time which the Romans tariffed
at four denarii (see Hultsch, Metr. Script., Index, s.v. (tIkKos, 3).
^ Hultsch, in Pauly-Wissowa, R.E., iv, 2, 2092-3.
« B. M. C, Phoenicia, p. cii.
PERSIAN EMPIRE CXXV
The classification of the Achaemenid coinage, in spite of one or
two gallant attempts at solution,' remains almost where it was in
the days when Lenormant^ vaguely recognized that there were
difterent profiles to be distinguished in the heads of the kings.
Barclay Head ^ was content in 1877 to say of the darics (and the
same must apply to the sigloi) that ' some are archaic, and date
from the time of Darius and Xerxes, while others are characterized
by more careful work, and these belong to the later monarchs of
the Achaemenian dynasty,' and to describe Lenormant's attempt as
a • refinement of classification '. Thirty-four years later ^ he recog-
nized that there were successive modifications in the physiognomy
of the king which suggest rude attempts at portraiture , notably
the beardless head, presumably of Cyrus the Younger (PI. XXV. 14).
The latest pronouncement on the subject^ goes back to Head's
position in 1877 and rejects Babelon's identification of the beard-
less king as Cyrus on various grounds.*"'
^ See especially Babelon : Les Perses Achemenides (1893), pp. xi-xviii;
' L'iconogi'aphie et ses origines dans les types monetaires grecs ' {Rev. Num.,
1908, and Melanges Numismatiques, iv, pp. 254-69 ; Traite des Monnaies grecques
et lomaines, Part II. i (1907), 257-64; ii (1910), 37-71. J. P. Six was for a time
working at the problem, and communicated his views to Babelon (Perses
Aciiem., p. xiii, note) and Head (letters in 1891).
^ Tre'sor de Numism., Rots grecs, p. 135 (1849), quoted by Babelon, Perses
Achem., p. xiii.
^ Coinage of Lydia and Persia (1877), p. 28.
' Hist. Num.\ p. 828.
^ P. Gardner, Hist, of Ancient Coinage (1918), p. 90.
" These are: (1) Several of the Persian kings came to the throne young.
[But none of them was so closely in touch with the Greeks, and therefore
so likely to depart from the conventional bearded type ; and the little mask
of Pan on the reverse of the coin in question is purely Greek in style.]
(2) ' The extreme rarity of the coin is a strong reason against supposing that
it was issued by Cyrus, who must have used gold coins in great quantities to
pay his Greek mercenaries, who received a daric or more a month.' [But
there is no reason to suppose that Cyrus wanted more coins for his Greek
mercenaries than other Persian kings for their vast armies. The rarity of
ancient coins is also too much a matter of chance to serve as an argument.]
(3) 'The weight of the example in Paris (8-46 gm., 130-5 gn.) seems to point
to the period of Alexander the Great.' [The darics, on the contrary, which
are shown by the style of their reverses (see below) to belong to the end of the
Persian period, are not distinguished by high weights ; and Regling (Klio,
CXXVl INTRODUCTION
That there are various modifications, which enable us to divide
the darics and sigloi into groups, is clear ; but how far these are
to be regarded as ' successive ', and how far they are merely due
to local differences of workmanship is another question. It must
be remembered also that the dating of other Persian works of art,
such as seals, by their ' portraiture ' alone is no more secure than
the dating of the coins. Had we a dated series of seals, or of
other objects with representations of the kings, it might be possible
to obtain some evidence for the dating of the coins; although
even then it would be necessary to remember that the traditions
in one art are not always the same as in another.
The darics and sigloi fall into four very distinct series, according
as the Great King is represented as : —
I. Carrying strung bow in i., spear in r. (Pis. XXIV, XXV, and
XXVI. 1-8).
II. Carr3nng strung bow in 1., dagger in r. (PI. XXVI. 9 —
XXVII. 21).
III. Shooting with the bow (PL XXVII. 22-4).
IV. In half- figure, holding strung bow in 1., two arrows in r.
(PL XXVII. 25-6).
Within the first two series the following groups may be distin-
guished. I give Babelon's attribution in square brackets after each.
xiv, p. 104) finds the average of the double darics (which everybody admits
to be of the time of Alexander the Great) to be 16-59 gm., vehich yields a daric
of 8-30 gm.. or less than the ordinary Persian daric. A table of frequency
(intervals of 0-05 gm.) constructed from Regling's list shows the highest point
(11 specimens out of 48) between 16-65 and 16-61 gm., which would place
the normal weight a trifle higher than the average. The weight of the Paris
specimen is, if anything, in favour of a jjre-Alexandrine date.] M. Theodore
Reinach also, as he informs me, rejects the attribution to Cyrus, on the ground
that Cyrus was a man of about forty when he tried to seize the throne. The
question of his age has, however, been thoroughly threshed out elsewhere (see
tbe references in Busolt, Gr. Gesch., III. ii (1904), p. 1568, Anm. 2), and the
evidence seems to me clearly in favour of the statement in Plutarch that
Cyrus was born after his father's accession, i. e. after autumn 424. At sixteen
he would not have been too young to be ajipointed to a high command ;
everything would have been entrusted to his staff'. We cannot ignore the epithets
fxapaKiov and renvia-Kos applied to him by Plutarch and Diodorus (Ephorus).
PERSIAN EMPIRE CXXVll
Series I: —
A. The king's figure is slight, his head inclined a little forward
[Darius I]. See PI. XXIV. 1-11.
B. Kidaris usually low ; beard more flowing [Xerxes]. See
PI. XXIV. 12-23.
(The distinction between A and B is often very diflicult.)
C. Coai'se features, nose large, beard shaggy [Artaxerxes I].
See PI. XXIV. 24-8.
C bis. Similar to G, but more definitely barbarous, or connected by
reverse dies with barbarous obverses. See PI. XXV. 1-9.
D. Slim figure with straight nose [Darius II]. See PI. XXV. 10, 11.
E. Eye in profile, nose short, cheek full, beard long, V-shaped
fold in front of kandys [Artaxerxes II]. See PI. XXV. 12, 13.
F. Beardless ; kidaris without points (?) ; kandys of rough material
[Cyrus the Younger] ; mask of bearded and horned Pan,
incuse, at side of incuse of reverse. See PI. XXV. 14 and
14 «, where a negative reproduction of the reverse is illus-
trated, so as to show the head of Pan in relief.
G. Short figure, large head, square beard, straight nose. See
PI. XXV. 15, 16.
//. Short, squat figure ; curls at side of beard ; nose usually
aquiline ; V-shaped fold in front of kandys ; fabric of coins
usually small and circular. See PI. XXV. 17-20.
A'. High relief; straight nose; long beard. Reverse pattern of
wavy lines, approximating to that of Babylonian double-
darics. See PI. XXV. 21-6, and compare the reverse with
those of double darics, as on PI. XX. 1-5.
Series II: —
A. Body without indication of waist.
(a) With symbols on reverse. See PI. XXVI. 9-21.
(&) Without symbols on reverse. See PI. XXVI. 22-6.
B. Generall}^ similar to A (b), but with pellets indicating ornament
on undersides of sleeves of kandys. See PI. XXVII. 1-3.
C. Barbarous in style. See PI. XXVII. 4-6.
CXXVIU INTRODUCTION
D. Coarse style ; waist indicated ; large nose : exergual line, where
shown, is dotted [Arses]. See PI. XXVII. 7-15.
E. Neat style ; three or four annulets on breast of kandys ;
exergual line plain ; fabric of silver resembling Series I H
or Series III [Arses and Darius III]. See PI. XXVII. 16-20.
Series III and IV [both given to Artaxerxes III by Babelon]
seem to allow of no division into groups.
The two last series are much rarer than the others, and differ
from them in fabric, being as a rule round, instead of oblong in
shape, and of much neater workmanship. I have noticed among
these no instance of barbarous style, and only two cases of punch-
marking, and these punch-marks are placed on the edges instead
of on the faces of the coins. The style of the coins of Series III
seems to be characteristically Persian, and there can be no proba-
bility that they were made in the portions of the Empire amenable
to Greek influence. There is one group [H) among the coins of
Series I which approaches Series III in neatness and roundness
of fabric, and the same is true of Group E in Series II. Darics
corresponding to Group H of Series I are very scarce,^ and the
Series III and IV consist entirely of silver, with the exception
of the tiny gold coin from the Montagu Collection (now in the
British Museum) and its fellow at Berlin. Possibly this rarity of
the gold pieces points to the series having been issued in a different
part of the Empire from the others.
In addition to the four ordinary series of Persian Imperial coins
there exists a single gold coin,- with an obverse of Series I, on
which the usual incuse reverse is replaced by the design of a ship's
prow ; on the side of the prow is the sign Q , which is explained
^ Babelon, Ferses Achem., p. 8, no. 64 = Traits, PI. LXXXVI. 10, describes
one. Another was in the E. F. Weber Collection (Hirsch, Katal., xxi, 4407.
Taf. LVIII, where it is described as having a crux ansata as symbol in field of
obverse).
2 Babelon, Perses Achem., p. 15, no. 124, PI. II. 22; Traite, II. ii, 36,
PL LXXXVI I. 24. For other views see P. Gardner, Hist, of Ancient Coinage,
p. 334.
PERSIAN E.AIPIRE CXXIX
as the Carian letter e or eih (see PI. LII. 5). Babelon suggests
that it was struck by Memnon the Rliodian when in command of
the Persian fleet off the Carian coast in opposition to Alexander
the Great. In style it seems to belong to the latest period of the
Persian coinage, although the treatment of the kandys is as on
Groups E and H of Series I.
When we attempt to determine the classification of the coinage
aecoi'ding to periods, we find that the fixed, or more or less fixed,
points are few. One is ofiered by the hoard of 300 darics which
was discovered about 1839 in the Canal of Xerxes at the foot of
Mt. Athos ^ together with about 1 00 early Athenian silver tetra-
drachms, in the finest possible condition. It is a legitimate
conclusion that darics of this group are probably not later than
the time of Xerxes. The Paris Cabinet acquired 9 out of the 125
which passed through Borrell's hands,^ and these Babelon assigns
to Xerxes, with the sigloi which seem to belong to the same group.
One would like, before using the Canal provenance as a guide
to classification, to be sure that these nine coins are representative
of the hoard. In any case, it hardly seems proven that they are
necessarily of Xerxes and not of Darius I. They are certainly
of worse workmanship than those which Babelon would assign
to the earlier king, but, especially in dealing with a series like
the Persian, it is unsafe to assume that the better coins are always
the earlier.
Another point which possesses a certain degree of stability is the
identification of the daric of the beardless king (PI. XXV. 14). Babelon
has made out a good case for the attribution of this rare piece ^
1 H. P. Borrell, 2ium. Chron., vi, 184.3, p. 153, note 56.
2 In H. P. Borrell's sale (Sotheby's, 1852, July 12-21) there were only six
darics (lots 426-31), all from the Canal Hoard, and none of these was acquired
by the British Museum. It is of course quite possible that certain specimens
afterwards acquired from M, J. Borrell and Woodhouse and Sabatier may
have originally come from H. P. Borrell.
' The only two specimens extant appear to be those in Paris and London,
which are from the same dies on both sides. Babelon groups with them
a siglos {Traife, PL LXXXVI. 18) which is, to judge by his reproduction, so
badly worn that the bea,rdlessness of the figure can hardly be assured.
r
CXXX INTRODUCTION
to Cyrus the Younger ^ ; altliouo-h it may seem rash, when
we are dealing with so small a piece, to assert that the figure
' a le visage empreint d'un caractere de douceur et d'intelligence
qui convient plutut a un Grec qu a un Asiatique ', while the
statement that the kidaris is not surmounted by spikes, like that
of the ordinary kings, but resembles the ' toque ' of a magistrate,
might be upset by the discovery of a specimen on which the top
of the kidaris was fully preserved. The workmanship of the coin
is certainly more careful than usual. A curious fact may be noted
about the reverse ; the small horned and bearded human mask ^
which stands beside the incuse impression is not a punch-mark,
but was worked (in relief) on the original die ; it is in exactly the
same position on both known specimens. It is clearly the mask
of Pan or a satj^r.
A third fixed point is provided hy the general resemblance to
the double darics of the reverses of the group with the figure in
high relief (Group A' of Series I, PI. XXV. 21-6). The reverse
shows a tendency to be filled with a pattern of wavy lines, which
is on the point of developing into the well-known pattern of the
reverse of the double darics (PI. XX. 1-5). Since it is now
generally admitted that the double darics belong to the Alexandrine
period, these darics of Group K must belong to the last Persian
king, Darius III. A number of sigloi, with the ordinary type
of reverse, resemble these darics in the relief and treatment of the
obverse. There are also a certain number of darics (e.g. one in
Mr. Newell's Collection) which, although they do not show the
peculiar reverse, resemble the K darics in the purely Greek style
of the portrait.
When, however, with the help of these more or less fixed points
we attempt to classify the coins within the lines drawn between
^ Perses Achem., p. xv. On the objections which have been raised to this
identification, see above, p. cxxv, note 6.
- Babelon's contradiction of Head's perfectly correct description of this
head is perhaps due to his having looked at the coin sideways ; although even
so it is difficult to see a boar's head in the object.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
them, the difficulty of distinguishing groups, and, when they are
distinguished, of saying which are the earlier and which the later,
still remains as great as ever. Some of the groups — such as
Babelon's first three groups attributed to Darius I, Xerxes, and
Artaxerxes I — merge into each other almost imperceptibly. The
coins are frequently so badly struck that it is impossible to say
whether two are from the same die, or whether one is copied from
the other; and, if the latter is true, the second coin may well
belong to a later group than the first.
It would seem that the only direction in which a solution is
to be expected is the recording of finds of darics or sigloi with
other coins susceptible of being dated. So far only two or three
such finds have been noted or at any rate properly described.
Four darics were included in the Avola Hoard, presumablj'' the
earlier of the two hoards which go by that name,^ and are there-
fore to be dated before about 360 B.C. The only one of these
darics which has been published belongs to the small but well-
marked group called E in this Catalogue, and is of a type
attributed by Babelon to Artaxerxes II Mnemon. Another daric,
from the same reverse die,^ was included in a hoard of Cyzicene
staters ^ which Head thinks was probably deposited not much later
than 412 B.C. Six however (in one of his letters above mentioned)
dated the Cyzicenes of this hoard ' before and after 400 '. All the
coins illustrated by Head belong to von Fritze's '^ Groups II, 6, c, or
^ See Miss Baldwin in Zeit. fur Num., xxxii, 1915, pp. 4-6, on the two
hoards. It is supposed that what was by Lobbecke taken for a single hoard,
deposited about 320 B. c, was really made up of two, the earlier of which,
containing the gold coins, was buried about 360 B. c. One of the darics in
question (there were four) is illustrated by Lobbecke in Zeit. fiir Num., xvii,
1890, Taf. VI (wrongly numbered X), 1. Recently this find has been discussed
by P. Orsi in Atti e Mem. delV 1st. Ital. cli Num., iii (1917), pp. 6 ff.
- This reverse die, apart from its distinctive markings, is recognizable by
the granulation at one end of the incuse. Sir Hermann Weber possessed
another daric from the same reverse die, and one was sold at Sotheby's sale,
Dee. 7, 1915, lot 1.
2 B. V. Head, Num. Chron., 1876, p. 286, PL VIII. 1.
* Nomisma, vii.
CXXXU IXTRODUCTION
III, a, h, except the coin with the two eagles on the omphalos/
which von Fritze places in his group IV ; his earlier limit for that
group is about 410 B.C. Wroth places the same type in his third
period (480-400 B.C.). We may not unreasonably assume that if it
belongs to von Fritze's fourth group, as is indicated by the coarse
granulation of the reverse, on which he bases his classification, it
must come fairly early in the group, probably before 400 B.C. The
evidence of these two finds, taken together, goes to show that the
daric in question was earlier than about 400 B.C. Six remarked
that this particular type of daric ' a ete recueilli en nombre dans la
grande trouvaille de Cyzicenes ' in question ; if that is so, and all
were in as good condition as the one illustrated by Head, it is
probable that this tj'pe of daric belongs to the last quarter of
the fifth century, and that it was struck by Darius II Nothos
(424-405 B.C.) rather than by Artaxerxes II (405-359 B.C.).
A second Sicilian hoard, from Mammanelli near Avola, has
recently been described by P. Orsi.'- It has unfortunately not been
secured in its entirety. It contained from 300 to 400 gold coins,
viz. about 100 hectolitra of Sj^racuse, about 100 pentekontalitra of
the same mint, and about 100 darics. Of these last Orsi illustrates
one and describes five, attributing them all to Artaxerxes I
Makrocheir (465-425) ^ ; thej' would therefore belong to our
Group C. To judge, however, from the casts which he has kindly
sent me, it would appear that one of them is of our Group E, with
the distinct reverse already noted in other specimens of that group
(aV)Ove, p. cxxxi, note 2). The other four are two from one pair of
dies and two from another. Neither pair seems to me to belong to
' Artaxerxes I ', i.e. to our Group 6'; in their comparatively refined
style they seem to me to be of a distinct type, approximating to E
more closely than to any other; they show the V-shaped fold in
the kandj's. The find, according to Orsi, was buried in the last
years of the fifth or the first years of the fourth century ; the darics
1 Num. Chron., loc. cit., PI. VIII. 6 ; von Fritze, loc. cit., Taf. VI. 32.
2 Atti e Mem. delV 1st. Ital. di Num., iii (1917), pp. 1-30.
^ He assumes Babelon's classification to be substantially correct.
PERSIAN EMPIRE CXXXlll
show more or less signs of wear. The weight of each of the five
coins is 8'3 gm. ; the three varieties which they represent are illus-
trated in PI. LII. 7-9.
So far the evidence does not violently contradict any proposed
classifications. But when we come to the hoard of coins described
by E. T. Newell/ we obtain some important data, which throw
a new light on the question. It will be observed that in the
classification given above the sigloi of Series II are divided into
four groups (excluding purely barbarous coins) ; on two of these
groups (A, B) the body of the king is represented without any
indication of the waist (PI. XXVI. 10-XXVII. 3) ; on the others
(D, E), the attitude is less stiff, the waist is marked, and more
detail is displayed in the drapery (PI. XXVII. 7-20). Now in
Mr. Newell's find only the waistless groups were represented - ;
and the evidence of the other coins in the hoard proves conclusively
that all the sigloi present were struck before about 380 B.C., the
date of the deposit. Further, to judge by their worn and punch-
marked condition, it is unlikely that any of them were struck later
than the fifth century. This suggests that the ' waistless ' varieties
belong to the earlier kings, before the time of C^ttus the Younger,
and also that the other varieties of Series II belong to the fourth
century. Further confirmation of this view comes from the hoard
published by J. G. Milne,^ which consisted entirely of sigloi of
Series I of the earlier, sixth-fifth century, types (Groups I A and I B
in our classification), and sigloi of the 'waistless' types of Series II.
Yet ao-ain, out of eioht coins obtained at Pandemia, from a small
hoard said to have been found at Miletopolis, seven are of the
earliest types of Series I {A or B), and one of the waistless type
(Series II, A or B, much worn).'^ Finally, Mr. Newell provides
1 Num. Chron., 1914, pp. 1 ft'.
^ A siglos which Mr. Newell received from Dr. Hayues's family after the
publication of his article, and which by its appearance undoubtedly belonged
to the ' Cilician find ', was also of the ' waistless ' type.
2 Num. Chron., 1916, pp. 1 ff.
* Mr. F. W. Hasluck, who obtained the coins from a money-changer, was not
confident that the statement of their provenance was correct. The eight
CXXXIV INTRODUCTION
a similar confirmation of the early date of the ' waistless ' type.
He informs me^ that 20 pieces, which were all procured from an
Armenian dealer in Paris at one and the same time, may be
analysed as follows. (It should be premised that all 20 bore traces
of a yellowish red clay still adhering to the deeper parts of their
designs, thus indicating, in all probability, that they came from a
single hoard.) Nine are of Series I, Groups A and B, and are from
very good to worn ; some bear several punch-marks, others none at
all. Three are from one single reverse die, identifiable by a curious
little projection from the side of the incuse in about the same posi-
tion as the lion's head in Series II A (a). These three are the only
specimens of Series I in the hoard not punch-marked. Three
others of the 20 belong to Series I, but are of poor workmanship
and worn. The remaining eight are all of Series IT, Group A (h).
The condition of these latter also ranges from worn to very good.
This appears to exhaust the present possibilities of chronological
classification. It seems clear that types (i) King with spear and
(ii) King with dagger continued in use throughout the whole
course of the coinage, and that types (iii) King draiving how and
(iv) King in half-figure — which are unrepresented in the finds
of early sigloi — belong to the later period of the coinage, since
they approximate in fabric and style to those varieties of Series I
and II, which are not represented in the finds of early sigloi. The
comparative rarity of punch-marked coins of this series admits
of explanation if this chronology is adopted, and if, as I believe,
the punch-marking was chiefly done in the Eastern Mediterranean.^
It was only towards the end of the fifth century that the Persian
coins still available for examination passed into the possession of Mr. E. S. G.
Robinson, who presented two of them to the British Museum. Only one of
the eight is without a punch-mark, and on no less than six of the others
we find the same mark, no. 53 a in the Table, p. cxxxvii. It would appear
therefore that this mark was impressed by the person who had the coins not
long before they were buried.
' In a letter of July 25, 1919, in correction of my statement in J.H.S.,
xxxix, p. 124 ad fin.
' This is also Babelon's view : Perses Acheni., p. xi.
PERSIAN EMPIRE CXXXV
satraps began to make issues of any importance, and it was only
in the half-century from about 386 to 333 that these issues were
so numerous as to supply the wants of the population under
satrapal control. Until then, sigloi must have circulated in Asia
Minor and Syria in great quantities, and it was in this earlier
period, before the rise of the great satrapal coinages, that the
punch-marking was chiefly done. But in the fourth century the
import into Greek lands of the Persian sigloi must have been
greatl}' diminished, the demand being supplied by the local and
satrapal money. Hence these later sigloi are not punch-marked
to anj^thing like the same extent as the earlier.
Here we must leave the question of chronological classification.
As regards the attribution of the various groups to individual
kings, apart from the slight indications which have been noted
above, the less said the better. It should be emphasized that while
the coins undoubtedly fall into certain groups, it does not follow
that there is in all cases an attempt at portraiture. Nor does
it seem possible to make any attempt to identify the mints at
which the coins were struck, until the very difficult problem of
the mints of Alexander's coinage in the East has been more or less
cleared up.
Mr. Milne has been the first to call attention to the extremely
interesting groups of coins with small sjnnbols, sometimes in
relief, sometimes incuse, on the reverse. These all ^ belong to the
' waistless ' variety of Series II (PI. XXVI. 10-21), and are there-
fore, if our chronology is right, of the fifth century. Mr. Milne
has made the very plausible suggestion that the lion's head
(PI. XXVI. 10-16) may indicate the mint of Sardes. The sigloi
similar to PI. XXVI. 17-19, with what appears to be a curiously
stylized lion's scalp, can hardly be separated from the others. Of
the symbol on the coin illustrated in PI. XXVI. 21 I have no
explanation to ofier.
^ With the exception of the daric attributed to Cyrus and, possibly, of one
siglos. Mr. Newell informs me that one of the coins from Mr. Milne's hoard,
now in his possession, though it shows the lion's head on the reverse, is of
Series II B, thus ajjparently providing a link between II A (a) and II B.
CXXXVl INTRODUCTION
The Punch-nnarks (see Table opposite). There can be little doubt
that these ^ were impressed on the coins by local bankers or
money-changers, who were also doubtless responsible for the
stabbing and cutting of the coins with the object of testing their
purity. One would have thought that a single cut would have
been sufficient for this purpose, but some coins have been reduced
almost to fragments. In spite of the occurrence among the punch-
marks of designs which suggest coin-types, such as the tortoise
(no. 100 in the table), the Aeginetic reverse design (no. 62), and
the kneeling goat mentioned below (no. 189), it is improbable that
any of the punch-marks were impressed by mint-authorities,
although it is a reasonable conjecture that these Aeginetic- looking
punch-marks were more probably impressed in Aegina than
elsewhere. Such a head as that in no. 112 cannot have been
designed by any but a Greek artist. The tetraskeles (no. 27),
triskeles (nos. 22-6 and 186), and monoskeles (nos. 18-21) seem to
point to Lycia ; and this is partly confirmed by provenance,
although the characteristic central ring is absent from the tetra-
skeles and triskeles. Babelon has noted the letters 0$^ which
are found on Lycian coins. The kneeling goat on Mr. Newell's
coin from the Cilician Find, no. 137 (no. 189 in our Table) is, as
he points out, of considerable importance, since it is almost
certainly a Greek countermark, and may indicate Celenderis.
Certain marks, such as the varieties of ankh (nos. 147-51), and
forms like Cypriote signs for ba, si, and ro (Babelon, Perses Achem.,
^ Which must be strictly distinguished from the incuse symbols mentioned
above, which form part of the reverse dies. For convenience of reference, the
punch-marks which occur on coins which I have been able to examine, together
with a few others drawn from casts, are collected in the accompanying table
opposite. It must be remembered that these marks are usually very im-
perfectly impressed, and it is consequently often impossible to recognize with
certainty the design, or to draw it correctly. The drawings here given,
though not by a professional draughtsman, are made with a view to showing
no more than is visible on the original or can be reasonably inferred by
comparison with other specimens. The drawings of nos. 112 and 189 are due
to Mrs. Stanley Robinson.
^ Perses Achem., pp. xi and 7, no. 58.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
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CXXXVUl INTRODUCTION
PI. XXXIX. 8, and our nos. 121-3), or Phoenician letters (jimel,
yod, pe, mem (nos. 124-32) seem to indicate the coasts of CiHcia
and Syria and Cyprus as a source. Rapson/ it is true, held
twenty-four years ago that some at least of the punch-marks
were Indian in origin, and included Brahmi and Kharosthi
characters. But of the former, his yo, if turned upside down,
would serve for the Cypriote ><i (no. 121), his va is more probably
a more or less mutilated ankh, his kha is the Lycian monoskeles
(nos. 18f.) ; his 'pec, if turned upside down, may be the Phoenician ^^
(no. 128) ; his^'ct may be the Greek E (nos. 117-19). He is inclined
to think that his go (no. 140) is more probably to be completed
as the symbol no. 81 ; but, as a matter of fact, it must be conceded
to him that the form as given is correct. This exhausts his list
of Brahmi characters. Of the Kharosthi his riia is, he admits, in
some instances at least, probably a crescent (nos. 45 fF.) ; his me
is a kind of flower (nos. 70 ft".) ; his onam is really the symbol
no. 173, his ti may equally well be a Phoenician m^m (no. 132) ;
while his da and ha (nos. 133 ff.) are not sufficiently characteristic
to afford strong evidence on either side. Newell - has added one
or two more to this list of alleged Indian characters. No. 138
in our table he compares with Kharosthi ta, but there is nothing
very close to the form in Biihler's table.^ No. 139 (drawn by him
without the complete loop on the right hand) he compares with
Kharosthi gha ; as here drawn it comes much closer to Brahmi cha
(upside down). His nos. 32 and 16 I take to be floral in origin,
and less angular than he has depicted them ; his no. 24 (our
^ Journal of the R. Asiatic Society (1895), pp. 865 ff. I understand that he
no longer maintains this view, at least in its entirety.
^ JN"?»w. Chron., 1914, p. 27 f. I have drawn those which are included in
our table from casts of his coins. It should be said that the little table
illustrating Mr. Newell's article in Num. Chron. was re-drawn in England for
purposes of reproduction, and may not always do justice to his intention.
He informs me that the drawings of nos. 131, 138, 139, 141 in the accompanying
table may be regarded as substantially correct, and that he has quite discarded
the theory of an Indian origin.
^ ' Siebzehn Tafeln zur Ind. Palaographie ' (GrittKlriss der Iiido-Arischen
Philologie tmd Alterttimshunde, 1896).
PERSIAN EMPIRE CXXXIX
uo. 141) is not really very like Brahmi klii; nor do I quite see
with which Brahmi sign he would identify his no. 31; his no. 37
is hardly characteristic enough to serve as basis for argument.
On his coin no. 94 he says there is an elephant punch-mark, but
this is not visible on the cast before me, unless his no. 12 is meant
for it; and that appears to me to be a geometrical design of
some kind.^
At the best we may grant that there is occasional coincidence
between the punch-marks and the forms of Indian letters, and
that it would be very satisfactoiy if their identity could be proved,
since many marks otherwise uninterpreted would acquire signifi-
cance. But we maj' still ask for more evidence that these Indian
letters were used to anj extent by the Indians in marking their
own silver coins. Other marks they used in plenty, but these
apparently not at all, or only to a very limited extent.
Of the three symbols which Rapson instances, the 'taurine'
(nos. 40, 41) would give most support to the Indian theory, if it
could be shown that this astronomical sj'mbol was peculiar to
India. But there seems to be little doubt that it is not so confined
and, indeed, that its home was rather in Eastern Asia Minor,
Northern Syria, or Cyprus.^ Nos. 60 and 58 on the other hand
might be Cypriote or Lycian letters (though they are more probably
mere patterns) ; and the triskeles, though it may be nearer the
Indian" than the Lycian form, is too widely diffused a symbol
to carry much force in the argument. It is worthy of notice that
three specimens marked with the triskeles probably came from
^ He agrees (letter of July 25, 1919) that the identification as an elephant
is highly conjectural, and hardly to be accepted now.
- Mrs. Maunder refers, in this connexion, to the Cypro-Mycenaean cylinder,
J. H.S., xxi (1901), p. 169, fig. 147. This is an example of the orb surmounted
by a crescent, which is doubtless the origin of the symbol ; and this crescent
resting on a globe seems to be of Babylonian or Mesopotamian origin. The
punch-mark with the two crescents back to back (no. 42) is also probably
a lunar symbol : see Roscher's Lex. s.v. Sin, 909.
^ As a matter of fact, I do not find on the Indian punch-marked coins in
the British Museum anything corresponding exactly to the form on the sigloi
except in the case of no. 22 ; Rapson appears, from his remark on p. 806, to
have met with the same difficulty.
Cxl INTRODUCTION
Lycia, since they were once in the collection of Daniell and Graves,
and one marked with the tetraskeles came from a Smymiote
collection. The tetraskeles occurs on one of Mr. Robinson's little
find from Miletopolis. Finally, of all the sigloi in the British
Museum, only five come from Cunningham or the India Office, and
of these it is significant that only one is punch-marked. There
are in the British Museum no other sigloi of definitely Indian
provenance, though there are many from Persia.
A day spent in examining carefully the collection of Indian
punch-marked coins in the British Museum, while the punch-marks
on the sigloi were still fresh in memory, the drawings for the
accompanying table having just been completed, has left the distinct
impression that the two sets of punch-marks have nothing whatever
to do with each other. There may be certain curious coincidences
as between a mark on one of the Indian coins and no. 153, although
the Indian example does not show the hooked handle of the blade
(or stalk of the leaf, whichever it may be). But the point to
remember is that the leading characteristics of the two sets are
quite different ; the forms chiefly characteristic of the sigloi, such
as the floral symbols (nos 68 ff".}, the ankli (nos. 147 5".), the bull's
head and its derivatives (nos. 105 ff'.), occur with extreme rarity
or not at all on the Indian coins ; and forms characteristic of the
Indian series, such as the Stupa, or Chaitya, do not occur on
the Persian.
It would probably be possible with a little ingenuity to find
a number of analogies between these punch-marks and signs in
various other scripts. Thus nos. 5.'2, 58, 117, 120, 124, and 133,
and Mr. Newell's no. 37 (inverted) could all be interpreted as
Lycian s^nritus asper, sonant in, i, k, A, a, and r respectively,^ and
some of the same, of course, as pure Greek ; or again no. 142 as
Himyarite H, while nos. 30 and 143 both suggest Himyarite
symbols. But it seems idle to lay stress on these resemblances,
which may be purely accidental.
^ On the other hand the alleged Lycian '^ (Fellows, Coins of Ancient Lycia,
PI. VIII. 2 ; Babelon, Perses Acliem., p. xi) is really no. 172 in our table.
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST CXli
ALEXANDEINE EMPIKE OF THE EAST
The coinage which is currently attributed to Babylon, during the
period between the fall of the Persian Empire and the establish-
ment of Antioch on the Orontes as the chief seat of the Seleucid
Empire, has been classified by Imhoof-Blumer,^
The argument of most weight against the attribution to Babylon
lies in the fact that the coins with the name of Mazaeus attributed
to Babylon identify the god on the obverse as Ba'al-tars, who
would be unknown and unworshipped at Babylon. The answer to
this objection is that, although issued at Babylon, this was a
satrapal coinage, intended chiefly for the payment of troops, many
of whom may have been raised in Cilicia by Mazaeus, and brought by
him to the East. Two points, however, may be noted with regard
to the coins on which the god is named Ba'al-tars : (1) that they
seem to be of a somewhat ditferent fabric from the ordinary series
of lion-coins, and to lack the characteristic thick flan and sharp
edge ; (2) that the name appears not only on the earliest class
(as Imhoof-Blumer, Z.f. X.^ 1905, p. 7, supposes), but on such a later
j)iece as no. 7, PI. XXI. 2, in this Catalogue, on which Ba'al is
represented in later fashion, with one leg drawn back. As regards
this flatter fabric, it is shared by no. 5 (PI. XXI. 1), another early
coin ; among the later coins it is quite exceptional (no. 36,
PI. XXII. 3, is an instance).
^ Z.f. N., xxvii, 1895, pp. 1-18, with references to Bal^elon (to whom the
identification of Babylon as the mint of this coinage is in the first instance
due) and other authorities. See also Babelon, Traife, II. ii, cols. 475-95, and
add Atner. Joiini. Num., 1915, p. 71, no. 33, a lion-coin with monogram hP
and symbol torch, confirming Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. gr., p. 377, no. 18 (here
PI. IjI. 11). The attribution was attacked by Sir Henry Howorth {Num.
Cliron., 1904, pp. 1-38), but the theory of an Eastern origin is unshaken ; for
Imhoof-Blumer's reply to his critic see Z.f. N., xxxvii, 1905, pp. 1-8 = Num.
Chron., 1906, pp. 17-25. It may perhaps be admitted that some of the coins
were issued at other mints in the Eastern portion of Alexander's conquests ;
and in the remarks which follow the use of the word Babylon must be taken
merely as a convenience, not excluding the possibility that some of the coins
were struck elsewhere.
cxlii
INTRODUCTION
The lion-coins were struck, like Sicilian coins, out of nearly
spherical pieces of metal, ^ the ridge marking the junction of the
two halves of the sphere, where the metal has exuded from between
the two hemispherical moulds, being visible on the edges of most
specimens. This kind of blank was also used for certain of the
Phoenician coins, such as those of Mazaeus issued from Sidon, and
some of the Tyrian coins belonging to the period immediately after
the siege of Tj^re ; indeed, these Sidonian and Tyrian coins
approach more nearly than anything else to those struck at
Babylon, and the Babylonian technique was doubtless brought from
Phoenicia by the craftsmen of Mazaeus.
Although the double darics have the same general appearance in
fabric as the silver lion-coins, I have found no evidence that they
were struck out of spherical blanks. Some appear to have been
struck out of cut blanks, having sharp edges." In a large propor-
tion of the coins acquired from Rawal Pindi dealers the edges are
hammered up, which makes it the more difficult to judge of their
authenticit}'. This hammering up of the edges is occasionally
found on the Sidonian coins above-mentioned, e.g. B. M. C,
Phoenicia, p. 154, no. 83 ; cp. also Tyre, ibid., p. 231, no. 30.
Between the lion-coins with the name of Mazaeus ^ and those
which bear the anchor- symbol, and are therefore certainly to be
attributed to Seleucus, comes a whole series, which Imhoof-Blumer
has provisionally divided l:)etween the various persons who held
rule in Babylon. This division appears to me to be in some
respects highly conjectural, even the chronological arrangement of
the series being very obscure.^ The arrangement of the double
' Hill, Coins of Ancient Sicilif, pp. 3, 4.
- Babelon, Traife, loc. cif., col. 480, says that, although they look as if they
had been punched out of a sheet, the blank was really rounded {arrondi cylin-
driquenienf) with the hammer on the anvil, and then struck cold.
^ The curious way in which the symbols on the coins of Mazaeus are
sometimes placed actually on the exergual line is to be observed ; e. g. the
club on no. 1, PI. XX. 14, the pecten-shell on a coin in the McClean Collection
at Cambridge, and the serpent on the Vienna coin, Num. Zeif., 1895, Taf. I. 1 ;
Babelon, Tmife, PI. CXIV. 22.
* Six, Num. Chron., 1898, pp. 219-22, adopts a quite different distribution
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST Cxliii
darics must follow that of the silvei'. At Babylon or other Eastern
mints were issued also certain groups of Alexandrine coins which
can be identified by means of the symbols and monograms which
they bear in common with the double darics and lion-coins ; these
Alexandrines include the very rare decadrachm (the British Museum
specimen of which ^ was actually found at Babylon), as well as
some of the smallest denominations.
The letters AY (or y) and M, which occur on double darics,
lion-coins and Alexandrines alike, are also found on coins of
Philip III (323-316 B.C.). Since Philip left Babylon very soon
after his accession, Imhoof-Blumer suggests that the group with
these letters was issued between 323 and 321, when Seleucus began
his first reign in Babylon. Between 321 and 306, when Seleucus
assumed the title ^aaiXev?, must be placed the lion-coins which
seem later in style than those with AY M, and of course those with
the anchor or homed horse's head ; while towards the end of the
period the new types represented by nos. 62-4 (p. 191 f.) were intro-
duced, and bronze (still, however, bearing the name of Alexander) was
also struck for the first time. It is not possible to say which coins
were struck by Peithon for Antigonus during his brief interruption
of the reign of Seleucus.^ But Imhoof-Blumer suggests that, in
addition to the coins with the anchor and the horse's head, which
probably belong to the period after 311, Seleucus issued the coins
with the scorpion and the pentalpha. To the same reign he assigns
the obols with the type of Zeus holding an eagle ; but these seem
to me to be reminiscent of the Ba'al-tars on certain of the coins of
for many of the coins, and endeavours to distinguisli a group which he
attributes to the years (317-311 B.C.) when Antigonus was recognized as king
by the Babylonians. He recognizes in the monogium (^, htjtpottoXls, as a
designation of Babylon, which is hardly plausible ; and in the monogram >tM
the name of Antigonus. But why should only one group of the many coins
which he ascribes to Antigonus bear this monogram ? Babelon in his Traite
follows generally Imhoof-Blumer's arrangement as modified by Six, wisely
refraining from formulating a new hypothesis.
^ Imhoof-Blumer, loc. cit., Taf. I. 3.
- See above, p. cxlii, note 4, on the coins which Six attributes to this period.
Cxliv INTRODUCTION
Mazaeus, and I have therefore placed them higher up in the classi-
fication. The distribution of these coins among the various rulers
seems to me to be so difficult that, while placing the coins in what
appears to be an approximately chronological order/ I have pre-
ferred not to attempt it.
The double darics show a curious development in the design
of the reverse ; there can be no doubt that the pattern of
PI. XX. 11-13 is a development from the wavy lines of the
earliest specimens. But there is also little doubt that some coins
which show a comparatively undeveloped reverse were of late
origin, being copied at a later time, perhaps by an Oriental artist,
from earlier specimens. Such are the coins no. 10 on PI. XX with
^ and wreath,'- and also no. 138 in the Paris collection.^ Head^
has noticed a tendency in these Indo-Greek coins to dispense with
the representation of the quiver on the king's shoulder. I must
confess that grave doubts may be entertained about the antiquity
of many of these pieces of Indian provenance, especially no. 11,
PI. XX. 11, but I have included them in the Catalogue under
reserve.
^ Imboof-Blumer gives the coins with the letter A to the time of Seleucus.
The two in this Catalogue, however, seem to mark the transition in the curve
of the lion's tail from an S-shaped curve waving out behind him to the
characteristic later position between his legs ; they would therefore seem
to come rather earlier in the series. In favour of the attribution of the
scorpion coin to Seleucus is the fact that on it the seat of Ba'al has two
cross-bars, a feature which is characteristic of a small group of the coins with
the anchor (also of the Alexandrine tetradrachm, Miiller, no. 806).
^ The specimen at Paris, Babelon, Traitv, PI. CXV. 26, is similar (from same
rev., and perhaps same obv. die).
3 Traite, PI. CXV. 27.
* Hist. Xum.'^, p. 829. He is inclined (cp. Num. Clii'on., 1906, p. 5) to regard
a large proportion of the double-darics as of Eastern origin, and includes in
that category no. 5 on PI. XX, as well as the ZZTA /^N A coin. For the
latter he suggests a connexion with Stasanor, satrap of Bactria. The explana-
tion of the mysterious word or words as the name of Stamenes is now genei'ally
discarded (the coin indeed seems later than his time), and Head himself gave
up his theory that they meant ' 2 staters = 1 mina '. A double and single
daric of this type, obviously false, were in the Jenkins Collection (wts. 14-72
and 8-06 gm. ; casts in the British Museum).
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST Cxlv
Imhoof- Blumer points out that the gold distaters with the head of
Alexander in elephant-scalp are double-darics in weight, not Euboic-
Attic distaters (16-66 gm. maximum: Jameson CataL, no. 1781).
In this connexion we may note that the gold stater acquired by
the British Museum in 1884 (p. 192, no. 63) is over the weight
of the daric (8-61 gin.). There is every reason to suppose that it
is a forgeiy. It is to be observed that the stater in the British
Museum and the distater in the Jameson Collection are from the
same dies. That in itself is not necessarily against their genuine-
ness, but it is the kind of thing that might easily happen in a
modern forger's shop. The late Mr. Jenkins also possessed a stater
(8-11 gm.) from the same dies. Nearly all his gold coins were
obvious forgeries. It will be noticed that the tip of the trunk of
the elephant on this . die is quite misunderstood. Also the flap
of the elephant's skin, which should be sharply defined against
the lower jaw of Alexander, fades into it imperceptibly^ That this
is not due to the coin being worn is proved by the fact that the
failure is perceptible in exactly the same way on all three pieces.
It would appear that the die was made without intelligent apprecia-
tion of this part of the design. If the British Museum stater is
false, as it undoubtedly appears to be, so are the Jameson distatei-
and the Jenkins stater.
Less suspicion seems to attach to the other distaters. Certain
forgeries do, however, exist; one was in the Jenkins Collection,
and one in silver was given to the British Museum by Dr. Parkes
Weber.
The remarkable decadrachm illustrated in PI, XXII. 18 is in-
cluded among the series at pi'esent under discussion, as having
been issued somewhere in the Eastern Alexandrine Empire shortly
after Alexander's death. Its mint must for the present remain
uncertain, although the monogram, as Mr. Robinson points out to
me, suggests Babylon itself. Head's theory that the piece com-
memorates Alexander's expedition to the Panjab is most attractive.^
^ See Head's remarks {Num. Chron., 1906, p. 9, note 7) on the mistake in
the rendeiing of the elephant's hind legs.
t
xlvi INTRODUCTION
It tJiiis falls into line with other great Victory coins of Greek
times, such as the Demareteion and the decadrachm of Athens.
The description of the bronze coinage which has to be associated
with this period may, since it still bears the name AAEHANAPOY,
be reserved for the Alexandrine Catalogue. Here, however, it
may be noted that, besides the coin with the anchor as reverse
type, the British Museum contains seven specimens of the coin
with the Nike type, on two of which, besides the symbol of the
horse's head, the monogram TV (characteristic of some Seleucid
issues) ^ may be discerned ; those with the anchor symbol do not
seem to bear any monogram. The provenance of these pieces is
Eastern.
The later coinage of Babylon, in the name of Seleucus and
Antiochus, as well as the coinages of later rulers intimately
associated with Babylon, such as Timarchus, belongs to the domain
of Seleucid numismatics.- Some of the coins generally, in accord-
ance with Imhoof-Blumer's view, attributed to Babylon may, as
he himself admits, have been struck in Seleucia on the Tigris,
and there were other mints farther east at which we cannot at
present do much more than guess. The discovery of an Alexandrine
tetradrachm struck at Susa by Aspeisas " gives an indication of one
of them.
Of the silver lion-coins, some exceed 17 gm., but most of them
would pass very well as triple-sigloi (16-80 gm.). This explains
the three pellets which mark some specimens.*
In addition to the double-darics, there exist a few darics (none
in the British Museum) which by the design of the reverse or
by marks on the obverse are connected with the double-darics.
^ Imhoof-Blumer, Num.'Zeit., xxvii (1895), p. 16.
^ See Imhoof-Blumer, as above, pp. 11 ff . ; Six, Num. Chron., 1898, pp. 222-
33 ; Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Ztit., 1913, pp. 171 ff.
^ Robinson in Num. Chron., 1921, p. 37.
* e. g. no. 25, and one with rev. letter T in Mr. Newell's Collection (here
PI. LI. 16).
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST Cxlvii
Such are (to judge by the description) a daric at Paris ^ ; another
in Mr. E. T. Newell's Collection, with the satrapal head-dress as
symbol (PI. LI. 7) " ; those which bear the letters AY (or Q) and
A\^; and those with ^.^ The daric in the Ward Collection
(no. 821) may possibly be of the same class, although in some
ways its reverse recalls the satrapal silver of Pythagores issued
in Western Asia Minor.
Specimens of the Babylonian coinage showing variations not
represented in the Museum Collection are illustrated in PI. LI.
They are :
Gold double darics.
No. 1. 16-65 gm. Wreath and \^ Paris. Babelon, Perses Acheni.,
p. 14, no. 117.
No. 2. 16-52 gm. X Paris. /6icZ., pp. 13-14, no. 113.
No. 3. 16-71 gm. Tiara. E. T. Newell (from E. F. Weber Sale, 4406).
No. 4. 16-65 gm. /^ Berlin (Imhoof-Blumer). Read, Li/dia a7id Persia,
PI. I. 20.
No. 5. Wt. ? <I> and grapes. Present possessor unknown.
Gold darics.
No. 6. 8-35 gm. AY and M. Paris (Babelon no. 120).
No. 7. 8-30 gm. Tiara. E. T. Newell.
No. 8. 8-24 gm. No symbol. J. Ward no. 821.
Silver.
No. 9. 17-12 gm. Mazaeus. Bev. M below lion. Major Y. E. Mocatta.
No. 10. 17-07 gm. Mazaeus. liev. Shell on exergual line. Cambridge
(McClean).
^ Babelon, Perses Ache'm., p. 15, no. 123. It is possible that this is merely
one of the K darics (see p. cxxvii).
^ From the Guzman Collection (Sotheby's Sale, 1914, PI. V. 87) ; formerly
in the O'Hagan Coll. (Sotheby's Sale, 1908, PI. X, 726).
^ Babelon, Perses AcMm., p. 14, no. 120 ; Traite, PL CXV. 9 ; Imhoof-Blumer,
Num. Zeif., 189-5, Taf. I. 10 ; here PI. LI. 6.
* Egger Sale, Dec. 10, 1906, lot 407 ; Philipsen Collection (Hirsch, Ratal.
XXV, lot 3181, Taf. XXXV). A specimen formerly in the Jenkins Collection is
an obvious forgery (a cast is in the British Museum).
No.
11
No.
12.
No.
13,
No.
14.
No.
15.
No.
16.
No.
17.
Cxlviii INTRODUCTION
16-50 gm. lUv. Torch and UD E. T. Newell.
16-49 gm. Eev. Rose in wreath and IM. E. T. Newell.
16-71 gm. OLv. ^^ Cambridge (McClean).
16-91 gm. Rev. -AJ Cambridge (Leake).
15-9.3 gm. Ohv. Club. Rer. V. E. T. Newell.
15-91 gm. Ohv. •.• Rev. V. E. T. Newell.
16-90 gm. 06v. Head of horse. Rev. Anchor and ^^^ E. T,
Newell.
No. 18. 15-30 gm. /e^v. Anchor and Ds^ E. T. Newell.
NORTHERN PERSIA
Before considering the coinage of Persis, it seems necessary to
discuss the coins which bear the name of Andragoras. These were
included by Gardner in his Catalogue of the coins of Bactria, but it
is generally admitted that they do not belong to that part of the
world. Wroth, on the other hand, excluded them from Parthia,^
with which the only known historical references to persons called
Andragoras connect them, on the ground that they should properly
be catalogued with Persia and its satrapies. It is not, therefore,
possible to evade the obligation of grappling with this difficult
problem here.^
The first coin of Andragoras to be known was published by
Gardner in 1879." It was the gold stater, said to come from the
Oxus find. In 1881 he published the first silver tetradrachm from
the same find.* With the Cunningham Collection in 1888 the
Museum acquired another specimen of each of these. ^ A third
' B. M. C, P«r</jja, p. XXX, note. -
^ The arguments which follow have been published in Italian in the Atti
e Memorie deW Istltuto Italiano di Nttmismatica, vol. iii (1919), pp. 23-33.
In that article I doubted the authenticity of the Cunningham stater ; I have
since been persuaded that my doubts were not justified.
3 Num. Chron., 1879, p. 1.
« Num. Chro7i., 1881, p. 8. Cp. J. A. S. B., 1881, p. 178, no. 27.
" J.A.S.B., 1881, p. 173, nos. 26 and 27.
NORTHERN PERSIA
cxlix
stater is in Berlin,'' and MarkofF has published a specimen of the
tetradrachm.'-^
A description of the coins which were said to come from the
Oxus find was given by Cunningham in 1881.'' They comprised
coins of the kings and various satraps of Persia, Babylonia, the
Seleucidae Seleucus I, Antiochus I, II, and III, the Bactrians
Diodotus and Euthydemus, Cilicia and other parts of Asia Minor,
Lysiraachus, Byzantium, Acanthus, Athens. As Dalton remarks,*
the latest date for the whole treasure indicated by the coins is
about 200 B.C. ; but probably the later coins are intrusions, and the
bulk of the treasure belongs to the fourth century. In any case,
as Cunningham observes (p.' 185), the absence of any Parthian coins
points to a date preceding- the reign of Mithradates I, whose coins
are so common.
The genuineness of the coins of Andragoras, as indeed of many
other objects in the Oxiis ' hoard', has been doubted,"' since most of
them, if not all, passed through the hands of the Rawal Pindi gold-
smiths. Other grounds upon which the coins have been condemned
are the following :
(a) 'They are entirely different from any other coins of Greek
fabric or quasi-Greek fabric that have come from any of the
countries bordering on India.' But neither are they like any of
the forgeries from India with which we are acquainted.
^ Dressel, Z.f. N., xxi, p. 231 (not figured).'
^ Inedited Arsacid Coins, in Memoirs of the Oriental Section of the Imperitd
Russian Archaeological Society, vi, PI. III. 1 (in Russian). K. N. Dikshit, in
Indian Antiquary, xlviii (1919), p. 120, describes a bronze coin with the head
of Alexander the Great (as on the coins of Ptolemy I of Egypt) on the obverse,
and on the reverse a horseman r. with hand extended ; between horse's feet,
monogram of K and E, and. below, Greek legend AN AP. This he expands into
ANAP[Ar0P - -]. Thanks to the kindness of Mr. Banerji and Mr. Acharya
I have obtained a cast of this piece, which appears to be an ordinary bronze
coin of Cassander.
3 J.A S.B., 1881, pp. 169-82, 186.
* The Tj-easiire of the Oxus (190b j, i:>. b.
^ Sir Henry Boworth, Num. Chron., 1905, pp. 210 ff. There were undoubtedly
a number of forgeries mingled with the genuine objects in the hoard; a,jad
each obiect has to be considered on its own merits.
cl
INTRODUCTION
(6) The bearded head on the obverse is very puzzling ; ' the hair
is bound by a taenia, and round the neck is a nondescript garment,
neither a chlamys nor yet a regal robe.' It is clear that the treat-
ment is orientalized ; but that cannot surprise us. Nor is the
taenia in an}'- way unusual instead of a wreath on a god's head.^
The drapery is, it must be admitted, very clumsily and unintelli-
gently done. The head is evidently modelled on some fourth or
third-century type of Zeus or Poseidon or Dionysos, with rather
weak features, such as one finds, for instance, on coins of Metapon-
tum or Locri.- The treatment of the hair is not exactly paralleled
elsewhere, but the suggestion of waving is, as Gardner remarked,
doubtless due to Oriental influence.
(c) ' The figures of Mars and Victory occur in this way ' (i. e.
driving in a chariot) ' on Roman, and nowhere, so far as I know, on
Greek coins.' There is no ground to suppose that the armed
figure in the chariot is ' Mars ' rather than Andragoras himself.
Chariot groups containing a general and a driver were familiar in
the East, as for instance on the coins of Sidon. On the other hand,
Victory is the commonest of all drivers in Greek chariot-types.
The substitution of Victory for the usual Oriental driver is quite
appropriate to a Greek (or Graecizing Persian) ruler of a Parthian
province. The implication that Mars in a chariot driven by Victory
is found on Roman coins is incorrect so far as the Republican series
is concerned. The nearest parallel is to be found on the Romano-
Campanian silver, where Victory drives Jupiter in a chariot. But
whereas on these Campanian coins the god stands forward, leaning
over the front of the chariot, while Victory is behind him, on his
right, in the coin of Andragoras the disposition is similar to that
^ For instance, the Apollo on the early regal coins of Macedon (B.M.C.,
Macedon, pp. 164 IF.), or at Mytilene (B. M. C, Troas,8zc., PI. XXXVII. 10, 11) ;
the Zeus of Messene (B. M. C, Pelop.. PI. XXII. 8) ; and many others, as at
Cyrene (see next note).
^ Head, Coins of the Ancients, Plate 34. 18 and 26. The resemblance to the
Metapontine type was pointed out to me by Mi-. A. B. Cook. Compare too
the 'Ammon' types of Tenos (ibid., PL 32. 27) and Cyrene (PI. 47. 44, with
the taeniaj.
NORTHERN PERSIA cU
on the Sidonian coins, or on the chariot of Darius as seen on his
seal ; that is to say, the charioteer occupies the forward position,
leaning over the front-rail of the car. It is, in other words, locally
correct. It must be admitted that the way in which the tail of the
near horse flies out behind is rather strikingly paralleled in Roman
coins, and not, so far as I know, in Greek or Oriental ones.
(d) ' The horses' legs . . . instead of being carefully modelled, as
they are on Greek gold coins, such as those of Philip of Macedon,
are treated exactly in the same way that the horses' legs are treated
on the Roman denarii in question, namely, with little lumps or
dots on the joints, involving a very peculiar and unmistakable
technique! The treatment thus described as peculiarly Roman is
due to the use of the drill or, rather, of the punch, and is found
on all Greek coins of Asia after the best period, and is especially
characteristic of Parthia. There are signs of it on other coins
of the period immediately following Alexander, as in the modelling
of the lion's legs on Babylonian coins.^ The way in which the
horses gallop in step, like those on Roman denarii, is found in all
parts of the world, and is familiar in Babylonian and Persian art.
As is shown below, it is also found on a coin of Seleucus I. The
chariot is of good Greek shape. The horses are horned (another
Oriental touch). The two staters in the British Museum are not
from the same dies - ; although the obverses are almost line for
line the same, the head on the Cunningham coin is on a much
larger scale and in flatter relief. On the reverse, the Cunningham
coin has three pellets, thus * •, in the field. Very close to this
Cunningham specimen is yet another, which belonged to General
Pearse.^ The obverse is, again, almost line for line the same as
that of the Cunningham piece ; the reverse is also very close, and
1 E. S., PI. XX. 15.
^ The third specimen at Berlin is unfortunately not illustrated by Dressel,
Z.f. N., xxi, p. 231. In my article in the Atti e Mem. deW 1st. Ital. the
reverses of nos. 3 and 5 in the plate have unfortunately been interchanged.
^ The late Mr. Jenkins of Brighton also had a specimen, similar in details to
Gen. Pearse's, but from different dies and of still worse workmanship
(wt. 7-74 gm.).
clii INTRODUCTION
is also marked by three pellets ; and the inscription, which takes
the form OAfOPOY, Ijrands it as a forgery. That is not the sort
of mistake that an ancient imitator made. In fact, it is clearly
derived from the Cunningham specimen, in which PAfOPO, owing
to the bottoms of the P and the A being off the flan, has been read
OAPOPO l)y the forger. Cunningham says that he had seen no
less than seven forgeries of the Andragoras gold. He had two
specimens in his own cabinet (no. 26 of his list) which he
considered genuine ; but only one came to the British Museum
with his collection.
The most striking of all analogies to the stater of Andragoras
is, however, to be found in a bronze coin of Seleucus, of which
the British Museum has long possessed a specimen, although it
escaped the cataloguer of the Seleucid Kings.
Ohv. Bearded bust of Poseidon (?) r., with long hair, wearing wreath ;
behind, head of trident (?). Border of dots.
Rev. Nike r., driving quadriga of horses, galloj^ing in step, the hind
legs all parallel and of exaggerated length. In field 1.,
monogram Yf^ ; in exergue ZEAEYK -
JE f 18 mm. Wt. 3-89 gm.
The coin is indifferently preserved, but the general resemblance,
especially of the reverse, to the Andragoras stater is veiy striking.'^
The two silver coins in the British Museum are from different
dies ; but the Cunningham specimen is in so poor a condition that
it is better to leave it out of consideration here, although there
is no prhna facie reason for suspecting it. That which was
acquired in 1881 ^ shows certain weaknesses in technique. The
hair of the Tyche is clumsily done ; the panelling of the battle-
ments of her crown is ratlier unusual ; on the reverse, the spear
of Athena, which passes, point downwards, behind her, is supported
on air only ; and her dress is not as well understood as it might be.
' Mr. Robinson called my attention to this piece of evidence.
^ The third specimen, which is illustrated by Markotf, is apparently from
the same dies.
NORTHERN PERSIA cliii
Still, these are all faults which an Oriental die-cutter miglit
perhaps have committed in the late fourth or early third century ;
it is sufficient to compare the Athena holding an owl on the fourth-
century coins of Side to l)e convinced of this.^ The lettering of
the inscription is good, and so is the edge.
The head of a city-goddess wearing a walled crown does not
become common on Greek coins until after the middle of the third
century. But a crown commonly described as turreted is worn
liy a goddess on coins of Heraclea Pontica as early as the first
half of the fourth century,^ and at Salamis in Cyprus on the coins
of Euagoras II (361-351) and his successors Pnytagoras (351-332)
and Nicocreon (331-310) "^ there is no doubt about the walled
crown worn by the local goddess. It is probable that, on the
analogy of these coins, we have to recognize in the turreted bust
of the coins of Andragoras not primarily a City-Tyche, but a
national goddess to whom the Greek or half-Greek artist has given
the head-dress which defines her as protectress of the state. There
is nothing extraordinary in the appearance of even a city-goddess
on coins of a monarch or the representative of a monarch.* A detail
worth noticing, as confirming the authenticity of the type, is that
the battlements of the crown are stepped, in true Persian fashion.
The balance of the evidence accordingly seems to be in favour
of the genuineness of two at least of the gold staters of Andragoras, ■
that acquired by the British Museum in 1879 and the Cunningham
specimen, and of one of the silver tetradrachms, that acquired in
1881; while there is nothing definite against the second silver
piece (no. 4).
The close resemblance between the stater of Andragoras and
that of a Persian ruler with Aramaic inscription, to which we are
1 B. M. C, Ltjcia, &c., PL XXVI. 6.
2 B.M.C., Pontus, PL XXIX. 20. I consider, however, that the objects
which appear above the decorated stephane are not meant to represent city
walls, but are some kind of ornament, like the points on the crown nf the
Hera of Argos (see J. H. S., xxi, p. 41, note 1).
3 B.M.C., Cyprus, PL XH. 3, 4, 11, 19.
* See above, p. xcviii.
u
Cliv INTRODUCTION
about to come, necessitates dating them to about the same period.
Eut contemporaneity of date does not impl}- identity of person;
there is, that is to say, no reason, so far as the coins are concerned,
to follow Sir Henr}' Howorth in identifying the man who issued
the Aramaic coins with Andragoras.^
The extant staters with Aramaic inscriptions with which we are
immediately concerned are two. One, a barbarous imitation of
Alexander the Great, comes from the Payne Knight Collection.
Its appearance and the nature of its inscription were unknown
until Gardner published it in 1879. It cannot therefore have
suggested to a forger the idea of the inscription on the other stater,
with a satrap's head, since that was acquired as part of the Oxus
find in the same year 1879. But indeed the suspicion that has
been cast - on this coin with the satrap's head seems to me to
be quite baseless. The onl}^ peculiarity in its design is the omission
of the knot and ends of the tie behind the head ^ ; and this may
have been caused by the desire to find room for the inscription,
although on the reverse, so far as the minuteness of the design
allows one to see, the ends are also omitted. Such a detail as the
studding of the tyre of the wheel, which has been described as
' quite unknown elsewhere and meaningless ', is on the contrary
a distinct mark of oenuineness. A o-lance at the chariot of
' Num. Chron., 1890, p. 38.
^ Howorth, Xiiiii. Chron., 1905, p. 213. There exists a very clever forgeiy
of the piece, shown at the British Museum in Nov. 1919. It weighs 8-35 gm.,
and appears to be struck from a die copied extremely closely from our
specimen ; so closely that in a photograph the differences would not be
discernible. But every detail which is solid in the Museum specimen is
weaker, sometimes to the point of being absent, in the other ; an instance
is the decoration of the seam of the garment outlining the shoulder. Yet
the false coin is not in any degree worn. Generally speaking, the design has
gone to pieces, as usually happens in copying. The false dies were possibly
based on a mechanical reproduction of the original coin.
^ The knot and ends are similarly omitted on the well-known satrapal coin.
Head, Coins of the Ancients, III, A 27 ; and as the coin of Mallus, B. M. C,
Lijcaonia, &c., PL XVII. 9, shows, even when the knot is represented the
tie does not always have loose ends.
NORTHERN PERSIA clv
Darius III in the Issus mosaic, or on the cylinder- seal of Darius I
in the British Museum, or at the chariot of Assurbanipal in the
relief also in the British Museum,^ or, again, at the coins of Sidon,^
is enough to show that such studding of the wheels is a local
characteristic. Again, the firmness and regularity of the letters,
as distinct from the carelessness of the script on the later silver
coins, is not due to a forger's copying from books (how many books
giving such an alphabet were available at Rawal Pindi in 1879 ?),
but partly to the special care in engraving dies for a new gold
coinage, partly to the comparatively early date of the coins.
The following readings have been proposed for the inscriptions :
On the stater of Alexander's types
(a) A'ev. PHSPPD and B (Pliabaspes (?) Pada). Gardner.
(6) Ohv. VaH. Rev. VaHSHUVaR (' qui possede la croissance ').
Marquart, quoted by Drouin, Bull, de Num., 1900, p. 95 ;
cp. Holwerda, Levenshericlbt van J. P. Six (Jaarh. d. Kon.
Akad. V. Wet., Amsterdam, 1902), p. 47. The name would
be, in Greek, Oxyares.
On the other stater with the satrap's head
(a) Obv. PDIPD (Pad-i Pada, Lord of Lords). Rev. PIISP (Pha-
haspes?). Gardner,
ih) Rev. Pharaspa. Cunningham.
(c) Obv. PHRTPIIR (Phrataphar). Howorth {Xum. Chron., 1890,
p. 40). This reading is accepted by Drouin, Rev. Num.,
1893, p. 119.
{d) Obv. nSn^lfi (Phrataphar). Rev. (n)^^^^!^ (Lord of a Paxs).
Justi {Iran. Namenbuch, p. 104).
{e) Obv. A'aRIUR. Rev. VaHSHU (' qui possede la croissance ').
Marquart, quoted by Drouin, Bull, de Num., 1900, p. 95.
Drouin objects that there is no instance in numismatics of
^ The two latter figured by Studniczka in Jcdirh., xxii (1907), pp. 170, 188.
Cp. too the Persepolis chariot (Dalton, Treasure of the Oxus, p. 57) or the
model chariot from the Treasure itself {ibid., PI. IV).
2 B. M. C, Phoenicia, Pi. XVIII. 4 ; XIX. 5.
clvi INTRODUCTIOX
an iuscription thus divided between obverse and reverse.
This objection may be true of Oriental inscriptions, but
does not hold of Greek (e. g. the coins of Abacaenum and
Laiis) ; still, the division is not very probable. Allotte de
la Fuye inclines to accept the reading.
(/) Rev. ZHSP or PHSP. G. A. Cooke, quoted by Dalton, Treasure
of tJie Oxus, p. 105.
It is curious and rather unfortunate that all the scholars who
have dealt with these coins, with the exception of Cunningham
and Dalton, seem to have paid little or no attention to the fact
that the same Aramaic inscription ' Vahshu ' or ' Phahasp ', or
whatever it may be, occurs on a gold seal-ring from the Oxus
Treasure, and was also read on another coin, of which unhappily
all trace has now been lost. These facts are dul}^ recorded in
Cunningham's article in the Bengal Asiatic Societj-'s Journal,
which for some reason has been ignored by all later writers except
Dalton.
The gold seal-ring is now in the British Museum (PL XXVIII. 5)\
It is of a typical fourth-third century form, and bears on the flat
oval bezel an intaglio of a winged human-headed bull, crowned, and
standing 1. Above is the inscription in question ; in front, the taurine
sj-mbol, resembling the upper part of a caduceus. Dalton's defence
of the genuineness of the ring, which may be read at length in
his Catalogue of the Oxus Treasure, seems to be quite convincing.
The ring cannot possibly, from its form, be as late as the second
century B.C.; it is either earlier, or quite modern. Canon G. A.
Cooke, consulted on the inscription, read it ZHSP or PHSP, and
dated it, from the style of the lettering, to the fourth or third
century B.C.
The third coin bearing the inscription, which has now most
unfortunately disappeared, is described by Cunningham,- who
however only saw a paper impression, as a gold double stater of
the types struck at Babylon, with the head of Alexander in
^ Dalton, 02). cif., p. 103, no. 105. and PI. XV.
- 02). cit., p. 172, no. 2-3.
NORTHERN PERSIA clvil
elephant's skin on olt verse, and on the reverse Nike holding
palm-hranch and wreath, with the symbol of the horned horse's
liead. It is to be presumed, though he does not say so, that the
Greek letters Al, which occur on the double staters^ with which
he compares it, were absent. But as he saw only a paper impres-
sion, it is impossil)le to say whether the coin was a rough imitation,
like the imitation of the ordinary stater of Alexander, or something
more in the stjde of the stater with the satrapal head. It would
seem, however, that we have no right to assume that the coin was
a modern forgery. And, if genuine, it affords another valuable
indication of date ; for we know now that these gold double staters
were struck in Babylonia or some neighbouring province shortly
before 306 B.C.
Thus it may be said that the whole of the evidence indicates, for
these coins with the Aramaic inscription, a date towards the end of
the fourth century.
This investigation of the whole question of Andragoras and the
other ruler who is represented by the Aramaic inscription was
begun with a distinct prejudice against the coins; but gradually it
became clear that the Ijalance of evidence was on their side (with
the reservation about certain specimens of the Andragoras coinage
already mentioned). It was onlj^ after the genuineness of the coins
seemed to be highl}' probable that they were examined in the light
of Mr. Dalton's discussion of the problem from an extra-numismatic
standpoint. It is highl}- satisfactory to find that his evidence
supports the conclusion which had been reached on independent
grounds.
We now come to the attribution of the coins. Justin mentions
two people of the name of Andragoras :
(1) a noble Persian, established by Alexander the Great as
governor of Parthia (xii. 4. 12).
* Specimens of these double staters and staters have been forged by the
Rawal Pindi craftsmen. In the late Mr. Jenkins's collection were false
specimens of both denominations, weighing 15-95 and 8-11 gm. respectively
(casts are in the British Museum). See above, p. cxlv.
Clviii INTRODUCTION
(2) a o'overnor of Parthia about the middle of the third century,
who was crushed by Arsaces (xli. 4. 7).
Markoff'i held that the gold coins inscribed ANAPAfOPOY
were struck by the first Andragoras, i. e. about 330 B.C., the silver
by the second, i.e. about 250-240 B.C. Most scholars will agree
with Rapson that it is not possible to separate them, and that both
belong to one satrap.
Sir Henry Howorth, in the days before he took up the position
that all these coins were false, identified Phrataphar, as he read the
Aramaic legend, with the Phrataphernes, satrap of Parthia and
Hyrcania, who retained his position under Alexander, afterwards
became Satrap of Armenia, and fell fighting against Eumenes.-^
He made the further ingenious suggestion that Andragoras was
no other than Phrataphernes under a Greek name. This view,
inspired by the resemblance between the quadriga types of the
two coinages (a resemblance which seems to be due merely to their
having been made in the same part of the world within a genera-
tion of each other) has not met with much acceptance, although his
reading of the inscription has received a good measure of support.
Justi also accepts his identification of Phrataphar with the his-
torical Phrataphernes.
Drouin, while accepting Howorth's reading Phrataphar, argues
that no other pieces with Phoenico- Aramaic script (i.e. with
Aramaic script of this early character) are known to come from
beyond Tigris ; it is therefore, he says, difficult to admit that these
staters can have been struck in Parthia ; so that he cannot accept
Howorth's attribution of the coin to the Phrataphernes who was
satrap of that province. But, whether we accept that attribution
or not, it is surely excess of caution to refuse to believe that coins
with this earl}'- script can have been struck in Parthia, say about
323-300 B.C., when we know that coins with the same script, in
a further state of development, were struck in Persis before the
middle of the next century.
^ See Rapson in Num. Chron., 1893, pp. 204-6.
^ See Justi, Iran. Nnmcnhuch, p. 104, who gives the ancient authorities.
NORTHERN PERSIA clix
Marquart, so far as it is possible to gather from the brief sum-
mary of his views given by Holwerda. believed that after the fall
of Andragoras a Hyrcanian kingdom came into existence and lasted
some time, and it is to a ruler of this kingdom, called Vahshuvar
(Oxyares ^), that he would attribute these coins. We are told by
Justin (xli. 4. 8) that the Hyrcanian kingdom was eventually
subdued b}^ Arsaces, soon after he had suppressed the second
Andragoras. On the other hand Michael the Great ■^ says, just
after mentioning the rise of the Parthian power under Arsaces,
that ' Hyrcania, situated to the north of Persia, imitated the
example (of the Parthians) and set up a prince of its owai under
the suzerainty of Persia '. It must be confessed that, without
having the details of Marquart's argument, it is difficult to see what
has inspired his idea that these coins may belong to Hyrcania.
This is not the place '' to add to the conjectural readings
which have already been proposed in sufficiency, but it may be
observed that the reading Uhshu suggested itself independently.
As regards the local attribution of the coins, it seems that every-
thing points to Northern rather than to Southern, or South-
western Persia. The only reason for connecting these coins with
the Persepolitan series is the quite superficial one, that tlie satrap
wears a head-dress of the same fashion that is familiar to us from
the later Persepolitan coins. But this head-dress, the kyrhasia^
is not specifically Persepolitan ; it is worn by Persians, and in the
same way, with the piece swathing the chin, in all parts of the
empire ; by Pharnabazus, on a coin struck in North-western Asia
Minor ; by a Persian on one of the Sidon sarcophagi ; and so on.^
On the other hand, as regards Andragoras, the historical evidence
points to Parthia ; and if the other coins were struck by the
' Oxyartes was the name of the satrap who received Paropamisus and
India after the death of Alexander, who had married his daughter Roxane
(Arrian 6, 15, 3).
^ Chronicle, transl. by V. Langlois, Venice, 1869, p. 79.
^ On p. 194, no. 2, obverse, ^I'lTl'Tl is a misprint for "IV'^V
* See Dalton, pp. 48-50.
Clx INTRODUCTION
historical Phrataphernes, they too must come from Northern
Persia. The place of discovery, which seems, according to the
most probable account/ to be Kabadian, on a tributary about
a stage to the north of the Oxus itself, also favours a Northern
rather than a Southern Persian origin. Of course provenance
is of little value in deciding the place of mintage of gold coins,
which wander far ; but in this case we have the seal-ring, which
presumably belonged to the ruler who struck the Aramaic coins,
and is not likely to have travelled far from his dominions.
As regards date, if the gold double stater inscribed Uhshu,
referred to above as having been seen by Cunningham, was genuine,
we must place our Andragoras late in the fourth century or
early in the third, a date which is confirmed by the comparison of
the types of his coins Avith those of the bronze coin of Seleucus.
PEESLS.
For the coinage of Persis, at least in its earlier stages, our chief
guide must be the work of Col. Allotte de la Fuye.^ He gives
a full bibliography of the subject, which need not be repeated here.
The coins were struck in the province of Iran lying along the
north-east coast of the Persian Gulf, corresponding to the modern
Parsistan, and containing the great cities of Pasargadae and
Istakhar or Persepolis.'^ The period covered by the coinage is
^ See the discussion in Dalton, p. 1.
^ In Coivlla Nnniismaiica (1906), pp. 63-97. Since this introduction was
written, and as it is on the point of going to the printer, M. Jacques de
Morgan has published (C. li. de VAcad. des Inscr., 1920, pp. 132 flf.) a brief
summary of his views on the reading of the legends, classification, and
chronology of the coins of Persis. I have not, at this late stage, attempted
to modify the present section in the light of his views ; on all the main
questions we are in substantial agreement.
^ Drouin in Serrure's Bulletin de Niimisniatlque, 1900, p. 93. Marquart
(according to Holwerda, Levensbericht van J. P. Six, p. 46) professed to decipher
on some coins the mint-name rdrsa-Stachni = Persepolis ; but no details are
given.
PERSIS Clxi
between four and five centuries, beginning about 250 B. c, and
lasting until the rise of the Sassanian coinage in the first half
of the third century after Christ. The currency consists entirely
of silver,^ forming a curious contrast to that of Susiana and
Characene. The denominations are the tetradrachm with a maxi^
mum of 16-95 gm. (261-6 gn.)^; the drachm, with a maximum of
4-50 gm. (69-5 gn.),'^' and smaller pieces which are described as
tetrobols, hemidrachms, diobols, obols, and half-obols ; but their
weights are very irregular, and it is often difficult to decide upon
their denomination. In the last period of the coinage the standard
degenerates, the drachm seldom rising above 3-56 gm. (55 gn.).
The inscriptions are all in Aramaic, degenerating into Pehlvi.
Drouin is of opinion that the debased and frequently illegible
script, occurring on coins of which the art is still good, indicates
that the coins are the work of Greek artists who did not under-
stand the language. If that is so, there is some excuse in the
case of many of the inscriptions, especially in the latest stages
of the coinage, for the difficulty of making out where they begin,
and even which way up the letters stand.
The accompanying tables (p. clxii f .) give the forms more usually
occurring on these coins.
The coins which Allotte de la Fuye has studied belong to three
series. The remainder may be classed as a fourth series, since the
intricacy of the relations between the groups is too great to allow
of their being divided up.
^ An interesting forgery in gold, of the types of Namopat, with attempts
at Greek as well as Pehlvi lettering, was presented to the British Museum
in 1908 by A. J. Kharaman Khan.
- Allotte de la Fuye, no. 18.
^ ibid., no. 1-.
clxii
INTRODUCTION
ALPHABET OF THE COINS OF PERSIS.
FIRST SERIES.
SECOND
SERIES.
THIRD SERIES.
K
i >r>)^XKK^^<'^
at«^>k
-*^X>>^3fX.Vs^Xl-/Ult*ikX
2
>:?
a
^
1
1M
mi)y
n^ujf
n
1 >\<<yn
MEDIAL
1
1 Ti
1
•If
iniu *■
n
t
fc*n N H HHHk/
1
A >
P
P')
3
111
r
iMnf\i
b
h6vn
f
i;niii
0
xy>x^
f 'h'n^K^sSs >fJfJs'h'?^^T^-f XVnKX
:
Mv-»1
D
y
11fT)'T>
T)'?1
m'ynrs'MP
P
-1
I^I^UHKHT
lU^
M)ir«nT)
B'
tt
a ETC
n
lh)K
hlHhh
1
hbr^h^rPrk
-13
^ -2Jj/^.Ay > ^ JJX^' ^
ma
-LiV^Ajy
PERSIS
clxiii
ALPHABET OF THE COINS OF PERSIS
FOURTH SERIES
1
U t/^ AJ J^ >0VJU ^ IL
J
5 ^y ^^y
n
3
n
lEDlAL u
1
r
VI
n
lAr'i^rr^
D
>
rn>)
3
uiuu
y
lUdK
D
V> K N h K-:^ XJX)-h ^ o
;
\l
D
y
7PC9^
P
-I
\\L
•J'
UA LL —
n
HTih Chert: t
-12
-M ,^-^ -c4
n-13
dL-i^
Clxiv INTRODUCTION
FIRHT SERIES.
Bagadates I.
Allotte de la Fuye gives all the coins with the head shown on
PI. XXVIII. 7-9 to the same man. It is, however, clear that our
no. 1 (his no. 2) never had any inscription in the exergue. Our
no. 2 was published by de Luynes in 1846 as being in the British
Museum, but it was not acquired from Canon Eaton until 1872.
J. R, Steuart's coin, on the other hand, which the Museum acquired
in 1 848, and which has more than once been illustrated,^ is a cast,
made probably from the Eaton specimen. Its low weight (235-7
gn.) is due to this, and not, as Levy wronglj^ supposed, to its
being restruck over an Alexander, which it is not. Of course this
fact does not lessen its value as evidence for the reading of the
inscription, which, as may be seen from the Eaton specimen, it
reproduces correctly.
No. 1. This inscription has been read as follows:
(a) N^nSi^ (on 1.) n i^nnnnS nn:in (on r.), i.e. BaGaDaT
PRaTaDaRA ZI ALaHIA by Allotte de la Fuye (there can never
have been another w^ord in the exergue as he suggests).
(h) i<''rhi< :iT Xn^tonS Tn:i!l, i.e. BaOaRaZ FeRiTKaRA ZaG
ALoHIA by Mordtmann.
Drachms in de la Fuye's own collection (his no. 1) and else-
where '" add to the inscription a w^ord in the exergue, which
he and Mordtmann both read Hl^^^ (BaGaKeRT). As between
Bagadat and Bagaraz, the former has the advantage of being
the better known Persian name. The fourth letter is a mere
vertical stroke. I can see no trace on our specimen of the hook
which would make it into a certain H, but Allotte de la Fuye
» XioH. Chron., 1856, p. 145, fig. 6 ; Levy, Z. D. M. G., 1867, p. 425. Taf. I. 1 ;
Mordtmann, Z.f.N., iv, p. 157, no. 5; Allotte de la Fuye, Cor. Nttm., p. 80,
no. 3^ Gardner had already suspected its genuineness.
« e. g. Egger, Katal, xli (1912), Taf. XXI. 786.
PERSIS CIXV
gives another instance of such simplification, which is in any case
not surprising in the slovenly script of these coins. The reading
T) seems to be confirmed by the hemidrachm no. 3, on which the
fourth letter in the exergue, mutilated though it is, seems to be
a certain p. The reading n*|^i!l, on the other hand, seems to
be very doubtful. The third letter on de la Fuye's drachm is 1,
which as he says is rather ii than k. The same word occurs on the
hemidrachm just mentioned, between the standard and the temple ;
and here the third and fourth letters are the same 1, except that
the vertical of the third is slightly the shorter of the two. I would
suggest, as a possibility, BaGaWaRaT (= Bagarat) or BIURaT.^
The word which de la Fuye reads Fratadara, Mordtmann Ferit-
kara, Justi ^ Frataha ra, occurs regularly on the coins of the earlier
Persepolitan series ; of these readings, the last, meaning ' fire-
kindler ', has hitherto seemed the most attractive. But as Babelon
has pointed out,^ the word would seem from the Elephantine
Papyri * to be Fratarak.
All authorities seem now to be agreed in reading ZI (or ZaG)
ALaHIA in the sense of either ' of the Gods ', or ' of divine origin '.
The form affected by the final J<, if such it is, compared with the
initial one, is an extraordinary instance of the looseness of this
script.
The fragments of the inscription on the left of the hemidrachm
no. 3 may perhaps represent ALaHIA.
The evidence, then, so far as it is verifiable, points to the
following, reading first on the right, then in the exergue, then
on the left :
' The signs for g and / are often indistinguit^bable on these coins. But the
Jameson specimen, which 1 saw after the text of this Catalogue was printed
off, seems on the whole to support the reading Bagawarat, for the second
letter is not like the / in ZI or ALaHIA.
^ Z. D. M. G., xlix, 1895, p. 684 ; Gesch. Irans, p. 487.
3 Rev. Num., 1910, p. 233.
* No. 1, 1. 5 ; no. 2, 1. 5 ; Sachau, Aram. Pap. ii. Ostr. aus . . . Ele])hantine,
1911, p. 12. Sachau translates 'Obeier" : an official title from Iranian frntara
with suffix /.-.
clxvi INTRODUCTION
No. 1. BaGaDaT FRaTaRaKA ZI ALaHIA
No. .'2. BIURaT FRaTaRa ZI - - -
No. 3. BIURAT BaGaDaT - - -
A. F., no. 1. BaGaDaT FRaTaRaKA BIURat ZI ALaHIA
Finally, a very fine specimen of the tetradrachm in Monsieur
Jameson's collection, on which the inscription is complete, seems to
me to read BaGaWaRaT or BIURaT (on r. downward}, BaGaDaT
FRaTa[Ra]KA ZI (in ex.), ALaHIA (on. 1. upwards).
In view of the identity of the portraits on all these coins, we
must assume that they represent the same man ; and if so no. 1,
on which the inscription is complete, shows that he must have been
Bagadat. Then Biurat was his father, and the word Bar, for son,
is omitted, as in modern Persian. That the name of the father
should be placed sometimes on the right, sometimes in the exergue,
and sometimes omitted altogether, need not surprise us in a coinage
which is conspicuous for its irregularities.
As regards the proposed reading BIURAT, Col. Allotte de la
Fuve, to whom a cast of no. 3 was submitted, writes that the read-
ing is epigraphically sound, though the name is rather Armenian
than Achaemenid.^
M. de Morgan, also consulted with regard to the same coin, reads,
on the right, between altar and standard, BGDDjF for BGDT|F.
But, since the reading BGDT is already certain in the exergue, we
must not read the same name between altar and standard.
* Justi, Iran. Namenh.: Biurat, son of Bagarat, and another Biurat, brother
of Bagarat, both from Armenian sources. Col. Allotte de la Fuye's words are :
'Ce nom do Biurat, inconnu dans I'onomastique achemenide, qui fournit
presque tous les noms des premiers souverains de la Perside, semble specmle-
ment armenien. et quelque seduisant qu'il soit de comparer les noms de
Biurat et Bagarat avec les lectures possibles ' (des noms) ' associes sur nos
monnaies, ce qui pourrait conduire ii reprcndre I'hypothese aujourd'hui con-
damnee de I'attribution des monnaies a I'Armenie, il faut peut-etre hesiter
a adopter ces lectures possibles mais douteuses et leur en prefei-er d'autres
plus en rapport avec I'onomastique achemenide : la question est certes tres
embarrassante, et j'avoue qu'en rejetant la lecture Bagarat pour adopter
Bagadat je n'ai pas eu d'autres raisons que d'eviter un nom armenien.'
He even inclines to a return to the reading Bagakert, which is etyraologically
sound though epigraphically disputable.
PERsis clxvii
The objects which surmount the fire-temple on no. 2, and on
similar coins of succeeding rulers, have been explained as three
small altars, placed en top because they could not be seen outside.
They are, however, probably merely battlements, of the form found
on coins of the Second Series.^
Vahuberz (Oborzos).
Polyaenus (vii. 40) mentions a satrap of Persis called "O^op^os,
without indication of date ; Justi identifies with this satrap the
ruler whose name he reads H^lin*), Vahuberz, on a certain number
of coins, given by Mordtmann to Zaturdat.^ On our drachm, no. 1,
the king's name is much broken down, but on the Paris tetra-
drachm (A. de la Fuye, no. 4), here PI. LII. 10, the reading (which
is in the first place due to Justi) seems clear. In addition to the
formula Frataraka zi Alahia, de la Fuye read on the right of
the temple 13 I *li on our drachm, and, on the Paris tetradrachm
and smaller denominations (tetrobol, hemidrachm, and obol, A. de
la Fuye, nos. 6-8), 113 or 13. These letters he takes to be the
patronymic FRaDaBaR, son of Frada. The reading 1^ is very
probable ; that of the father's name less so. The 1 between the
king and the temple is unexplained. Our hemidrachm, no. 3,
appears to belong to this series, although the reading of the word
in the exergue is difficult to reconcile with the others, unless it
is, as I have suggested, and as de la Fuye thinks it may be,
X *T ni3 for Frataraka zi Alahia. On both the drachm no. 3
and the hemidrachm no. 3 the name of the ruler (on the left)
is off* the flan, but both the French scholars agree in the attribution
to Oborzos.
Justi ^ reads the letters on our drachm FRBG, i. e. the sacred
fire Far(n)bag. If he were right, we should find the same name
* Cp., too, the towers represented on the dress of the archers of Susa, Perrot
and Chipiez, v, p. 766.
- All the varieties collected by Allotte de la Fuye, Cor. Num., pp. 83-5.
3 Z. D.M. G., xlix (1895), p. 685.
clxviii INTRODUCTION
beside the fire altar on other coins, whereas the word in this
position varies frequently. Moreover, the fourth letter, whatever
it may be, is hardly a G. Justi's suggestion is a good example
of the rashness of building a theory on a single coin.
Artaxerxes I.
The four coins catalogued here (p. 198) are the only extant pieces
which are attributed to this ruler. The reading of the drachm
no. 1 as ARTa^SHaTR FRaTaRaKa ZI ALaH(ia) seems to be
fairly certain. On the tetrobol the name seems to be written
HaRTaHSHaTR ; on the left is an inscription which has not been
read, although the letters are quite clearly defined (possibly
FRaTaRA?). On the right, between standard and temple, are
three letters, which Allotte de la Fuye in his scheme represents
as 1^^, although in his text he interprets FRaDa, which seems
to be the more likely reading. If so it represents the same name
as we find on the coins of Vahuberz, and the two kings may have
been sons of the same Frada. The hemidrachm is very difficult
to decipher ; the name in the exergue may be that of Artaxerxes
in some form or another. The words on the left and right are
clearer since the coin was cleaned. While that on the left remains
undeciphered, that on the right may be the same "113 as on the
tetrobol.
The drachm no. 2 (PL XXIX. 2) must also be attributed to
Artaxerxes.
The three letters beside the standard on nos. 2 and 3 in this
Catalogue are presumably the same. The former piece gives the
third letter clearly. Allotte de la Fuye (on his no. 9) reads the
word FRD (i. e. [son of] Frada . . .) ; if he is right, the D is an
early form which, by being turned on its side, developed into
the form which one finds on later coins.
AUTOPHRADATES 1.
The coins attributed to Autophradates (Vatafradat) ^ are mainly
tetradrachms and drachms (Allotte de la Fuye, nos. 12-20). I have
^ For the reading see Drouin in Serrure's Bull, de Num., vii, 1900, p. 97.
PERsis clxix
included with them the liemidrachm no. 5, which may have had
the name of the ruler on the left. The inscription in the exergue
is perhaps a miswriting of X^^lH'lS. As to the letters on either
side of the shaft of the standard it is just possible that they may
read ^^ which might stand for DaRIaU B(ar) (cp. FRa(Da) BaR
on the drachm of Oborzos, A. F., no. 5). But until a specimen is
discovered with the left side complete, it must remain uncertain
whether this coin really belongs to Autophradates.
Where the reading of the inscription is as uncertain as it is
in this series, it seems best to classify the coins according to
details of types, rather than according to their inscriptions.
This ruler introduces certain variations of the reverse type;
on some he is represented crowned by Nike (PI. XXIX. 7), and
the temple is surmounted by the stepped-battlement arrangement
so characteristic of Persian architecture ^ ; and in all, the figure
of Ahuramazda now appears hovering above the temple. We may
assume that all coins of this series on which Ahuramazda is not
present are earlier than Autophradates.
This Autophradates is the latest ruler of the first series w^hose
name can be read with any probability. Allotte de la Fuye
describes a number of uncertain coins of similar types, placing
among them no. 2, p. 200, which he would presumably assign to
a .son of Autophradates ; but as it is so close in type to the coins
of Autophradates himself, and the missing word may as well Have
been the father's name as the son's, or have merely completed the
formula N^n7X ^T, I have placed it among the attributed coins.
The uncertain drachms nos. 5 and 6 (p. 203) have been submitted
to MM, de la Fuye and de Morgan for suggestions. For no. 5
they propose respectively VT (on the right, as the beginning of
Vatafradat) or PHR (as on coins of Oborzos), and HTR
perhaps Artahshtr, reading from left to right. For no. 6 M. de
la Fuye proposes the reading of the portion on the right as given
^ Sometimes, as in the Luynes specimen, here PI. LII. 11, the battlements
are jilain.
y
clxx INTRODUCTION
ill the text ; on the left he sees traces of VaHUBeRZ ; the exergue
remains unintelligible.
An uncertain tetradrachm in the Paris Collection, which is
restruck on a tetradrachm of Vahuberz, is figured in PI. LII. 12.^
The two drachms formerly in Gen. Clerk's Collection described
by Allotte de la Fuye under nos. 21 and 25 respectively, are now
in the Museum (nos. 2, 3). I have nothing to add to his remarks
on these coins.
We have no evidence save that of style to enable us to date this
first series. Allotte de la Fuye thinks that the earliest coins, those
attributed to Bagadat I, are not much earlier than Antiochus III
(222 B.C.). We may perhaps provisionally assign the whole series
to the period 250-150 B.C., since, as we shall see, Parthian influence
made itself felt during the time of Mithradates I (171-138 b. c),
and is reflected in the coinage of the second series.
Allotte de la Fuye has shown (p. 90) that the evidence for the
name Narseh, which Mordtmann read on several coins of the first
period, is insufficient.
^SECOND SERIES.
The second series comprises the coins (PI. XXX-XXXII. 4) of
two kings whose names are inscribed, and possibly of some others.
The tetradrachm disappears after the beginning of the series, the
majority of the coins being drachms, with smaller denominations.
The coins are characterized by very high relief on the obverse.
The king, on the earliest class, wears a modified kyrbasia, his chin
being no longer swathed in side-flaps. This class falls into three
groups :
A. Uninscribed (with one or two possible exceptions) - ; the
head-dress surmounted by an eagle. PI. XXX. 1-10.
B. Similar; in addition to the eagle, a crescent on the back of
the head-dress. PI. XXX. 11-15.
' Allotte de la Fuye, no. 23.
'^ Cor. Num., nos. 34-6.
PERsis elxxi
C. Inscribed similar type, but instead of the eagle, a crescent
on top of the head-dress, and none on the back. PI. XXX. 16 —
XXXI. 11.
All have the same reverse : the fire-temple, with Almramazda
above it, the king adoring, and on the right a standard, on which
is perched a bird.^ The work is progressively bad, the details of
the temple, for instance, being more and more summary, the
stepped .battlements becoming simplified into forms resembling
the horns of an altar ; in group C, the standard is reduced to
a mere upright rectangle. The inscription on the reverse of
group C was read MaNaVaZ MaLKA 1 )y Mordtmann ; but Allotte
de la Fuye points out that there is another letter at the beginning
and suggests DARIaU. The first, third, fourth, and fifth signs
are mere minims ; the second is proved to be X by comparison
with the X in XD 7^ ; but the rest must remain uncertain for the
present. An interesting feature of these coins is that the title
of King appears on them for the first time.
These coins are followed by a small group with similar types,
but reading Vatafradat Malka (PI. XXXI. 12-14). As Allotte
de la Fuye remarks (on his no. 51), this community of types proves
that this Autophradates is the successor and probably the son of
the king who used the same types with the inscription interpreted
DARIaU MaLKA. This group represents the first coinage of
Autophradates. He afterwards introduced his own portrait with
the Parthian type of head-dress (PI. XXXI. 15— XXXII. 4). If
the Parthian coins are any guide, he must be more or less contem-
porary with Mithradates I (171-138 B.C.) if we accept the classifi-
cations of Gardner and Petrowicz.^ Now there is a tradition that
^ Drouin (m Serrure's Bull, de Ninii., vii. 1900, p. 97) and Sarre (in Lehmann's
Beitrdge, iii (1903), pp. 349-50) take the bird on the standard for the cock,
a solar symbol, like the triskeles. But, bad as the art of these coins is, it
is impossible to admit that the engraver meant the bird for a cock. The older
royal Persian standard in Xenophon's time bore a golden eagle.
- Wroth gives these coins to Mithradates II. Allotte de la Fuye (Cor. Num.,
p. 95) accepts Wroth's classification for the purpose of dating the Persid coins.
I must confess that the high relief of these coins seems to me more in keeping
with the earlier date.
clxxii INTRODL'CTION
Persi-s was conquered b}' Mithradates I, and this would account
for the sudden appearance of the Parthian style. We may
accordingly date this second series from about 150 to 100 b.c.
THIRD SKRlEh;.
The third series (PI. XXXII. 5— XXXIV. 5) begins with Darius
(II ?), son of Autophradates II, who is followed, according to Allotte
de la Fuye'g reading, by his sons Oxathres and (later) Artaxerxes II.
The reading on the first group (PI. XXXII. 5-20)^ DARIaU
MaLKA (or MeLeK) BaRMaN (or perhaps BaRaH) VaTaFRaDaT
MaLKA (or MeLeK) is certain : and Allotte de la Fuye main-
tains the same of the reading VaHUHSHaTR (equivalent to Greek
Oxathres or Cyaxares) on the second group (PI. XXXII. 21 —
XXXIII. 7).
In style the coins of Darius, son of Autophradates, seem to show
the influence of those placed by Wroth at the end of the series
of Mithradates II (B. M. C, Parthia, PL YIIL 1-9), and by
Petrowicz (PL IV. 6 fF.) attributed to Mithradates I. The arrange-
ment of the inscription on the four sides of the square surrounding
the type shows the growing influence of the Parthian coinage.
The coins of Oxathres can hardly be earlier than those assigned
by Wroth to Artabanus II, while in some ways they seem almost
more reminiscent of Orodes I. We must regard this series as
beginning not much earlier than 100 b. c. Gutschmid and Allotte
de la Fuye think that Artaxerxes II may 1)6 the king of that name
of whom Isidore of Charax (w^ho lived about the beginning of the
Christian Era) speaks as having been known to his parents, and
as having been assassinated at the age of ninety-three by his
brother Gosithres.^ Allotte de la Fuye suggests that to this
Gosithres^ may be assigned a drachm in his own collection with
' A particularly fine drachm in Col. J. Biddulph's Collection (.3-86 gm.) is
illustrated in PI. LIII. 1.
^ Pseudo-Lucian. Macrobii, 15 (218 1.
^ The Greek raxrlOpqi is a regular transcription of the Avestic Gaofithra.
PERSis clxxiii
a reverse type, unparalleled in the series, and borrowed from the
Parthian coinage of Orodes I (57-37 b. c.) ; viz. the king seated,
receiving a palm-branch (?) from the City, who stands before liim.^
The usual reverse type of all this series is the king standing,
with sceptre in his hand, before a small altar. The inscription
on the coins of Darius has already been mentioned. That on the
coins attributed to Oxathres^ is hardly ever complete; the name
"intJ'n'im appears to be so on the drachm illustrated in Corolla
N'wniismatica (PI. III. 68) as on the Paris specimen here given
in PI. LIII. 2 " ; but of the five drachms in this Catalogue only
two (nos. 2, 4) approach anything like completeness ; and as
regards nos. 1, 3, and 5 it seems hardly possible to extract that
name from them. On some of the smaller denominations the
names of both king and father are much abbreviated. The word
for ' son ' is written in a way which has excited considerable
discussion. The signs for !l and ^ are combined, and followed
by a sign which has been variously explained as ' * or n '^ or |D.''
Allotte de la Fuye observes that the letters T\ and H, in these
Proto-Pehlvi inscriptions as in the fully developed Pehlvi, assume
indistinguishable forms, except in the case of final H.
The curious piece illustrated on PI. XXXIII. 8 (p. 2*21, no. 1) is
connected by its obverse type with the Oxathres group. On the
reverse is a sign (possibly the letter T\ or H) surrounded by radiating
dashes, which may perhaps be the remains of an inscription.
On the coins of Artaxerxes II we see the characteristic Perse-
^ Cor. Num., p. 94, PI. III. 77. The obverse shows the bust of the king in
a tiara with a crescent on it, and a triskeles in the field behind, like the
drachm of Darius in the present Catalogue (PI. XXXII. 8).
^ Blau {Num. Zeit.. 1877. p. 88) had already attempted to read 'Hurahshatr'
instead of " Arthshatr' on some of the coins of the earlier Fersepolitan series,
but without any success.
^ The inscription begins at the top left-hand corner. See A. de la Fuye,
no. 69.
* Thomas, Num. Chron., 1850, p. 77.
^ Levy. Z.D.M.G.. 1867, p. 462; Drouin in Serrure's Bull, de Num.. vii,
1900, p. 98 ; Allotte de la Fuye. Cor. Num.. p. 93.
'' See Drouin, Jlev. Arch.. 1884, iv, pp. 165, 231.
clxxiv INTKODUCTION
politan crown, with stepped battlements.^ There also appears, in
the field of the obverse, a monogram or rather a symbol,^ which
reminds us of the Himyarite coinage more than of any other.
The fabric of the coins of this king inclines to be thin and flat,
and difters notably from that of the coins of Darius II and
Oxathres ; so that it may 1 lelong to a different district.
FOURTH SERIES.
Col. Allotte de la Fuye having terminated his study of the series
with Artaxerxes II, w" e have to rely, for assistance ^ in reading
the inscriptions on the succeeding and still more difficult coins,
chiefly on the work of Mordtmann and Justi.* The script is so
slovenly that it seems desirable to see what can be done towards
a classification based not merely on the readings of the inscriptions
but also on fabric and style and other features which the linguist
is apt to neglect. In what follows, this more strictly numismatic
evidence has been taken into account as far as possible.
The coins which remain to be considered in this way probably
cover a period of about two centuries, bringing us down to the
beginning of the Sassanian coinage under Ardashir I (a. d. 226).
There may, as Col. Allotte de la Fuye points out, have been a gap
in the succession in Persis during this last period, seeing that the
Arsacid Gotarzes was able to set up a bas-relief commemorating a
victory at Persepolis.
The name Namopat or Nemopat, which has been read on the
coins catalogued on pp. 225, 226 (PI. XXXIV. 6 ff.), is not otherwise
' Col. Allotte de la Fuye possesses an unusual drachm on which the king
wears no crown, but is diademed.
- For it is obviously not composed of any signs found in the writing of the
time. Something of the same kind appears on Col. Biddulph's drachm of
Darius II (PI. LIII. 1).
'■ Apart from that which has been generously afforded l>y Col. de la Fuye
himself and M. de Morgan in correspondence with me.
* In his Iranisches Namenbtich and Gesch. Iraiis (pp. 487-8). Though
following Mordtmann on the whole, he makes a number of useful corrections
in the latter's readings.
PERSIS clxXV
known.^ His father was Artahshatr/^ possibly the second of
that name, whose coins we have included in the third series. The
star and crescent type (representing the conjunction of Venus and
the Moon), either by. itself (as on no. 10 and on the Paris drachm,
PI. LIII. 3), or combined with the figure of the king, is characteristic
of this group of coins. There is also a small group '^ with the
king's bust (instead of his figure) facing the star and crescent,
which may be associated with Namopat (PI. XXXIV. 18-21) ; but
I have failed to make anything of the inscriptions ; and, as the
l)ust on the obverse wears a low tiara instead of the mural crown,
a different person may be intended. On no. 3 the last three letters
may, as M. de Morgan suggests, represent M[L]KA ; the rest may
be a blundered rendering of some name ending in -pat. M. de
Morgan suggests NaPat or NaMUPat ; Col. de la Fuye KaPAT.
Close to the coins of Namopat, in the manner of dressing the
hair, though the mural crown is lacking and the king wears a
simple diadem, are the coins with a triskeles on the reverse (p. 229,
nos. 1-3, PI. XXXV. 1-3). On some pieces of this type, Mordt-
mann ^ has read the name of * Darius, king, son of Artaxerxes (II) '.
I confess that neither on the specimens before me, nor yet in the
facsimiles which he gives of the legends, can I see , satisfactory
grounds for so reading the first name. No. 1, indeed, certainly
contains a ^, the only certain letter of the first name, and Justi's
suggestion ^ of ' Pakur Malka barah Vahumitr ' seems to be much
nearer the mark. As regards the father's name, no. 1 in the
British Museum and a small piece at Paris (here PI. LIII. 4) seem
^ See Justi, Iran. Namenbuch, s. v. Nemopat ; Drouin in Serrure's Bull, de
Xumism., vii, 1900, p. 98. Mordtmann's reading of the name as " Yezdekert'
{Z.f. N.. iv, p. 176) is manifestly wrong.
^ Justi {op. cit., p. 37) reads the inscription, on a coin illustrated by
Mordtmann [loc. cit., PL II. 17), as ' Artanobocat (?) '; whether he is trusting
entirely to Mordtmann's facsimile, he does not say. The coin is of the same
type as our no. 10, PI. XXXIV. 15. and the little piece on which Drouin
[loc. cit.) reads Namopat.
2 Called ' Prince X ' by M. de Morgan.
^ Z.f.N.,\y.^. 178.
^ h-an. Nam., p. 239, no. 10.
clxwi INTRODUCTION
to <;-ive tJ^nini (so Allotte de la Fiiye) or Dn*in"|/ and on the other
<h-achm (no. 2) I cannot make out anything but the word nil.
Col. de la Fuye accepts the reading Pakur for nos. 1 and 2 on
p. 229 and, reading the father's name K^mni, i.e. VaHUHSHaTR,
would regard Pakur as the son of the Oxathres whose coins are
classed in the previous period ; indeed, he thinks that the father's
portrait may be represented on the son's coins. This reading
seems to have the most in its favour. M. de Morgan agrees as
to the Oxathres, but would read that of the son as PiRUC, which
seems to me to be less probable.
With this group, judging by the king's dress, we may also
perhaps connect the curious drachm (p. 231, no. 1, PI. XXXV. 9)
with a flying bird on the reverse, and a long, unfortunatel}" very
difficult inscription, of which no one has made anything.
The name Pakur may also perhaps be read on the fine drachm,'^
p. 229, no. 4, PL XLVIII. 17 ; and on the hemidrachms, p. 230,
nos. 8 and 9. The inscription on the reverse of the hemidrachm
no. 8 is unfortunately very obscure. Col. de la Fuye suggests that
it is the same as on the obverse, and so does M. de Morgan (the
latter reading in each case Pirouz instead of Pakur). The names
would thus be of father and son, and the coin would belong to
a Pakiir (Pirouz) II.
General resemblance of the king's bust to that of Darius II
(cp. PI. XXXV. 10 ff. with PI. XXXII. 5 ff.), a comparatively thick
fabric, and a tendency to arrange the reverse inscription " in a
square, prompt us to place early in this series the large group
on which Mordtmann " has read ' Minutschetr Malka bar Jezdikert '
and Justi ^ ' Kawat Malka bareh Kamopat Malka '. Mordtmann
has lumped together two groups of coins ; on one (which we may
^ Whicli suggests Vehvehnam (Justi. p. 360).
^ It is true that there appears to be one minim too many on this piece for
my reading.
3 Z.f. N., iv. p. 179. nos. 119 ff.
* Iran. Nam., p. 159, no. 4. The reading Kawat (Qobild) is in the first place
due to Thomas {Xtim. Chron., 1850, p. 105).
PERSis clxxvii
consider later) the bust on the reverse is beardless ; on the other,
the group "vvith which we are immediately concerned, the bust is
bearded. It is of this group that Allotte de la FuVe publishes
a specimen/ with the pertinent remark that the portraits on the
two sides are so much alike that we cannot suppose one to represent
a king of Persis, and the other his Arsacid suzerain ; they must
be father and son.
Allotte de la Fuye does not discuss the reading ; but there can
be no doubt that Mordtmann,^ in his reading of our no. 3, has
misread the title X^/D as the beginning of the king's name. This
really begins above the bust, and consists of only four letters, of
which the first is a mere minim, and may be read as 1, ), *, ^, 7, |,
or "n, while the last two are without doubt riJ< : there is, I think,
equally little doubt that the second letter is 3.^ We thus have
a name of two syllables ending in -pat, and the only forms which
suggest themselves are Kapat "^ and Napat.
As regards the name of the father of Kapat (as we may call him,
subject to correction), Mordtmann's ' Jezdikert ' may be at once
dismissed. The name is obviously the same as that which has been
read DSIJ^J (Xamopat or Nemopat) on a group already discussed.
Why Justi-^ should read it Kamopat, seeing that there is no }«s
between the first and second letters, he does not explain.
The father of Kapat does not, however, seem to be the same as
the Namopat, son of Artaxerxes, who struck coins ; for Kapat s
1 Cor. Num.. p. 94, no. 78. PI 111.
2 pp. 179-80. 1)0. 119.
^ On the earlier coins I can find no evidence of ^ having taken this form,
although Drouin and others record it in their tables as a Proto-Pehlvi form,
and it is found on the Parthian coins with Pehlvi inscriptions. Col. de la Fuye
confirms me in the identification of the P : ' c'est une des lettres qui conserve
le mieux sa forme dans toute la numismatique de la Perside et qui se distingue
nettement dans les legendes plus ou moins barbares.'
* Whether this form is found elsewhere 1 do not know, nor whether it may
merely be a variety of Kavat (which is KnjddSrjs, Qobad) ; but I suggest that
it is, in view of the fact that Artapates may, through Artabates, become
Ardoates (i.e. Ardavat) ; see Justi, Iran. Nam., p. 21, s. v. Ardoates. The
reading Napat is preferred by M. de Morgan.
^ IixiH. Xa>n.. p. 154. »
z
Clxxviii INTRODUCTION
coins, as we have seen, seem to follow closely in style on those of
Darius II, whereas the NamOpat who struck coins seems to have
been the son of Artaxerxes II who was the son of Darius II.
We probably have to do with rulers reigning contemporaneously
in diflferent parts of Persis ; possibly after Autophradates II there
was a division of territories, at the end of the second period, and
the father of Kapat may have been contemporary with Darius II,
but have struck no coins.
In this Catalogue, the main series of coins attributed to Kapat is
divided into two groups, according as the king's bust on the obverse
has a neck-piece to the tiara, covering the back-hair (PI. XXXV. 10 —
XXXVI. 3), or has no neck-piece, so that the back-hair projects in
a waved mass (PI. XXXVI. 4-11), In each of these groups, how-
ever, a further distinction is noticeable, in that the hair of the bust
on the reverse is also treated in two ways. On most of those
pieces which show the hair of this bust in a thick waved mass
behind (pp. 232-5. 1-3, 12, 22-8), the inscription is fairly legible ;
l)ut on nearly all of those in which the hair falls more smoothly on
to the neck (pp. 232-5, 4-11, 13-20, 29), the inscription appears to
break down, and it is seldom possible to see any relation to the
reading of the other group. It can hardly be that all these coins
with the illegible inscription are merely unintelligent copies of the
others, since they correspond with an actual variation of the type.
As regards the two heads on coins of Kapat — and on other coins
on which heads appear on both sides — they must, as Col. de la Fuye
has already suggested, be father and son. The portrait with the
tiara and without the inscription must be that of the son, who
issued the coins. On Kapat's coins, therefore, the diademed head
represents Namopat.
The group of coins ^ which show a head in tiara accompanied by
triskeles symbol on the obverse, and a formal representation of
a diadem^ on the reverse (PI. XXXVI. 12-19), is connected by its
* ' Prince Y ' according to M. de Morgan's nomenclature.
2 This type already occurs under Namopat (p. 227, nos. 11, 12, PI. XXXIV.
16, 17),
PEESis clxxix
fabric with the Kapat series. But the work, though occasionally
neat (as in no. 5, p. 237, PI, XXXVI. 15), is usually very poor; the
inscription, when anything is left of it, is reduced by the smallness
of the flans to portions of a few letters.
These coins belong to Mordtmann's classes XY and XVI (pp. 178-9).
He has taken the triskeles, on the only specimen where he has
observed it, for ^^. The type of the reverse is to be compared with
the diadem on certain coins of Susiana (PL XLI. 26-7) ; but usually
on the Persepolitan coins the ends of the diadem, instead of being
kept outside the double circle, fall down in front of it; PI. XXXVI. 20
is an exception.
Here, in connexion with the coins just discussed, for lack of a better
place, we may mention the drachm, half-drachm, and obol (p. 239,
PI. XXXVI. 21-3), which, like those of Kapat, have a head in a
tiara on the obverse, and a bearded diademed head on the reverse.
The types and the arrangement of the long circular inscription on
the reverse connect these coins with the Kapat series, whereas the
flatter fabric, together with the placing of an inscription along the
back of the head on the obverse, is more in the fashion of the next
series to be discussed. The remains of the inscription on the
obverse seem to me to indicate Vatafradat malkd ^ ; unfortunately
the beginning of the name is very uncertain.
We now come (p. 241, PL XXXVII. 3-9) to the coins (confused
by Mordtmann with those discussed above) on which the bust on
the reverse is beardless. Justi ^ agrees with Mordtmann in reading
on these coins the name of Manucithr (Mordtmann : Minutscheher ;
Justi: Manusci^ra) Malka, i.e. J^^Sd ^^H^^)^. The beardless
head (which, on the fine specimen no. 1, PL XXXVII. 3, is also
^ Thomas {Nttm. Chron., 1872, p. 42) read Aturdat Malkd. Mordtmann
{Z.f. N., iv, p. 183, after no. 147) considered the piece false, but gave no
reasons. Before it was cleaned, it certainly had an unpleasant appearance,
but there seems no ground for doubting its authenticity. Col. Allotte de la
Fuye agrees that it is genuine, but inclines to read M(?)iT(?)RDaT as on the
Arsacid coins of Mithradates VI (whose date, A. n. 116 according to Gutschmid,
would agree fairly well with that of our coin).
- Iran. Nam., p. 192, no. 3.
CIXXX INTRODUCTION
identified as a king Manucithr, i. e. tlie first of that name) is
doubtless that of tlie father of the king Manucithr who struck
these coins, and who must be called Manucithr II, adding one to
Mordtmann's numeration of the kings of that name. This beard-
less head usually has the hair dressed up in a thick mass on the
crown of the head. A similar treatment of the hair is seen on
obverses of the small group (p. 240, PI. XXXVI. 24-6, XXXVII.
1, 2, and the Paris specimen, PI. LIII. 5), which bear on the reverse a
radiate beardless diademed bust, inscribed, apparently K3 /^ ^"Ifl^S.^
It would seem that in these beardless busts, whether radiate or
not, we should recognize deified ancestors. The Paris drachm
gives us the name of the reigning sovereign, namely, Artaxerxes
(Artahshatr).
Coming to the coins of Manucithr III, son of Manucithr II
(J). 243, PI. XXXVII. 12, 13), we see, in the fabric, a distinct approxi-
mation to the flat Sassanian style. Mordtmann (p. 182, no. 141)
reads the inscription on one specimen : (obv.) Minutschetri Malka,
(rev.) Nafi (i. e. grandson) Minutschetri Malk Malka. He suggests
that the son of Manucithr I died during his father's lifetime,-
which would account for the second king of the name describing
himself as grandson of the first. But of the two specimens of the
coinage in this Catalogue, one describes the king clearly as son
(ni^) of Manucithr.^ We have already seen that the first Manucithr
to issue money seems to have placed on the reverse of his coins
the beardless head of a predecessor, probably father, of the same
name. If Mordtmann's reading of the Alishan specimen is correct,
then the grandfather referred to is the beardless king in question.
^ Col. Allotte de la Fuye also reads MTR on a piece in his collection. He
suggests a connexion with the reading MTRDT which he proposes for the coin
which I have read VTPRDT (above, p. clxxix, note 1).
'^ A suggestion which he supposes to be confirmed by the large number of
coins which he has ascribed to the first king of that name. But most of those
coins are of Kai^at, as has been shown above.
^ Col. Allotte de la Fuye thinks that the letters on the left of the head on
the reverse of p. 243, no. 1, the source of Mordtmann's *i^y come from an
earlier partly effaced inscription, or from a countermark. They seem to me ,
(as to M. de Morgan) to be the remains of X5I7/I3]-
PERSis clxxxi
The liemidrachm no. 3 (PL XXXVII. 14) is also to be attributed
to this third Manucithr. It is probably similar to Mordtmann's
no. 142.
The latest issue of Persepolitan coins represented in this collection
was made in the name of Artaxerxes IV, son of Manucithr (p. 244,
PI. XXXVII. 15-19 ; Mordtmann, pp. 183-4). The kings name is
sometimes on the reverse, around a radiate head wearing the
Persepolitan walled crown ; which head, however, is doubtless that
of his deified father, whose name is written against it on no. 3 and
perhaps on no. 4. The coins of this king fall into two groups ;
those which have Manucithr's name on the reverse (nos. 3 and 4)
are of less flat fabric than the others (nos. 1, 2, and 5).
Mordtmann closes his study of the series with two coins which
he reads ' King Tiridat ' and ' Tiridat son of Ardeshir '. The former
name is on a coin at Berlin (Prokesch-Osten) ; the latter he reads
on a coin figured by Thomas ^ ; but in order to read the father's
name it is necessary to assume that two letters have been dropped
in the middle, for all that the coin shows is *inn*1X. As a matter
of fact, the inscriptions on both sides of this coin are the same as
on no. 4 of Manucithr II, and the father's name must be, as in that
case, Manucithr also. No. 4 however, apart from its obverse
inscription, is exactly like nos. 3 and 5, both of which seem to
contain in their obverse legends certain elements of ^^iH^JJi.
Markofi''s coin,^ which Justi " groups with the two described
by Mordtmann, has only three letters of the king's name left on
the obverse; the reverse is uninscribed, with a type like no. 2
of Manucithr II. Markofi" reads the name as rni[^n], thus con-
firming Mordtmann's view. It is possible, therefore, that there
was a Tiridates, son of the original Manucithr, who struck coins
indistinguishable, save in their inscriptions, from those of Manu-
cithr II. But the readings are so uncertain that I have preferred
^ Num. Chron., 1872, PI. II. 5.
2 Monn. Arsac, Suharsac, &c. (1889), PI. 1. 686.
^ Iran. Nam., p. 327, no. 9.
Clxxxii INTRODUCTION
to leave our hemidrachm no. 4 with the others which it so closely
resembles.
For the relationships of this last family of Persepolitan kings
we may therefore propose the following- scheme :
Manucithr I
Manucithr II Tiridates ?
Manucithr III
I
Artaxerxes IV
A late Persepolitan coin which it is difficult to fit in with any
of the other series is represented by a few specimens, of which two
are catalogued on p. 242, PI. XXXVII. 10, 11. The remarkable
reverse type has a faint suggestion of Indian influence.^ On the
first specimen the inscriptions on both sides of the figure appear
to be identical, except that on the left it is read inwards from left
to right instead of as usual from right to left. Both suggest
MaLKA, but in addition there is a fifth sign of which only the
bottom of the upright stroke is visible. On the other specimen
the inscription on the left of the figure may be as on the first.
M. de Morgan, to whom a cast of the Museum specimen was
submitted, suggests RTCR for the inscription on the right (for
Artaxerxes II, father of Namopat ?) ; but, as he points out, the
name is difterently written on Namopat's coins; and in any case
the style of the coin appears to me to be later than the time of
that Artaxerxes.
ELYMAIS— SUSIANA.
Elymais, which, at any rate for the most part, was identical
with Susiana,- maj^ be briefly described as the country between
' Cp. Mao and Mithro on coins of Kanishka, B.M. C., Greek and Scythic
Kings. PL XXVI. 9, 10.
- Weissbacli in Paulj-Wissowa, v, 1908, cols. 2458-67, gives a convenient
ELYMAIS — SUSIANA clxxxiii
Babylonia and Persis, about the valleys of the Choaspes and
Eulaeus, with Susa as its chief city.
Of its cults, something can be gleaned from incidental references.
Antiochus III was killed in an attempt to plunder the treasury
of a temple of ' Belos' in Elymais'; and Antiochus IV, in 164 B.C.,
made a similar attempt on a temple of a goddess who is variously
called ' Artemis ' (Poly bins, Josephus), ' Aphrodite ' (Appian),
' Nanaia ' (2 Mace. i. 13), i. e. the Babylonian Nature-goddess
Nanai/ the Nana or Nanaia of Indo-Scythic coins, and perhaps
also to be identified with the Persian Anaitis. of whom Aelian
mentions a temple, in the land of Elymais, where tame lions were
kept. The temple, or one of the temples, of Artemis was known
as TO. "A^apa ; this and a temple of Athena were robbed by
Mithradates the Great of 10,000 talents. It seems safe to assume
that these goddesses are the Artemis and Athena who appear in
Greek guise on the later coins (PI. XLII. 13-21) ; and the City-
goddess whose radiate bust forms an earlier type (PI. XXXIX. 14 ff.)
is generally also identified with the local Artemis. The Zeus of
the earliest coins (PI. XXXVIII. 1-6), on the other hand, may repre-
sent the Belos who is mentioned in connexion with Antiochus III.
The ' anchor ' which occurs on most of the coins is usually supposed
to be derived from the Seleucid symbol, and may, if that is so,
indicate some claim of the local kings to Seleucid descent ; for
after the death of Alexander Susa was part of the Seleucid
dominions. Very similar objects occur on coins attributed to
Phraates III (l) and Orodes I of Parthia ^ ; on some of the latter
coins it is capped by a crescent or trident-shaped ornament. The
association with the crescent and star or pellet on the coins of
Elymais is very close. Parthian coins which bear this symbol
may have been meant, as Wroth suggests, for circulation in Elymais,
or to emphasize the Parthian king's suzerainty over that kingdom.
summary of its geography and history, with full references, which need not
here be repeated.
^ Wagner in Roscher's Lexikon, s.v. Nana.
2 Wroth, B. M. C, Parthia, PI. XI. 14 and XVII. 7 ff., and p. Ixxvi.
clxxxiv INTRODUCTION
But we are not by this brought any nearer to the interpretation
of the object, which may, after all, be not an anchor at all, but
a sacred symbol associated with some deity of Susa.
The coinage begins in the second century B.C., under the dynasty
of Kamnaskires. It has been studied with great care by Col. Allotte
de la Fuye, whose three contributions to the subject make reference
to earlier publications unnecessary.^
The earliest coinage directly associated with Elymais is the
remarkable Alexandrine tetradrachm of Aspeisas, governor of
Susiaua under Antigonus.^
The only literary mention of any later ruler of Elymais is to
be found in the text of Pseudo-Lucian ^ : Kal MvaaKipr]^ 8e
jSaaLXev? TIap6vai(ov e^ kol kvevrjKovTa 'i^-qa^v err], wliich Long-
pdrier, on the evidence of the coins, emended to Ka/xuaa-Kiprj^ S^
/Sao-iAeyy, ktX. This Kamnaskires is called king of the Parthians,
it is true, but the author could hardly be expected to distinguish
between a king of the Parthians and his vassal of Elymais.
Which of the kings of the name is referred to, it seems impossible
to decide, for there is no certainty in the proposed attribution of
the various coins with the name to three or four different kings.
It is certain that the dynasty lasted for some time ; for the earliest
coin, by its style, is evidently of about the middle of the second
^ (I) Rev. Num., 1902, pp. 92-114 ('La Dynastie des Kamnaskires', dealing
■with the earlier coinage).
(II) ' Monnaies de TElymaide' in Mission de.Morgav, tome viii (1905), Avhich
describes the coins in the hoard found in 1900 and other coins supposed to
be contemporary with them, and also others which are known, and are
presumably later than the contents of the said hoard.
(III) 'Les Monnaies de I'Elymaide ' in Rev. Num., 1919, which modifies his
previous classification in the light of new material.
It may be noted here that, apart from the earlier coins of silver, and the
bronze ' tetradrachms', the great mass of the coins in the British Museum
comes from two donations made in 1909 by Lt. A. T. Wilson (now Sir Arnold
Wilson, K.C.I.E.). The first donation consists of coins found in a hoard at
Susa ; the provenance of the second does not appear to be certain, but that
the coins came from a hoard, and from Susa, seems to be probable. In the
indications below the text the coins from the latter donation are distinguished
by a mark of interrogation after the word ' Susa '. A certain number of the
ELYMAIS — SUSIANA clxXXV
century b. c. ; the Kamnaskires who married Anzaze dated his
coins in the year 231 a. s. (= 82-81 B.C.); and there is a long
coins from these two donations are too badly preserved to be included in this
Catalogue, or even to be classified with complete certainty. Approximately,
however, Allotte de la Fuye's various groups are represented as follows in the
two donations.
Classification according to
First donation
Second donation
Allotte de la Fuye.
(from Susa).
(from Susa ?).
Kamnaskires
Type B a
7
Orodes I
Type A a 1
„ „ 2
„ „ 3 (Fortune)
18
—
10
3
„ ., 3 (Anchor, &c.)
30
3
„ Ad (Eagle)
—
—
., ., (Diadem)
—
—
Orodes II
Type A d or A e 1 (Bust)
12
—
„ „ „ 2 (Dashes)
38
4
„ Bb 1
3
—
„ ,, 2
31
2
Phraates
Type A b 1 (Artemis)
11
3
,, „ 1 (Dashes)
23
3
M Ac 1
1
2
., ., 2 (Eagle)
—
2
„ „ 2 (Diadem)
5
„ Ad
2
Phraataces
Type B c
—
X
Type B d
—
Orodes III
Type B e (Anchor)
—
—
•
,, ,, (Artemis)
—
7
„ Bf
1
--
Orodes IV
Type B g
10
.5
Y
Type B h
—
1
Z
Type B i
14
6
Vologeses
Type B j
1
2
Chosroes
Type B k
Total
—
—
210
50
Another important addition to the Museum series was made in 1920 by
the generosity of Monsieur J. de Morgan. All the pieces presented by him
are chai-acterized by their excellent preservation, especially as I'egards the
inscriptions. They came from a hoard found at Dizful.
'•^ Robinson in Num. Chron., 1921, p. 37.
■^ Macrohii, c. 16.
2 a
Clxxxvi INTRODUCTION
series of coins showing a progressive degradation of the types.
A certain number of these degraded types are associated in hoards
with the coins attributable to kings of the names of Orodes and
Phraates. Allotte de la Fuye, who was formerly inclined to
identify Orodes I and Phraates of Elymais with the Parthian
kings of the same names, is now of opinion that they are later,
and belong to the end of the first and beginning of the second
centur}' after Christ. A specimen of the bronze tetradrachms of
the Kamnaskires class was found together with Characenian coins
of Attambelos III and IV and Theoneses III, which belong to the
period a. D. 93-111; and this would seem to indicate that the
Kamnaskires coinage came to an end in the second half of the first
century. The period covered by the coinage from the reign of the
Kamnaskires who married Anzaze, to the reign of Orodes I, seems
to have lasted about a century and a half. Then follow the reigns
of Orodes I, Phraates, Orodes II and their successors, bringing us
down, perhaps, to the latter part of the second century.
The identification of the Orodes and Phraates of Elymais with
Parthian namesakes being now discarded by its proposer, there
remains another suggested link between the two series, in the
bronze coin attributed to Chosroes of Parthia, whom Allotte de la
Fuye is inclined to regard as the successor of Phraates. This will
be discussed in its place ; meanwhile, without accepting the inter-
polation of the coin in the series of Elymais, we ma}' agree to the
attribution of the coin to Chosroes.
Adhering in the main to the principles established by Allotte
de la Fuye for the distinction of the various groups of coins, but
omitting the more precarious elements of his classification, we note
the following groups.
I.
Kamnaskires I Nikephoros.
M Attic tetradrachm (Paris) : Ohv. Portrait ^ in the style of the
Seleucid coins of the first half of the second century; rev. BAZI-
' Sieveking's notion [Rev. Arch., 1903, i, p. 344 f.) that this is a portrait of
ELYMAIS — SUSIANA clxXXvii
AEflZ KA/^NIZKIP0YNIKH<|)0P0Y. Apollo seated on omphalos,
holding two arrows.
Rev. Num., 1902, PI. V. 1 ; here PI. LIII. 6.
Another at Berlm {Z.f. N., 1898, p. 231). Drachms of the same
type, without the epithet NIKH<t>0P0Y, also exist.
II.
Ktnnnashires II and Anzaze. 231 and 232 a. s. = 82/1 and 81/0 b. c.
M Tetradrachms and drachm, as nos. 1-4 in this Catalogue
(PI. XXXVIII. 1-4 and LIII. 7). Cf. Rev. Num., I. c, p. 99, no. 2,
p. 102, no. 5.
III.
KamTiashires III, son of (the Great 'i) King Kamnaskires II.
251 A. s. 0) = 62/1 B. c.
(rt) M Tetradrachms {Rev. Num., I.e., p. 100, no. 3, PI. V. 3, here
PI. LIII. 8) and drachms, as p. 247, nos. 1, 2, PI. XXXVIII. 5, 6.
The portrait is that of a young man. The tetradrachm reads
BacriXioos Ka/xuaaKipov TOYEP BaaiXeois Ka/xi/aaKipov. Allotte
de la Fuye rejects the interpretations of the doubtful word or
words as OYAEP (for Volagases) or TOY Efiyouov), in favour
of TOY(M')Er(aAoi'), which is partly supported by the reading
TOYAEr found in group (b). Even this, however, seems a very
doubtful emendation. The drachms seem to have the same inscrip-
tion as the tetradrachms in an even more decrepit form.
(b) M Tetradrachms and smaller denominations {Rev. Num., I.e.,
p. 100 f ., no. 4, p. 103 f .,nos. 6-10) ; see p. 248 f ., nos. 3-11 (PI. XXXVIII.
7-14 ; LIII. 9). The head on the obverse would appear to represent
Kamnaskires II, while that on the reverse, with short round beard, is
not unlike the heads on the obverses of group (a), which may be taken
for Kamnaskires III. The specimen of the drachm in Sir Charles
Oman's Collection (3-86 gm., here PI. LIII. 10) seems to read
Antiochus IV as suzerain of Kamnaskires, and Blum's {B.C.H., 1915, p. 24)
that, if it is a Seleucid, it would more probably be Antiochus V, need only
be mentioned here.
clxXXViii INTRODUCTION
iPAIIAMi above, il'NAI on r., OYMBAMAI on 1.; the exergue
is obliterated.
Among the less degenerate specimens of this group are two^
which appear to be dated : one of them either TO or TO (309
or 370 A. s. = 4/3 b. c. or a. d. 58/9) and the other - HZ, i. e. pre-
sumably TZZ (368 A. s. = A. D. 56/7). As the two specimens are
much alike, it is to be presumed that the date of the former is
TO rather than TO. These coins appear to me to be mere
imitations, struck hy later rulers, of the types and inscriptions of
the earlier coins, the only attempted change being in the dates
which they bear. It seems therefore hopeless to attempt to assign
them to different kings of the name of Kamnaskires, as Allotte
de la Fuye does,^ although, as there is no change in the types,
we may assume that one dynasty kept the throne throughout the
period of this coinage.
(c) Modification of the previous obverse type, probably an
attempt at portraying a definite king. The hair is treated in such
a way as to suggest the brim of a hat. Above the anchor symbol
on the tetradrachms is usually a four-pointed star in a crescent ;
on the drachms the star is reduced to a pellet. See PI. XXXIX. 1-10,
LIII. 11, and Rev. Num., 1902, PI. V. 11-13: 1919, PL I. 5-8.
The metal is either very base silver (potin) or bronze. Col. Allotte
de la Fuye calls the king represented by these coins Kamnaskires VI ;
traces of the name may indeed be found on some specimens. A
rosette which he finds in place of the crescent above the anchor
on a drachm is compared by him to a similar symbol on coins
of Characene attributed to Attambelos IV (412-16 a. s.).^ But,
in the first place, it will be seen from our PI. XLIV. 6 that the
symbol on the coin of Attambelos is not a rosette but a star; and,
in the second, there appears in any case to be little difference
between the rosette on the drachm in question and the symbol,
1 Eev. Num., 1919, pp. 59-60, PI. I. 1, 2.
^ See his latest views: Eev. Num., 1919, p. 61 and pp, 71-2.
^ Presumably the coiu published by Babelon, Melanges, iii, PL VII. 6.
ELYMAIS — SUSIANA clxxxix
half star, half rosette, above the anchor on a tetradrachm of an
earlier type, such as that illustrated in PI. XXXVIII. 8 (where, it
is true, the symbol, owing to the worn state of the coin, cannot
be seen in the reproduction). This symbol therefore hardly helps
us to a date. But an indication is furnished by the fact that
one of the tetradrachms of the group at present under consideration
(' Kamnaskires VI ') was found in the hoard of Characenian tetra-
drachms discovered by de Sarzec at Tello in 1878. These
tetradrachms range from 365 a. s. (a. D. 53) to 423 a. s. (a. D. 111).
As the coin of ' Kamnaskires VI ' was poorly preserved, Allotte
de la Fuye thinks it may belong to about 380 a. s. (a. d. 68). Since
the head on the coins of this king is always that of an old man,
M. de la Fuye supposes that he may be the Kamnaskires who is
recorded to have reached the age of ninety-six years.
(d) The tetradrachm no. 31, PI. XXXIX. 11 (presented by Sir
Charles Oman, whose own specimen, weighing 13-10 gm., is figured
in PL LIII. 12) appears to show a portrait distinct from that on
the tetradrachms just discovered. In front of the bust on Sir
Charles Oman's specimen is the trace of a second symbol (another
anchor?). The reverse type appears to be a head to l, but of the
inscription I can make nothing.
The degeneration of the reverse type culminates in the field
semd with dashes which is so characteristic of the later coinage
of Elymais. Henceforward the coinage seems to make no pretence
of being of any metal more precious than bronze ; though the
distinction between two main denominations, corresponding to
the original tetradrachms and drachms, seems to be preserved for
some time. But no ' tetradrachms ' are known that can be attri-
buted to any king later than Phraates ; and even in the weights
of the ' drachms ' there is a distinct falling off as time goes on.
The Greek inscriptions become progressively blundered, and the
Aramaic, which appear first with Orodes I, become no easier
to read.
CXC INTRODUCTION
Orodes I.
With this king the character of the coinage changes considerably.
The tetradrachm is very rare. The apparently unique Paris
specimen, from de Morgan's find, is illustrated in PI, LIII. 13. It
bears the king's name in Aramaic, Uriid Malka, and is the only
known coin of this king with Aramaic inscription.^
To this king Allotte de la Fuye also attributes a small group
of drachms with the facing head wearing a tiara (described as not
ornamented with crescents) and on the reverse either an eagle
holding a diadem in his beak, or a double diadem flanked by two
crescents containing pellets.- There were no specimens of these
coins in de Morgan's find. Further, the same or similar types occur
under Phraates,^ a king subsequent to those represented in the find.
The question therefore arises whether all coins of these types do
not belong to the time of Phraates. The absence of the crescents
from the tiara on the coins attributed to Orodes I may possibly
be due to the worn state of the coins. In this Catalogue all
the coins of these types are placed under Phraates. An alternative,
still preferable to assigning them to Orodes I, would be to give
them to Orodes II, w^ho uses the facing head wearing a tiara
without crescents. I cannot see what reason there is for assigning
these coins to Orodes I rather than to either of the other kings,
with whose types they seem to accord better.
Assuming, as seems probable, that the coins of Orodes I follow
on the coins dated in a . s. 368 and 370, and that the coin of
Chosroes which was represented by a solitary specimen in de
Morgan's find was struck by the Parthian king of that name, who
reigned approximately from a. ^. 406 to 441 (a. d. 94-129), Allotte
^ On the nature of the Aramaic script of the coins of Elymais, and the
differences as between the tetradrachms and the smaller coins, perhaps
pointing to local influence, see Rev. Num., 1919, p. 69.
- Mission de Morgan, PI. XIV, nos. 142-4.
^ ibid., PI. XIV, nos. 150-2. The tiara of the king on these coins is
described as adorned with two crescents containing pellets.
ELYMAIS SUSIAXA CXCl
de la Fuye dates between 370 and 440 all the kings represented
in de Morgan's find, from and including Kamnaskires VI, viz. :
Kamnaskires VI.
Orodes I.
Orodes II (Kamnaskires-Orodes, son of Orodes I).
Phraates, son of Orodes I.
Chosroes.
Even if we do not accept the attribution to Elymais of the coin
of Chosroes, its evidence for the dating of the hoard remains
unimpaired, so that we may regard the kings Orodes I and his
successors as having reigned approximately within the limits
A. D. 58 and 128. Whether those successors were two or three
depends on whether the identification of Orodes II with Kamna-
sldres-Orodes is to be accepted or rejected.
Orodes II.
All the coins attributed to this king represent him facing; the
inscription, where there is any, is in Aramaic. The only reverse
type is the bust of Artemis facing; the coins which do not show
this have merely scattered dashes on the reverse. The inscription
Urud Malka} sometimes with the addition Bari Urud, identifies
the king as Orodes son of Orodes. But there is a group of coins ^
on which the king's bust is shown with two large lateral tufts
of hair. Some of these are inscribed Urud Malha Bari Urud
(Mcdka). But some of the drachms read KUMaSKIR URUD
MaLKA, and the tetradrachms KaBXaH(Z)KIR URUD MaLKa
BaR URUD MaLKA.^ Allotte de la Fuye maintains that Orodes
and Kamnaskires- (or Kumaskires-) Orodes are one and the same
king. Certainly we may agree that all the coins with the bust
having large lateral tufts of hair belong to one and the same
' Well seen on the Paris specimen, PI. LIII. 14.
'^ Mission de Morgan, p. 52, nos. 70-116 and 145, here Fl. XL. 20 IF. and
PI. IjIII. 15 (Paris specimen).
^ See especially the fine specimen from the Petrowicz Collection, Bev. Nian.,
1919, p. 68, and PL 1. 10.
CXCll INTRODUCTION
person ; and, if this is so, it is clear that he did not always think
it necessary to prefix the Kamnaskires or Kumaskires to his
name Orodes. A further fact in favour of assigning both groups
of coins to the same king is that the facing bust of Artemis is
found on them and them alone.
An unpublished variety of the coinage of Kamnaskires-Orodes
is illustrated in PI. LIII. 16, by the permission of the owner,
M. J. de Morgan. On the reverse is a curious bearded head 1.,
with an inscription which M. de Morgan reads iij7J2 Till ^Dl^
(Kumn. Urud Malka).
Phraates.
That this king was the son of Orodes is proved by the unique
tetradrachm, p. 274, no. 23, PI. XLI. 16.^ This is the king's only
coin with Aramaic inscription ; the lettering on his smaller coins,
when there is any, is Greek. He introduces the type of Artemis
huntress; the eagle and diadem types attributed to him have
already been mentioned (p. cxc).^
After Phraates, Allotte de la Fuye proposes to interpolate a
bronze coin^ with an uncertain Greek legend, possibly BACA€Y
XOCPOI. The head-dress of the king on this coin is certainly
in favour of the attribution to Chosroes, whose date may be taken
approximately as A. D. 94-129. The type of the huntress Artemis
on the reverse, combined with the fact that a specimen was
1 Discussed by Allotte de la Fuye, Bev. Num., 1919, p. 67 f. The lettering
is somewhat peculiar, but there can be little doubt that the last two letters
of the king's name (JlX) are legible in the first line of the inscription. The
J^ approximates to the Mandaean form, as shown in Allotte de la Fuyes table
on p. 43 of the Mission de Morgan, t. viii.
^ None of the coins with these types bears any inscription ; Allotte de la
Fuye's attribution of them depends on the resemblance of the bust to that
on inscribed coins.
'■^ Line engravings of four specimens in Mission de Morgan, viii, p. 31 ;
photographic reproductions, ibid., PI. Xlll. 138; Petrowicz, Taf. XXI. 12;
B. M. C, Parthia, PI. XXXVII. 4 ; Rev. Num , 1919, PL II. 21. On p. 70 of the
last-mentioned publication will be found Allotte de la Fuye's latest view of
the question.
ELYMAIS — SUSIANA CXCIU
included in de Morgan's Susa find of coins of Elymais, has led
to the inclusion of this coin in the series of Elymais.'
There is, however, a most striking difference between the fabric
of this coin, which is comparatively flat, and its style, which still
retains traces of a good Greek model, especially in the treatment
of the figure of Artemis, on the one hand, and, on the other, the
thick fabric and rude style of the coins of Elymais. Inserted
anywhere in the series, it looks thoroughly out of place. There
is, however, a possibility that Chosroes may have conquered
Elymais and struck this coin in his own mint as a record of his
victory. This would reconcile the conflicting evidence of fabric
and type.
Later Kiags.
Allotte de la Fuye distinguishes^ five kings, represented by
coins of which there were no specimens in de Morgan's find.
These are :
Orodes III ^ (with his queen Ulfan).
Unidentified (X).
Orodes IV.
Unidentified (Y).
Unidentified (Z).
He gives them to a period of ninety-eight years, making the series
end with the rise of the Sassanian power under Ardashir (a.d. 226).
Judging from style and fabric, the last coins of our series may well
be contemporary with the small bronze coins of that ruler.
As regards his King X, the single specimen ^ which he attri-
^ * Cette monnaie, unique dans la trouvaille de 1900, etait tres rare dans
les trouvailles precedentes ' [Rev. Num., 1919, p. 70). It is not clear whether
this means that some, though but few, specimens have been found in other
hoards of coins of Elymais, or merely that the coin is rarely found at all.
I assume the latter alternative, since no information confirming the former
is given about the two specimens in the Petrowicz Collection or the one in
the British Museum ; and no other specimens are known.
^ Rev. Num., 1919, p. 72. De Morgan's classification is given on p. 76.
^ Orodes IV according to de Morgan, who distinguishes Kamnaskires-Orodes
(as Orodes III) from Orodes II.
* Mission de Morgan, viii, p. 52, no. 153.
2 b
CXCIV INTRODUCTION
butes to that ruler differs only in the laek of lateral tufts of
hair from others which are attributed to Orodes III (as no. 1,
PI. XLII. 1, in this Catalogue, nos. 154-6 in his work). To
Orodes IV are attributed coins of the types of PI. XLII. 7-12 ;
certain specimens (like that from the Luynes Collection, PI. LIII.
17) bear the inscription Urud Malha. The Kings Y and Z are
represented by types similar to those in PI. XLII. 13-18. Among
them are the coins with the Athena type (PI. XLII. 19, 20), which
Allotte de la Fuye formerly attributed, with a mark of interroga-
tion, to the Parthian Volagases II, and which he now would regard
as the only type of King Z. Finally, there is a type, represented
by six coins (PI. XLII. 22-5), which evidently belongs to oui" series,
although it has not come to the notice of previous writers on the
subject.
In the above description, it has been assumed that the era in
use in Elymais was the Seleucid. Allotte de la Fuye has, however,
raised the question ^ whether the era may possibly have been that
of Alexander, beginning in .330 B. c. Although this hypothesis
would perhaps remove one objection to his classification (which
implies that coins of ' Kamnaskires V ', showing no marked differ-
ence of age in the portrait, were struck some sixty years apart),-
he leaves the question undecided, and we may follow his example.
CHARACENE.
Characene, a district at the head of the Persian Gulf, comprised
the delta of the Tigris and Euphrates, from the junction of the
two streams. It took its name from its chief city Xdpa^ 'Tairao-
aivov (Spasinu Charax), which was founded by Hyspaosines (see
below) on a site on which Alexander the Great had previousl}^
placed a city called Alexandreia, and Antiochos IV an Antiocheia.
I Rev. Num., 1919, pp. 73 ff.
- This objection does not apply if, as we have supposed above, the latei*
coins are an instance of the immobilization of types.
CHARACENE CXCV
The site appears to be quite uncertain : ^ the most popular view is
that it was at Mohammerah.
The history of the coinacre, clown to the disappearance of the
Greek inscriptions, has been revised by Babelon, in the Hoht of
much new material (chiefly from de Sarzec's great hoard of 732
coins found at Tello in 1878).'^ The recent discovery of coins of
an Attambelos earlier than the one hitherto supposed to have been
the first has altered the numeration of the kings of that name.
The British Museum acquired, in 1825, a large number of
Characenian coins from the collection of Claudius James Rich,
formerly H.E.I.C. Resident at Baghdad. This collection included
at least 522 coins of the later series, with Aramaic inscriptions.
Unfortunately no exact record has been preserved of the contents
of the collection, and it is probable that all the choicer specimens
were picked out and incorporated in the general series of Chara-
cenian coins,^ the remainder being left together for future
consideration. From this mass of coins those which are noted
in this catalogue as ' from C. J. Rich ' have been selected for
description. The remainder are too badly preserved to repay
cataloguing. They undoubtedly, to judge by their appearance,
came from a single hoard ; it is unfortunate that we cannot decide
with certainty whether any of the earlier series, with Greek
inscriptions, were in the same hoard. A point of interest to be
^ See the elaborate account of the place by Andreas in Pauly-Wissowa,
Real-En ojcl., i, 1390-5. For Characene generally see also Weissbacli's articles
in the same work, iii. 2116 and 2122. Babelon's article on the coinage was
not available at the time when these articles wei-e written ; but the evidence
of the coins is still, ignored in the Supplement i. 283.
^ Jonnml int. (Vhrch. niimism., i (1898), pp. 381-404 = Melan(/es Xuniism., iii,
221-50 ; with references to previous writings, of which the most important is
Waddington's article in Rev. Num., 1866 = Melanges de Numism., ii, 77-107.
' In this general series there are 14 coins from Attambelos II down to the
end of the series with Greek inscriptions, and 38 of the series with Aramaic
inscriptions, of the provenance of which no record has been preserved. That
means, in all probability, that they were acquired before about 1838, and they
may well have come from Rich's collection. As regards the 38 Aramaic coins
this probability of their common provenance is strongly supported by their
general appearance.
CXCVl INTRODUCTION
noted is that, mingled with this collection, were three Kushan
coins, of Vima Kadphises (as B. M. C., Greek mod Scythw Kings,
PI. XXV. 12) of Kanishka^ and of Huvishka (as B. M. C,
PI. XXIX. 3). From their appearance, these three coins would
seem to have formed part of the hoard ; they successfully escaped
notice until the coins were carefully examined for the purposes
of the present work. Their presence is another indication, if any
were needed, of intercourse between the head of the Persian Gulf
and India in the first and second centuries of our era ; but the
dates of the three Kushan kings themselves being greatly in
dispute, we obtain no light from them as to the date of the
Characenian coins.
The following is the sequence of the coinage and of the kings
who issued it, so far as we can establish it from the available
evidence.
GREEK SERIES.
I. Hyspaosines, son of Sagdodonakos.- Silver tetradrachms,
one of which, at Berlin, is dated a.s. HflP ^ = 1:25-4 B.C. Babelon,
p. 225.* Here PI. LIV. 1 (the Paris specimen). The reverse type
' Apparently an unpublished variety : obr. king standing 1. at altar as usual,
inscr. obscure; rev. goddess Ardocbsho (?) seated to front, nimbate, head r.,
holding in r. cornucopiae ; on 1. inscr. obscure, on r. monogram as Indian
.]fus. Ceded., i. PI. VII. 154.
' Plin. JV. //., vi. 139. Detlefsen reads iSa^fZot^o^ac^s ; vv. 11. are Saggodanacus,
Saggonadacus, [Sjaggodadacus. Though the analogy of Apodakos would
point to one of the last two forms, that of AdndvaSivnxns, found on bricks at
Tello, confirms Detlefsen's reading, even if the two persons are not the same
man. See Drouin. Rev. Xiini., 1889, p. 377, and Babelon, p. 244, on this question.
Hyspaosines is also mentioned by Pseudo-Lucian in a passage which it is
convenient to give in full here : Meicrob. c. 16 'Ya-TTnaivris fie o XdpnKos koI twv
Kar 'Epvdpav Tonaiv ^acriXeis Trtvre Koi oySof/KovTa ercov votTTjcras eTeK(VTT}(re. Tipaios
8e 6 p(6 YcnraaivTjv rpiros ^aai\fvcras 8vo koi (VfvtjKovra ^lovs erfXevra votro).
'Aprd/3a^os 8e 6 pera Tipaiov f'QBopos ^aaiXfiKTas tS, ku\ oyhorjKovrn (tu>v KaTa\6€\s
awo Tlapdap e^acriXevae.
^ So far as I can ascertain, there is no absolutely certain evidence that the
Seleucid era is that which is employed on the Characenian coins ; but its
assumption, in itself extremely probable, does not lead to any contradiction
oF such other evidence as we possess.
* The references to Babelon's article are to the reprint in his Melanges.
CHARACENE CXCVll
of Herakles seated, with his club on his knee, seems to be borrowed
from the coins of Euthydemus I of Bactria.
II. Apodakos, only known from his coins, which are silver
tetradrachms, dated 203 (110-9 B.C.) and 207 (106-5 B.C.). See
PL XLIII. 1 ; LIV. 2.1
III. Tiraios I. Silver tetradrachm dated TKZ = 90-89 B.C.
Babelon, p. 227, here PL LIV. 3 (the Paris specimen). This king-
is only known from his coins. He bears the title Euergetes, and
his reverse type breaks the monotony of the Herakles types with
a figure of a City -goddess enthroned to 1., holding cornucopiae and
Nike. The portrait of the aged king is remarkable.
IV. Tiraios II. Tetradrachms, of which one is dated ZNB =
61-60 B.c.,2 another probably AXZ or AIZ, i.e. 52-51 or 49-
48 B.C. (here PL XLIII. 2). This king also issued bronze coins
with the reverse type of Nike (p. 2S0, no. 2, PL XLIII. 3). He
takes the titles Soter Euergetes," and his example is followed by
his successors, with few if any exceptions, down to the end of
the series with Greek inscriptions. This Tiraios is supposed to be
the king mentioned by Pseudo-Lucian as the third in succession
after Hyspaosines, although the portrait on the coins of Tiraios I
would suggest that he also lived to a great age. It would be
possible to make the statement apply to Tiraios I if we assumed
that, in counting, the author of the Macrohii included the king
from whom the counting began.* But, as we shall see when we
come to Artabazos, he did not do so.
On coins of this king and of many of his successors there appear
beneath the arm of Herakles certain letters, some of which
certainly are of the local Aramaic form.
^ The latter is a specimen, an electrotype oF which has long been in the
British Museuna, and which has recently been acquired by Sir Charles Oman.
In spite of the difference in the portraits on the two coins there can be no
doubt of the genuineness of either this or the British Museum specimen.
■ Von Sallet, Z.f.N., iii, 1876, p. 249; viii, 1881, p. 213.
3 The inscription is probably ZHTHPOZ KAI EYEPfETOY, but
of the conjunction small trace is left.
* As in such a phrase as Tpirn rj^-ipa = the day after next. This is the view
of Winckler {AltorlentaL Forschungen, ii, p. 79).
INTRODUCTION
V. Attambelos I. The existence of this king was unsuspected
until five silver tetradrachms, acquired by a soldier in Mesopotamia
during the war, were submitted to and bought by the British Museum
in 1920 (pp. 291-2, PI. LV. 10-14). They bear portraits closely
resembling that of Tiraios II. Of the dates, only one is absolutely
complete (BOZ), but another, 0ZZ, may be regarded as nearly
certain.^ The others are very obscure; on one of them the digit
numeral may possibly be a T (made like a P) ; if so, this king's
reign extended to 40-39 B.C. An Aramaic or Mandaean letter
appears under the arm of Herakles on no. 5.
VI. Theonesios (Thionesios) I. Base metal or bronze ' tetra-
drachms' dated TOZ = 40-39 B.C., Babelon, p. 229 ; here PI. LIV. 4
(Paris specimen). The form of the name varies ; this king's coins
show the reading 0|ONHZIOY; those of the second of the name
have GCnNHZlOY; those of the third, 06ONHCOY or OCO
NHIOY. The balance of evidence is in favour of the form
Theonesios, rather than Theonneses, as Waddington and Babelon
write it.
VII. Attambelos II. Base tetradrachms^ dated from FTTZ
(30-29 B.C.) or EITZ (28-27 B.C.) to ZIT (a.d. 5-6); see pp. 293-4,
PI. XLIII. 4-6 and Babelon, p. 230. Also bronze of the same
1 AiX is possible, but the top of the first letter seems to have been round
rather than angular.
^ I append an analysis which Dr. Alexander Scott has been good enough
to miike of a specimen of the coinage of Attambelos II :
per cent. original composition.
Silver
2944
33-57
Copper
57-92
66-05
Iron
0-24
0-27
Lead and tin
0-09
0-11
Oxygen
6-84
Chlorine
1-46
Lime
1-84
Magnesia
0-20
Water
1-93
99-96
100-00
minute trace
of
go
Id present, 1
iiiit no
sili
ica.
, 1920.
(Sd.) A. Scott,
CHARACENE CXCIX
type (Nike) as the coin of Tiraios 11.^ From this time onwards the
coins are constantly differentiated by the Mandaean letter placed
in the field under the arm of Herakles. This king, like most of
the dynasty, is only known from his coins.^
VIII. Adinerglos or Adinergaos. Base tetradrachms dated AKT
(= A.D. 9-10) or AKT (A.D. 12-13) and TAP (a.d. 21-22). Much
has been written in the endeavour to distinguish these two coins
as belonging to two different kings, the earlier named Abinnerglos,
the later Adinnerglos. The two are illustrated on PI. XLIII. 7
and PL LIV. 5. The reading on the later coin (AAlNNPfAO) is
certain.'^ The beginning of the name on the British Museum coin,
on the other hand, is obliterated. Waddington professed to be able
to see at the beginning the right leg of an A ; I regret that I can
discover no sign of this. The second letter he read (with a confidence
which, considering the condition of the coin, is somewhat surprising)
as B, or rather the lower loop of a B, adding 'cette lettre ne pent en
aucun cas etre un A, comme on aurait pu le supposer '. Babelon
follows him, saying that the letter has the form b ' sans aucun
doute possible'. After a close examination of the original I can
see not the slightest foundation for these very positive statements,
and feel that but for the natural desire to make the coins square
with the form 'A^ei'prjpiyo^, given by Josephus,^ no one would have
dreamed of reading the name on our coin as anything but
A]AINHPrA[OY]. This is not to assert that the real reading
cannot be ABINHPfAOY, which would be showing excessive
confidence on the other side. The only sound conclusion, according
' V. Langloi^, Numismatique des Andes arant VIslamisme, PI. II. 4 (Paris
Collection).
'^ The Attambelos mentioned by Die (Ixviii. 28) is not, as Babelon supposes,
this one, but the contemporary of Trajan.
2 A forgery exists with the reading AA INN I CAP, A A having been turned
into M, and PPAO to I CAP. See E. Corsini, de Minnisari aliorumqiie
Armeniae regum nummis, &c., Liburni, 1754.
* Ant. XX. 2. 2. His form is confirmed by the name of the merchant
M. Valerius Abinnericus, known from Pompeian inscriptions: C.I.L., iv.
5611-20 ; cp. A. W. van Buren in Class. Journal, xv (1920), p. 406.
CC INTRODUCTION
to the evidence available, seems to be that the probabilities are in
favour of [A]AINHPrA[OYJ, but that [A]BINHPrA[OYJ is not
excluded, in view of the form M^hich is taken by the second letter,
with a triano-ular lower loop, on many coins of the period.
The testimony of Josephus, indeed, goes to show that his
'A^ipvrjpiyo? was probably still reigning after a.d. 21-22, in which
year the coin of Adinerglos was issued. It is all set forth by
Waddington (pp. 92 ff.), who sums up by saying that it is not
possible to reconcile it with the evidence of the coins. But that is
only because he insists that ' Abinerglos ' had already ceased to
reign by a.d, 21-22. Josephus says that Izates, son of Monobazos,
king of Adiabene, was sent as a j^oung man to Abennerigos, who
o-ave him his daughter Symacho in marriage, and established him as
a ruler of a part of his dominions. It appears from other passages
of Josephus that Izates died in a.d. 65, aged 55 years; he was
therefore Iwrn in A. D. 11; he therefore cannot have been of
marriageable age during the reign of Abennerigos, if that reign
came to an end not later than a.d. 21-22. But if Abennerigos
and Adinerglos are the same person, his reign may have continued
even until A.s. 363 (= a.d. 51-2), the date of the only known coin
of the next king, Theonesios II. We thus have, in the testimony
of Josephus, a strong confirmation of the view that the attribution
of the two coins in question to two different kings is incorrect.
Two more arguments remain to be met. The first is that the
portraits on the two coins are different, the nose of the king on
the later coins being more aquiline than on the earlier. But the
character of the nose on the later coin appears to have been
affected by a flaw in the die, which has produced an excrescence
on the bridge. The contour is certainly not pure, as in the even
more aquiline nose of Attambelos II on the coin illustrated by
Babelon immediately above (PI. VI. 7). If the excrescence be
imagined away, we have a nose exactly like that on the other
coin. In any case, we must make an allowance for increasing age.
The other argument, adduced by Babelon (p. 233), is that
Pseudo-Lucian {loc. cit.), speaking of a certain king 'Artabazos',
CHARACENE CCl
says that he was the seventh king of Characene after Tiraios, and
that to obtain this number we must distinguish Abinerglos from
Adinerglos. The discovery of the coins of an earlier Attambelos,
successor of Tiraios II, disposes of this argument.
A discussion of the native form represented by Adinerglos will
be found in Waddington, pp. 96 ff. The A on the coins of this
period is, as a rule, distinctly barred ; but this does not prove
absolutely that we must read AAINHPFAOY instead of AAI-
NHPrAOY.^ As regards the second letter, it may be suggested
that the S of tlie coins and the ^ of other sources were both
attempts to represent an indeterminate native sound.
IX. Theonesios II. Bronze tetradrachm dated A. s. 363 (A. D. 51-2) ;
Babelon, PI. VI. 10 ; here PI. LIV. 6.
X. Attambelos III. Bronze tetradrachms dated from A.s. 365
(a.d. 53-4) to A.s. 383 (a.d. 71-2). The portraits show the
king's growth from a beardless youth to a man of middle age
(PL XLIII. 8-XLIV. 5).^ On one specimen of this king's coinage
appears a sign or group of signs which M. de Morgan (Num. Chron.,
1920, p. 123) interprets as TA, giving the initials of the king's
name in Mandaean.
XI. Artabazos and Attambelos IV. The passage of the Macrobii
referring to king Artabazos, whose existence is not vouched for
by any coins, has already been quoted. In that passage e(3a(riX(V(re
is probably a slip for ireXiVTrjae, the writer's point throughout
being the age to which these people lived." The interesting part
of the statement is that the king was for some time an exile in
* On which see Drouin in Rev. Num., 1889, p. 226. If. M. de Morgan is
right in his reading 'IB'INGA'I on the later coins (Num. Chron., 1920, p. 126),
the form Adinergaos is perhaps to be preferred. On the other hand, the name
Nergal is a likely element in a proper name of this district. I have therefore
kept the more usual form in -los.
^ A good specimen dated 372 is illustrated in Hirsch's Katalog xiii, Taf.
LVII. 4544.
^ If i^aa-iKevcre is correct, we must emend (twv to err] (and a reign of 86 years
would be something of a marvel) ; unless the age 86 is that at which he was
restored, in which case the important point, the age at which he died, is
omitted.
2 c
ceil INTRODUCTION
Parthia. This might be held to account for the lack of coins
bearing his name. But as the writer says that he actually was
restored to his throne, we may assume that he might possibly have
issued coins.
It is not impossible that Pseudo-Lucian's ' Artabazos ' (a common
Persian name) is a mistake for Attambelos,^ and that the gap of
some thirty years between the last coin of Attambelos III (383)
and the first of Attambelos IV (41.2) represents not the reign
of an Artabazos, but the exile of Attambelos IV. The first coin
of the next king is dated a.s. 421 (a.d. 109-10). If Attambelos IV
died at the age of 86 about a.s. 420, he was born about a.s. 334,
and would have been 49 or 50 at the time of the death of Attam-
belos III, and about 78 at the time of his first issue of coins on his
return from exile. An objection, which cannot be ignored, to this
theory is that the portrait on the coins of Attambelos IV does not
show any signs of great age. But the art of the period is not such
as to permit us to lay great stress on this fact; the only sign of
age which the coins seem to make use of is the amount of beard
which is shown.
The coins of Attambelos IV bear dates from a.s. 412 (a.d. 100-1)
to A.s. 416 (a.d. 104-5). A star appears before the face on the
obverse.
XII. Theonesios III. The coins of this king on which dates
are legible belong to the years A.s. 421 (a.d. 109-10) to 423
(a.d. 111-12). The date on the specimen in the British Museum
(no. 2, PI. XLIV. 8), which Waddington read YAA or YAA, is so
much knocked about that it is impossible to be certain of, and
futile to conjecture, its reading. The coins of this king show
a palm-branch instead of a star in front of the head.
XIII. Attambelos V. When Trajan descended the Tigris in
A.D. 116, he received the submission of Attambelos, King of Mesene
^ This suggestion must not be regarded as subscribing to Hugo Winckler's
notion {Altoriental. Fofschungen, ii, p. 79) that Artabazos is another real name
for Attambelos.
CHARACENE CCUl
and Characene.^ This king does not seem to be represented by
any coinage. Babelon, it is true, suggests that the date YKE
(= A.D. 113-14) may perhaps be read on a coin with the portrait
of a beardless king (Babelon, PI. VII. 9; here PL LIV. 7). It
must, however, be observed that the differential sign in the field
in front of the leg of Herakles ^ on the reverse of this coin is
exactly the same as that on another coin with a youthful head
which is clearly dated TZS", and which, therefore, belongs to
Attambelos III.^ This peculiar sign does not, to my knowledge,
occur on other coins ; its appearance, therefore, on two coins, both
of which show a youthful portrait, indicates that both belong to
the same king, as indeed the resemblance in the portraits, con-
ventional though they be, would suggest. Babelon's attribution
assumes a coincidence that is too remarkable to be accepted without
further evidence.
There is more to be said for his further suggestion that one of
the countermarks which occur on a number of the earlier coins
may indicate this fifth Attambelos. It is found on coins of
Theonesios III (see p. 300, no. 2, PI. XLIV. 8) as well as on earlier
pieces (e.g. p. 297, no. 4 of Attambelos III), and is easily to be
resolved into ATTAAAB.
The coins attributed to ' Orabzes ' or * Obadas ' are in fabric and
style so much closer to the coins of Meredates, that, in spite of
their Characenian types, they may fitly be dealt with in a later
section on the sub-Characenian coins.
ARAMAIC SERIES.
The transition to the Aramaic^ series is given by two coins
(p. 301, PI. XLIV. 9, 10) which are unfortunately in a wretched
^ Dio Cass. Ixxviii. 28. The texts have 'A6dfx(ii\os [add^rjXoi, dddliiXos,
6 ad^^rjXos).
"^ The sign appears to consist of two circles supported on an upright placed
on a horizontal base, and superficially resembles a Roman standard. It is
this sign -which is read as J^Ji^ by M. de Morgan (see above, p. cci).
' Babelon, PI. VII. 2.
* The script, as Drouin has shown, comes closest to the Mandaean form
[Rev. Num., 1889, p. 225).
CCIV INTRODUCTION
state of preservation. The reverse type is the seated Herakles;
one of them also shows the monogram above the god's right arm
and a differential letter or letters below it ; but the remains of the
(perhaps blundered) Greek inscriptions are quite indecipherable.
The head-dress on the obverse shows a departure from the usual
style of the Greek coins, and an approximation to that of the
earliest of the Aramaic.
These Aramaic coins fall into four groups (A-D), three of which
are very small, while the fourth is represented by hundreds of
specimens and numerous varieties. This difference is doubtless
partly due to the fortune of finds. These coins have all been
fully studied by E. Drouin.^
A. The group represented by the two coins, p. 302, PI. XLIV. 11, 12.-
Drouin, p. 216 f., nos. 1-4, PL V. 1-4. These continue the type of
the seated Herakles, with the monogram above, and the Aramaic
letter or letters below his r, arm. The inscription on the right can
be read without doubt as N^?^ {Malkd, king). Scott read the
other half of the inscription as Ibllna or Yabilana ; Lenormant
as lahina (in the various forms labina, Ihia'na, Idbina) or Yakiiia.
Drouin rejects both these, regards the points ^ at the beginning
and end of the inscription as points merely, and suggests Bagda
or Biga'a or Banaga for the form which has no point after the
first letter, and Binaga for the fuller spelling. Much the most
plausible reading, however, is de Morgan's 'Ib'ingai, which he
connects with the form Abinerglos (or Abinergaos) discussed above.
* Monnaies aram^.ennes de la Characene, in Bev. Num., 1889, pp. 211-54,
360-84. He gives full references to earlier writers. Recently M. J. de Morgan
has reopened the whole question (Num. Chron., 1920, pp. 122-40),
^ Drouin's statement (p. 200) that the coin (no. 2) in the British Museum
is the identical piece seen by Saint-Martin in the collection of Tochon
d'Annecy, and that it was bought after the latter's death in 1820 by Curt, who
presented it to the British Museum, is based on information for which I have
been unable to discover any foundation. The British Museum coin appears
to me to be different from the illustrations of the Tochon piece. Scott's
illustration in the Num. Chron. is made from our two specimens.
•'' Of three specimens at Berlin, all are without the point at the beginning,
and two without that after the first letter.
CIIARACENE
The name Binega is one of the readings that has been proposed,
on the basis of a transliteration in Pehlvi letters, in correction of
the form Bandu, given by Al-Tabari as the name of a king of
Maisan (i. e. Characene) who was conquered by Ardashir I,^ about
A. D. 224-7. This is more than a century later than the latest
dated coinage of the Greek series. The coins supposed to read
' Binaga ' are clearly earlier than the other groups B, C, D, from
which the Herakles type disappears. So that in an}- case the
Binaga of the coins cannot be the last king of Maisan, who was
defeated by Ardashir,^ but may be an earlier king of the same
name.
B. This group is represented by the three coins, p. 303, PI. XLV. 1, 2
(Drouin, p. 228, no. 5, PI. V. 5). The Herakles type has vanished,
but the characteristic monogram remains, placed in front of the
undiademed head which now appears as reverse type. There is
also another sign, which recalls the Himyaritic type of monogram
more than anything else.^ Behind the head appear letters ; on
' Tabari, transl. Zotenbeig, ii, p. 72 ; Justi, Iran. Nmnenhuch , p. 62, s.v.
Bandu.
"^ Weissbach's account (in Pauly-Wissowa, iii, p. 2119) of tbe evidence
relating to the latest coinage is in some respects quite gratuitously sceptical
and is probably affected by Lis imperfect acquaintance with numismatic
method. Tbe reading Binaga is, it must be admitted, far from certain, and
Drouin's division of our group D between various kings of the name Artabaz
must certainly be rejected ; but the connexion of all these groups with
Characene has every appearance, to an eye accustomed to numismatic evidence,
of being established. Their fabric is slightly flatter than that of the last
datable coins (of Theonesios III); but that is not surprising; it is not the
kind of difference of fabric which is noticeable in the coins of 'Orabzes', and
which indicates that the coins belong to some other district, but merely
a natural development owing to degeneration of technique. On the provenance
of the coins, which entirely favours the attribution to Characene, see Drouin,
p. 363.
^ As we have seen above (p. liv) on the earlier Himyaritic coinage of the end
of the second century B.C., an inscription appears which recalls the forms
of the Characenian Aramaic. The curious sign on the coins of Attambelos III
mentioned above (p. cci) might possibly have a Himyaritic origin (cp. the form
J for f\). There must certainly have been intercourse at all periods between the
inhabitants of the Tigris delta and the Southern Arabians, whose prosperity,
as shown by their coinage, lasted down to the middle of the second century
CCVl INTRODUCTION
one, w)iat Drouin describes as a kind of reversed gamma ; on
anotlier, a letter which may be a D with the bottom bar indistinct.
C. This group is represented by the piece on p. 304, PI. XLV. 3 ;
Drouin, p. 230, no. 6, PI. V. 6.^ The remains of the inscription
1 (or 1) 1 ?
in front of the head on the obverse suggest J On the
D n (or ^<) 5
reverse we have the two monograms in front of the head (which
now closely resembles that which we shall find on group D), and
an inscription which also in great part anticipates that which
we shall find on that group. As regards this inscription it seems
fairly certain that the four letters which come last, if we read
continuously from right to left and outwardly, are upside down ;
in other words, these four letters must be read inwardly, and
against the clock.'^ The first, third, and fourth letters are, as
Drouin has shown, tt, D, and X. The second letter, accordingly,
ought, one would suppose, to be 7, making 5>{^7^. But there is
no known instance of such a form for 7 in any other Aramaic
script ; and it would only need the addition of a base line to make
it into a Mandaean shin (aa), while without the addition of such
a line it is an inverted Aramaic shin. But the word XD^J'^ is
unexplained,'' whereas ^<57^ is what we should expect to find on
the coin,^ although hardly separated in this way from the rest
after Christ. W. K. Loftus discovered a Himyarite gravestone (Hanatasar,
son of Esau) at Warka (see his Chaldaea and Siisiana, p. 223). Are these
suggestions of South Arabian influence to be connected with the conquest
of Irak and Anbar by Arabs from Bahrein and South Arabia in the second
century of our era ? (Tabari, transl. Zotenberg, ii, p. 8).
^ Drouin has made some confusion here. There may exist another specimen ;
see the note on p. 304.
" Cp. Drouin, p. 236. These four letters are on many specimens of group D
separated from the others by a space.
2 W. H. Scott read X^SJ'D {^"nm- Chron., xviii, p. 35). Allotte de la Fuye
{Num. Chron., 1920, p. 133) inclines to MSBA, and thinks that it may be an
invocation of some kind. This seems very unlikely, and there is more in the
suggestion made by Mr. H. D. McEwen (in a private communication) that the
word conceals a place-name. Mesabatene, which it recalls to him, is however
hardly in the right geographical position, if these coins are Characenian.
'' M. de Morgan {Num. Chron., 1920, p. 126) accordingly regards the doubtful
letter as a specialized form of 7.
CHARACENE
of the inscription. As regards the remainder of the inscription,
what is legible corresponds to the latter portion of the inscription
which we shall deal with under group D ; we have, that is to say,
TXlli^n (to adopt for the moment Drouin's transliteration). Drouin
supplies at the beginning two letters (*1N) ^ which he supposes to
complete the legend. But on examination it is clear that our coin
is a restruck piece which probably bore the types of group B, and the
two monograms in front of the head on the reverse possibly belong
not to the new but to the old type. If that is so, the space now
occupied by the monograms would be available for the beginning
of the longer inscription which characterizes group D : and our
coin is therefore merely a transitional piece of the king of group D,
struck on a coin of his predecessor, and showing his portrait in the
older-fashioned head-dress.
D. In this group, represented by the great mass of the coins
from the Rich collection, and by a certain number of others which
have been described by Drouin, the king is represented on the
obverse wearing a tiara or helmet, with one line of inscription
behind and two in front ; the characteristic monogram, often
reduced to a slight shadow of itself, is placed before the bust,
low down. On the reverse we have the undiademed bearded head
with the hair in six thick rolls, which we have already seen on
group C, and the long inscription already mentioned. Outside
this inscription, on the right, most well-preserved specimens show
a letter or two letters. Apart from these differentiae, it is doubtful
whether any distinction is to be drawn between the various coins ;
Drouin's notion (p. 234) that the heads differ in physiognomy and,
above all, in the disposition of the hair, which is to be taken into
account in attributing the coins to a number of different rulers,
has very properly met with no acceptance.^
^ With the help of a Berlin coin of the types of Group D (his PI. V. 7),
■which he supposes to have only this shorter inscription, instead of the longer
one characteristic of Group D. I doubt this very much. M. de Morgan {Nutn.
Chron., 1920, p. 128) reads [MJADABAZ ; but the letter which he takes for D is,
I think, merely a T reversed.
- On p. 378f. he more or less gives up the coiffure as a criterion.
CCVlll INTRODUCTION
For tlie inscription on the reverse he suggests |y^{D (Ma'n) or
(il: the point which sometimes follows the | is to be taken as a
letter) *3y^{^. The name would then recall king Ma'nu of Edessa,
and the Persian Mani (Manes). The remainder of the inscription
(excluding the four last letters, which, as we have seen, probably
form a separate word to be read against the clock) he interprets
T«nNnn{< or [XnxnnK. He admits that' the form of n is un-
paralleled, and that the letter rather suggests a qoph or samech ;
but this would give such a ' barbarous ' name as Aqtabaz, Astahaz,
or Astacaz, whereas Artahaz and Artaban are good Persian forms.
The point which frequently occurs after the 1 he thinks may be
due to an error of the engraver, or may be an ornament (which
is highly improbable), rather than indicate such a form as Artahiaz
or Artabiaa (which would be philologically possible). We may here
observe that, since Astavadh is recorded by Tabari as the name
of a king of a district on the Persian Gulf conquered by Ardashir,^
there is no reason why we should not read the doubtful letter as
a samech.
Much more attractive is M. de Morgan's reading.^ Taking the
point, as in the other coins which he has discussed, to represent
yod, and the upright stroke to be zayin, he reads MA'Ga ZT
ATaMBIAZ MaLKA. This reading of the first two words is
quite acceptable. The difficult}' about the third is in the letters
which he reads TM. The M differs remarkably from the form
which it assumes in the other words of the same inscription ; ^ and
it is sometimes absent altogether, and an A appears in its place.
I am inclined to take the two letters for ST. Drouin, as we have
seen, has already pointed out that the first resembles a samech, and
both he and Allotte de la Fuye (quoted by de Morgan) read the
second as T. If, as de Morgan suggests, the name is to be
connected with the Greek Attambelos, it is to be observed that the
1 Drouin, p. 370.
2 Num. Chron., 1920, p. 127 f.
' In some of M. de Morgan's drawings it assumes the ordinary form, but
1 have not noticed any such cases in the British Museum series.
CHAEACENE CCIX
literary forms 'AOu/jl^lXo^, 'Add(3r]Xo9, and ^dfi^r]Xo9 indicate a
lisping sibilant. Possibly the combination of samecli with tan was
intended to indicate this modification of the dental sound. The
Greek form 'Add(3r]Xo9 is interesting in view of the absence of
the M in the Semitic.
The interpretation Ma'ga z'i A(s)tab'iaz Malka, ' Maga son of
A^abiaos King ', is therefore provisionally adopted in this catalogue.
It is obvious, however, that the reading must remain for the
present very doubtful. In any case, if Drouin's reading Artabaz
be accepted, this Artabaz cannot, as Justi ^ supposes, be the one
mentioned by Pseudo-Lucian as seventh from Tiraios ; he is much
too late.
There remain the even more puzzling inscriptions on the obverse.
That in front of the bust, in two lines, takes a perfectly definite
form. Drouin is undoubtedly right, for various reasons, in rejecting
Lenormant's reading onelek zi Mesan. He himself suggests for the
fii'st line Vhrnn, for the second Vhtm (occasionally Vhtmn).
This may mean either Vahaman- Vahtam, ' Bahman the excellent ',
or VaJiaman-i-Vahatam, 'Bahman son of Vahatam'. The single
line inscription behind the head he reads NJbTtD (sometimes ^X3TtO)
Tazvia or Tazmi, which maj^ be some title equivalent to ' lord '.
Lenormant read 25^^112 or SJ'^ytO, Thumash or Thomash. Drouin
himself admits that the second letter may be a vav. It is to be
noted that it is occasionally omitted altogether ; on one coin it is
replaced by ^{ (p. 305, no. 2) : occasionally it takes a waved form
which suggests 7.
Such is the present position in regard to the reading of these
puzzling coins. It seems undesirable, in the state of our know-
ledge of the scripts of the neighbourhood, to speculate further.
Drouin has singled out the coin, no. 39, PI. XL VI. 15, as differing
in its legend from the others. He reads the name Dalizar or
Walizar. I have little hesitation in regarding it as merely an
inaccurately inscribed specimen of the ordinary series.
* Iran. Namenh., p. 33, no. 6.
2 d
CCX INTRODUCTION
The limits of time between which the Aramaic series of Characene
must be placed are, on the one hand, the date of Trajan's expedition
in A.D. 116, when Attambelos V was on the throne, and, on the
other, the conquest of the kingdom by Ardashir I in the reign of
Binega, Bandu or Bevda, about A.D. 224-8. The association of the
three Kushan coins of Vima Kadphises, Kanishka, and Huvishka,
with a hoard of these Aramaic coins is accordingly quite possible.
It is impossible to say who is represented by the undiademed
head on these Aramaic coins.^ The tendency to see always in the
various cases of coins with two heads, which we meet with in
Arabia, Mesopotamia, and Persia, portraits of a ruler and his
suzerain is probably fallacious, although, as at Edessa, it is
impossible to deny that they are sometimes so to be interpreted.
One of the two heads is more often, it would seem, an ancestor
of the reigning sovereign.
SUB-CHARACENIAN CLASS.
For the lack of a better name I use this to describe two groups
of coins. The 'first 2 (PI. XL VII. 1, 2) are those of a king whose
name has been read Obadias, Obadas, Orabazes, or Oral)zes; to
this name Longp^rier has added that of Prataphernes. The coins
appear to be dated, but all that is probable is that the letter Y,
representing presumably a. s. 400, is present. They do not belong
to the ordinary Characenian series ; that is clear from the fabric,
which is exactly similar to that of the coins of Meredates (see
below). The way in which a small die is used for the obverse,
leaving a wide margin outside the border, and the scattering of
' Cp. Drouin, p. 382, on this subject.
* For previous publications see Kohne in Be)l. Mzhl., iii (1866), p. 262 ;
Longperier, (Euvres, i, pp. 309-15; A. von Sallet, Z.f.N., iii (1876), p. 250 f.
and viii (1881), 215-16; Drouin, Rev. Num., 1889, pp. 375-6; Justi. Iran.
Namenbiich, p. 105 ; Babelon, 3Iel. Num., iii, pp. 242-3.
SUB-CHAEACENIAN CLASS
the inscription about the field of the reverse, are very characteristic
of both these and the coins of Meredates. The types are, how-
ever, borrowed from the ordinary Characenian coins witli Greek
inscriptions.^
As to the reading of the inscription I can make no further
suggestion. The form r which has been noticed, instead of P or b,
is probably a mere blunder of the engraver.^
The second group of coins which may be called Sub-Characenian
(PI. XLVII. 3-14, PI. LIV. 8, 9) bear the name of King Meredates
and are, as already remarked, very similar in fabric to those of
the group just described. They are usually attributed to the
Omani, a tribe which Pliny ^ describes as once occupying territory
between Petra and Cliarax, with large cities ; in his time, however,
it was desert.
The attribution, which is due to A. de Longp^rier,^ rests on very
insufficient evidence, viz. on the reading 0/v\/\N04>IA (arranged
OMAN^ on the reverse of the coins of Meredates. A study of the
descriptions on pp. 311-13 of the present Catalogue and of the two
reverses from the Paris Cabinet illustrated in PI. LIV. 8, 9, will
^ The two coins in the British Museum do not come from Rich's hoard.
Babelon does not state the provenance of the eight in the Paris Collection.
- The reading has been recently disfeussed (in J.R.A.S., 1912, 1913) by
Kennedy and Thomas, the former reading the letter in question as sh, the
latter as r. See also J. Kirste, Orabazes, in Sbr. Kais. Akad. Wiss. in Wren.,
Phil hist. Klasse, 182. 2 (1917).
^ N.H. vi. 28. 145 'A Petra incoluere Omani ad Characen usque oppidis
quondam claris ab Samiramide conditis Abaesanaide et Soractia. Nunc sunt
solitudines. Deinde est oppidum quod Characenorum regi paret in Pasitigris
ripa, Forat nomine, in quod a Petra conveniunt, Characenque inde XII p,
secundo aestu navigant'. These Omani can of course have had no connexion
with the ancient ports of Omana in S. Arabia and in Carmania, or with the
modern land of Oman.
■* (Eiivred, i, pp. 200-6. Longperier understands Pliny to mean that Forat
was one of the cities of the Omani, whereas his words clearly imply the
contrary. On Forat, which was the head of a caravan route to Palmyra as
well as of that to Petra, see Le Bas-Waddington 2589 and /. G.R.R., iii, 1051
and 1052. These two inscriptions date from A. D. 210-11 and A. D. 142
respectively. It is a curious coincidence that the coins of Meredates belong
2 d 2
CCXll INTRODUCTION
show tliat the reading is very obscure^; the letters Vl<l>0 are
clear, but of* the crucial part of the word only the M is certain ;
the letter before it may be O^ that which follows may be A or A,
and the next letter may be A or K or N.'^ Even granted that
Longperier's reading of the letters is correct, it still seems doubtful
whether his interpretation is sound. He supposes that the coins
were issued not l>y a prince allied to the Omani, but by the Omani
themselves in honour of their master, perhaps their conqueror.
Pliny, who alone mentions these Omani, died, as Longperier
remarks, sixty-three years before the coins of Meredates, which
bear the date VNA = a. d. 142-3, were issued. Even in the
writer's time the Omani had ceased to inhabit the country between
Petra and Charax, and Pliny does not say what had become of
them. What ground therefore is there for assuming that these
coins were issued by them, or by a king who ruled over them ?
Considering the great uncertainty of the reading, it is better to
leave such conjectures alone, and confine ourselves to what the
coins tell us.
They come from the neighbourhood of Basrah,^ Some of them are
restruck coins of the Characenian series (e.g. no. 11, PI. XLVII. 11).
In fabric and style they are close to the other sub-Characenian
class described above. We can therefore have no hesitation in
placing them somewhere in the neighbourhood of Characene. They
are all dated VNA, which, if it is reckoned by the same era as
the Characenian coins, i. e. the Seleucid, gives A. D. 142-3. This
dating is borne out by the style of the head-dress, which is of the
fashion which was dominant about that time.'* The inscription
is confused to a degree which is only surpassed on the coins of
to the year a. d. 142-3. Forat is supposed to be the Ferath di Misan of the
Syrian writers. Longperier may be referred to for all the earlier literature
on the subject.
> Cp. Drouin in Rev. Num., 1889, p. 376, note 1.
2 Cp. W. H. Scott in Num. Chron., xix (1858), p. 227.
^ Longperier, p. 202.
■* The helmet or tiara with hooked appendages first appears on the Parthian
coins of Volagases II (a. d. 77/8-146/7).
SUB-CHARACENIAN CLASS CCXIU
'Orabzes'. The words M€P€AAT BACIA€VC are certain. In
the disposition adopted by Longp^rier the letters BABACIA, which
begin in front of the forehead of the City-goddess and curve over
her head, reading outwardly, are read separately from the letters
V/l<l>0 in front of her face. BABACIA is interpreted by Longperier
BaaiXev^ BaaiXicov. This is in tautologous addition to the title
BaaiXev?, which is read on the portion of the coin behind the head.
The letters Vl<l>0 were by earlier writers combined with BA, to
make the name Viphoba, supposed to be a queen [BACIA(i(ro-a)],
and to be represented by the turreted head. Longperier very
properly dismisses this interpretation. For the boustrophedon
arrangement involved by his own combination 0/v\ANO<l>IA(oy)
he gives no parallel. It is true that in the exergue of some
Parthian tetradrachms ^ the date reads outwardly and part of the
king's title inwardly, but these two elements are not consecutive.
Still, if the interpretation were more plausible, the irregularity
of the arrangement would not be a bar to acceptance.
A fatal objection to Longp^rier's solution is the already mentioned
fact that the title (SaaiXev^ is duplicated by the interpretation of
(3a. as ^aa-iXev^. As the letters always seem to read continuously
Vl4>0BABACIA, we are bound to seek an interpretation of them
accordingly, and thus the reading vi\os\ ^ofia /3a(riA[ea)y] suggests
itself.^ Whether Meredates was king of the Omani (who as we
liave seen, according to the correct interpretation of Pliny, no longer
inhabited their old territory) or of some other people, depends on
the doubtful remainder of the inscription. Von Gutschmid, who
misinterprets Pliny's past tense hicolnere in the same way as
Longperier, says that these Omani can only be immigrants from
Oman, and are probably identical with the race el-Azd which,
according to Arab tradition, partly remained at home, partly moved
1 E. g. B. M. C, Parthla, PL XIX. 9.
- It had occuiTed to me before I found it in von Gutschmid, Gesch. Irans,
p. 161; Justi, Gesch. Irans, p. 509; Iran. Namenb., p. 213, no. 42. These
writers both accept the reading OMAN and regard Meredates as king of the
Omani.
CCXIV INTRODUCTION
with the great South Arabian migration northwards past Bahrein,
and finally settled in Anbar and Hira. It is of course mere
theory-spinning to base such an identification on apparent similarity
in names, although there is nothing improbable in the theory itself,
as we have seen other traces of South Arabian influence in the
neighbourhood of Charax.
LL
e
LTl
tie
ERRATA
P. 69. For ' Yehuqbidh ' read ' Yehuqbid '.
P. 72, no. 7. For ' PI. XI. 5 ' read ' PI. XI. 15 '.
P. 158, no. 71. Add reference to PI. XXV. 20.
P. 194, no. 2, obv. For ' (? y^l^) ' read ' (1 nV'Tl) '•
P. 197, no. 1 . For ' - - - X^mS ' lead ' - - - ^im3 '•
P. 198, nos. 1, 2. For 'X3X"inn£5' lead 'X:D"imS'.
P. 225, heading. For ' Artakh ' read ' Artah '.
P. 229, heading. For ' Vahiikh - -V read ' Vahuh - - T.
P. 240, heading. For ' Artakhshat' read ' Artahshat'.
P. 244, heading. For ' Artakhshatr ' read ' Artahshatr '.
PI. XXIII. For ' 1-3 BABYLON. 4-22 SELEUCIA. 23 ATUSIA '
read ' 1-2 BABYLON. 3-21 SELEUCIA. 22 ATUSIA '.
PI. XXXL For '1-11 AUTOPHRADATES IL 12-21' read '1-11
DARIUS. 1 2-2 1 AUTOPHRADATES II '.
ADDENDUM
Pp. cciv ff. M. Lidzbarski's article on the Mandaean inscriptions of the
coins of Characene {Z.f.N. xxxiii, 1921, pp. 82-96) reaches me as these
pages go to press. On group A he reads Ihignai malka. On group D,
obvex'se, he reads behind the head Time, for Greek Tt/Aatos ; in front of
h\)'^/ ...
the head ' i. e. ' shekel ' and some name of a foreign coin equivalent
to the shekel. On the reverse he and Andreas interpret ' ManI the
appointed of Mithra ', the latter word having the form X'lHD (the four
letters behind the head, reading against the clock). The British Museum
specimens were not known to the writer except through Drouin's illustra-
tions.
KEY TO PLATES XLVIII-LV
1.
Himyarite
2.
)>
3.
jj
4.
3J
5.
»
6.
J>
7.
Edessa or Carrhae
8.
Alex. Empire of the East
9.
Persis
10.
}}
11.
}f
12.
j>
13.
)>
14.
>»
15.
j>
16.
j>
17.
PLATE XLVIII.
Page 66
67
xcix, 138
184
209
210
213
216
217
219
237
230
clxxvi, 229
No. 21
23
27
33
34
37
16 bis
5
11
9 bis
2 bis
9
5
3
6
4
No.
Class.
1.
Aretas III.
2.
Obodas II.
3.
j»
4.
Malichus I.
5.
Obodas III.
6.
>)
7.
Aretas IV.
PLATE XLIX.
Collection.
Paris
Mr. E. T. Xewell
British Museum
Paris
Berlin
Paris
8- „ „
q
1 0. Rabbel II and Shaqilath.
1 1 . ^Malichus II and Shaqilath. Berlin
12. Adraa. Pai'is
1 3. Bostra. Princeton
See Page
xi
xii
xii, 314
xiv
XV u.
xvi n.
xviii
XXIV
xxvi
KEY TO PLATES XLVIII-LV
CCXVH
No.
Class.
14.
Bostra.
15.
,,
16.
17.
Eboda.
18.
Gerasa.
19.
)>
20.
Philadelphia
21.
Petra.
Collection
Princeton
Paris
Berlin
?
1
Paris
1
See Page
xxvii
xxviii
)>
xxxii
xxxiv
xl
xxxviii
1.
Himyarite
2.
)'
3.
))
4.
Arabian.
5.
Minaean,
6.
Carrhae.
7.
8.
Edessa.
9.
)>
10.
)>
11.
))
12.
j>
13.
;>
14.
•)
15.
}j
16.
>5
17.
,,
18.
Pihesaena.
PLATE L.
Paris
M. J. de Morgan
Aberdeen
Dr. Bernhard
Paris
Cambridge (Leake)
Paris
Glasgow (Hunter)
li
Ixii
Ixii n.
Ixxxvi
Ixxxii
xci
xcviii
c
ci
cm n.
cvii
PLATE LI.
1.
2.
3.
Double dar
ic.
Paris .
j>
J) • •
Mr. E. T. Newell .
4.
>)
Berlin (Imhoof)
5.
„
? . . .
6.
Daric.
Paris
7.
8.
)7
Mr. E. T. Newell .
New York (Ward)
9.
Silver lion-
coin.
Major V. E. Mocatta
cxlvii
ccx^
I'Ul KE
y TO PLATES XLVIII-LV
No.
Class.
Collection.
See Page
10.
Silver lion-coin.
Cambridge (McClean) .
cxlvii
11.
))
Mr. E. T. Newell .
cxlviii
12.
>>
)i
13.
>>
Cambridge (McClean) .
14.
»»
Cambridge (Leake)
15.
))
Mr. E. T. Newell .
16.
)>
)•
17.
)»
.»
18.
)>
,,
1. Seleucia ad Tigrim.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Persian Satrap.
Persian Empire.
Persis.
PLATE LIL
Paris
Berlin (Proke
Paris
Syracuse
Paris
Paris (Luynes)
Paris .
•ch Osten)
cxv
cxvi
cxxix
cxxii
cxxxiii
jj
clxvii
clxix n.
clxx
1.
Persis.
2.
))
3.
))
4.
)>
5.
}}
6.
Elymais
7.
,,
8.
'5
9.
))
10.
))
11.
)J
12.
!'
13.
PLATE LIII.
Col. Biddulph
Paris
Mr. H. Chick
Paris .
Col. Biddulph
Sir C. Oman
Paris
clxxii n.,
clxxiv n.
clxxiii
clxxv
clxxx
clxxxvii
clxxxviii
clxxxix
cxc
KEY TO PLATES XLVIIILV
CCXIX
No. Class.
14, Elymais.
15.
16.
17.
Collection.
Paris
M. J. de Morgan
Paris (Luynes)
See Page
cxci n.
cxcu
cxciv
1.
Characeue
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Meredates.
PLATE LIV.
Paris .
Sir C. Oman
Paris
cxcvi
cxcvii
cxcviii
cxcix
cci
cciii
ccxi
F
LATE
LV.
1.
Himyarite
Page
65
No.
16a
2.
North Arabian
Ixxxv
78
3
3.
>)
!)
78
4
4.
M
»
78
7
5.
}}
78
8
6.
»
79
10
7.
,,
79
19
8.
>>
79
20
9.
J>
80
24
10.
Characene,
Attambelos I
cxcviii
291
1
11.
^5
,,
>5
291
2
12.
,,
>>
,,
291
3
13.
i>
))
J)
292
4
14.
j»
)!
292
5
KINGS OF NABATAEA
No. Wfc.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
ARETAS III.
c. 87-62 B.C.
Bronze.
Male head r., beardless, with
long hair, diademed [portrait
of Aretas III or of Demetrius
III Eukairos] ; border of dots.
126-0 JE -8 border off the flau.
8-16 f ,
2 I 123-8
! 8-0J2
JE .85
114-7
7.43
Nike as City-goddess standing
1., winged, turreted, holding
in extended r. wreath, in 1.
palm-branch ; inscr. in three
lines, two on r., one on 1. ; in
field 1. AP ; border of dots.
BAZIAE£i[Z]| APETOVI
<I>IAE AAHN[OZ]; [A]P
PI. I. 1.
BAZIAEI2Z I APETOV \
[<|)]IA EAAHNOX: [AP]
PI. I. 2.
Similar type and
(usually oft" the flan).
border
JR -8
City-goddess of Demetrias-
Damascus, turreted, mantle
about lower part of body,
seated 1. on rock, at base of
which is half-figure of swim-
ming river-god ; she extends
r. hand and holds in 1. cornu-
copiae ; inscr. and letters in
field 1. as above ; border of
dots.
PL
I APETO[V]
AE AAHNOZ; AP
I. 3.
<l>]l
1. 1908. L. Hamburger. Dussaud, J. ^s., 1904, p. 205, no. 1. 2. Dussaud, ibid.,
no. 2. De Sauley. ^>r/(. Soc./*-. de iYiOH., iv, p. 12. 3.1908. L. Hamburger. Dussaud,
ibid., no. 3.
KINGS OP NA]!ATAEA
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
4
93-9
6- OS
M -8
/
1 APETOV 1 [<t)|A]E
AAHNOX; [A]P
5
110-2
7- 11
JE -75
[BA|CIA-- 1 APETOV |
[<I>I]A EAAHN-; [A]P
PI. I. 4.
6
86-8
5-6J
M -8
[BIACIAE- 1 APETOV |
<|)IA EAAHN ; [AP]
4. 1905. Spink. Same rev. die as two Paris specimens Dussaud, ihid.. no. 3).
5. 1839. Millingen. Ann. Soc. Jr. de Num., loc. cit., no. 2. Duss-aud, op. cit, p. 206^ no. 4.
6. 1908. Hamburger. Dussaud, iJAd.
OBODAS II
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
OBODAS II.
c. 62-60 B.C.
No coins in British Museum.
•
MALICHUS I.
c. 60-30 B. C.
(Maliclius tlie king, king of Nabataea).
Silver.
1
100-3
6-50
M .9
t
Head r., beardless, mous- Eagle witli closed wings
tached(?), with hair in long standing 1. ; on 1., downwards,
curls, diademed: border of j-JJfi 1 3 J i) ; on r., downwards,
dots. SfcjJ li^: ou 1. H (n), on
1 oC^D)
1 r. IKC ; border of dots.
PI. I. 5.
1. 1881. Clermont Ganneau. De Saulcy, Ann. Soc. fr., iv, p. 32, PI. I. 1. Diissaud,
loc. cif.. \K 210, no. 8, PI. I. 6. Formerly worn as a pendant by a woman of Kerak.
KINGS OF NABATAEA
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
101-2
6-56
67-3
4-36
67-3
4-36
M -75
t
M -65
t
M -65
Obverse.
Keverse.
OBODAS III.
c. 30-9 B.C.
(Obodas the king, king of Nabataea)
Silver.
Busts r., jugate, of Obodas,
with long hair, draped and
diademed, and of queen
draped, wearing stei^hane
and necklace : in front,
n(n)
Eagle with closed wings
standing 1 ; on 1., down-
wards, MjJO >tjj' ; on
r., upwards, TOTn" *)JjSi ;
across field, AiJ\
(rhr\ nJST) and above,
O 11 (D''0 n); border
of dots.
Date.
PI. I. 6.
Similar busts r., jugate ; Bust of Obodas r., Avith
behind, letter; border of i long hair in curls, dia-
dots. denied; on r. inscr.. on 1.
date ; bordei" of dots ; be-
letter off the flan.
t
PI.
n(n)
hind head, H (H)-
I on r., upwards,
I on I., downwards,
■? mi (20 n:sr)
I. 7.
on r., upwards,
date off the flan.
PI. I. 8.
20
1. 1898. Presented by Mr. Barclay V. Head. Dussaud, op. cit., p. 21 ri, no. 9. PL I. 7.
From Gaza. 2. 1899. W. T. Ready. Dnssaud, op. cit., p. 214, no. 14, PI. I. 11.
3. 1876. Lieut. Herbert Kitchener. Pierced. Dussaud, ibid., no. 15, PI. I. 12.
OBODAS III — ARETAS IV PHILOPATRIS
No.
Wt.
Metal .
Size.
Axis.
Obverse. Reverse.
Date.
ARETAS IV PHILOPATRIS.
r\j2V Dnn )id^: -j^d nn-in
(Aretas, king of Nabataea, lover of his people).
9 B.C. -40 A. D.
I. In the name of Aretas and Huldu.
(years I-IG?)
iCD^j r\:t>j2 M'yn
(Huhlii, queen of Nabataea).
Silver.
Bust of Aretas r. with
long hair, laureate; inscr.
on r. upwards, on 1. down-
wards ; border of dots.
Bust of Huidu r.. draped
and veiled, wearing orna-
ment on tof) of head; iuscr.
on r. upwards, on 1. date
downwards; boider of
dots.
1
69-4
4-50
M -65
t
on r. mnntXTTin
on I. iTi^n-^,
border off the tlan.
on r. Tio>7,l jrn^,-.
on 1. Ill hJr
in field, on r. 0, on 1. H
3
PL I. 9.
2
64-6
4-19
M -65
t
on r. l}>Jf\Atk
on 1. ,/HT1&-*
inscr. ou r. obliterated,
on 1. Arnii.Tr/K
4
PI. I. 10.
3
62-5
4-05
Ai -65
t
on r. ^)jhh1f\ ou r. r>^)ii<)^Jfi
on 1. -rlbV^H^Tfo'^. on 1. ^hJMh
H Cnn) on r., iu field.
PI. I. 11.
16
4
7M
4-61
ill -7
t
inscr. on r. oft the tl;m.
on 1. obscure (? T]f2)J 0)1)
PI. I
on r. tJiri^JAllih
inscr. on 1. off the tlan.
. 12.
?
1. 1908. L. Hamburger. Dussand, p. 217, no. 21. Apparently re-struck on another
coin. 2. Dussaud, p. 217, no. 22. 3. 1839. Millingen. Dussaud, p. 225, no. 38.
Re-struck? 4.1909. Barclay V. Head.
KINGS OF NABATAEA
No.
Metal.
Wt Size.
I Axis.
173.8
11-2C,
159-0
10-30
M -95
M .9
t
65-4
4-24
Obverse.
Reverse.
t
Bronze.
Bust of Are t as r., with
long hair, wearing laurel-
wreath and ornament on
top of head ; inscr. on r.
upwards, ^7J3 HH"!!!
n^y cnn itoi: ; on i.
downwards ?|D^ T\'^'l2
(Aretiis.&coljol of silver).
inscr. on r. olf the tlau.
on 1. .a:2nuT3nb^
PI.
Bust of liuldu r , laureate,
draped, wearing veil; inscr.
ou r. itDii r\:hj2 nSn
upwards, on 1. 10 Jl^^
downwards (Huldu, &c.,
year 10) : border of dots.
on r. IL^JUJIDJZjIiIm
I inscr. on 1. off the flan.
I. 13.
our. /y/Mll^jJV-^Miir ion r., as on no. 5, first
on 1., a> on no. 5, ends j five letters obliterated.
,0P^ 1 on 1. ^f^-^JiJjz.
in countermark. |?i
PL I. 14.
II. lu the name of Aretas and Sliaqilath I.
(Sliaqilath, queen of Nabataea)
Base Silver.
Bust of Aretas r., with long ' Busts draped, jugate r. of
hair and moustache (?), j Aretas (with long hair,
laureate, draped; inscr on : laureate) and Shaqilath
r. u|)wards, on 1. down- 1 (wearing ornament on top
wards ; border of dots i of head) ; inscr. on r. up-
(usually off the flan). ! wards, on I. downwards ;
border of dots (usually off
the flan).
on r. inscr. off' the flau. on r. inscr. off the tlan.
ou 1. TlnVDHT Ion 1. ^nil:-)!^!
PL I. 15.
Date.
10
20
5. 1908. L. Hamburger. Dussaud. p. 221, no. 33, second specimen. 6. 1908.
L. Hamburger. Du.ssaud, p. 223. no. 34. 7. 1838. Matthew Young. Dussaud, p. 227,
no. 43 (date read as 40 ; but there does not seem to be any sign to the left of the 20).
ARETAS IV PHILOPATRIS
No.
10
11
12
: Meta .
Wt. i Size.
I Axis.
Obverse.
70-0 Al -6 on r. w/lh^H
•54
ou I. fili'l^rir
Reverse.
on r. inscr. oft' tlie tlan.
on I. .^'-/C7^~
PI. I. 16.
6u-4 A{ -6 on r. inscr. oft' the flan,
4-24 f on 1. ^S'Hh^^^
PI. I. 18
on r. iifyjfWifk
on 1. inscr. oft' the tlan.
64-0 Al -G on r. ■'bj/^J/j./iM/t lonr. h/i/7AJ1/t
4-15 f on I. inscr. off the tlan. jon 1. inscr. off the tlan.
PI. I. 19.
Bust of Aretas IV r., Bust of Shaqilath r.,
laureate, draped ; inscr. I draped and veiled, wear-
ou r. upwards, on 1. down- ! ing ornament on top of
wards ; border of dots, ' head ; inscr. on r. up-
wards, on 1. downwards ;
border of dots.
80-1 JE -Go on r. ^'/""
5-19 i f , on I. . r^
(short hair
on )•. TJ};:^
on 1. %)Yn
in field r. H
the tlan.
border off
PI. I. 20.
13 G5-6 M -G
I 4-25 \
on r. inscr. off the tlan.
on 1. ^\^J.yiHl
(long hair)
PL
on V. jiVj JJs]^fh
, on 1. ,uj/i/>-ft=^-»
I border off the tlan.
I. 21.
Date.
24
64-0 ^M -551 on r. ■i\)f-i]ni\t\rii> on r. inscr. off the tlan. 20 -F
4-15 if on 1. inscr. off the tlan. on 1. part of date remain-
ing, «gi"*
PL I. 17.
20 +
23(?)
or
27(?)
8. 1839. Millingen. Dussaud, p. 227, no. 42 (date read as 30). 9. 190L
W. T. Ready. Dussaud, p. 229, no. 48. 10.1906. Parkes Weber Gift. 11.1908,
L. Hambuiger. Dussaud. p. 229, no. 47. 12. 1908. Hamburger. Dussaud, p. 225,
no. 39 (wrongly described as silver). The fabric of the coin is that of tlie silver issues, and
it may once have been silvered. 13. 1902. Noury Bey. Dussaud, p. 226, no. 40.
KINGS OF NABATAEA
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
14
74-2
4-81
JE -75
t
15
70-0
4-54
^ .7
t
16
63-1
4-09
JE .7
t
17
62-1
4-0^
M -7
t
18
59-0
3-8J2
JE- 7
t
19
57-0
3-69
JE .7
20
55-1
3-57
M .75
t
21
49-1
3-18
JE -75
t
22
65-8
4-J26
iE -75
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
Bronze.
Busts of Aretas and Shaqilath Two cornuacopiae crossed
r., jugate; the king is lau- 1 and filleted; between them,
reate, with long hair (and aboA-e in two lines, and be-
moustache?), the queen draped: low in one, inscr.
both wear ornaments on top of ^f>T>i I . ^ , ^^^^,^.
head ; in fiehl r., letter e (t^^) ; ''{^f *"" ' P^ ' nmn)
1., letter pl ' ; border of dots. border of dots.
letters in field obliterated.
PI. II. 1.
PI. II. 2.
[no rev. ; impi-ession incuse
of previously struck coin]
PI. II. 3.
PI. II. 4.
above heads, traces of
Pl. II. 5.
1 So Dussand, p. 229, no. 4'J ; but on all the specimens here catalogued the letter is
either off the flan or not visible on it.
14-19. See Dussaud, p. 229, no. 49. 14. 1908. L. Hamlnirger. 16. 1867.
Presented by the Rev. Greville Chester. 17- 1824. R. Payne Knight Bequest.
iVwm. Fe<., p. 167(B), 7. 18,19.1908. L. Hamburger. 20.1905. Spink. 21.1913.
W. S. Lincoln. Twice pierced. 22. 1908. L. Hamburger. Dussaud, loc. cit.
ARETAS IV PHILOPATKIS
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Date.
III. Struck in the name of Aretas IV alone.
otoij ^hf2 nnnn)
Bronze.
Bust of Aretas IV r., with
long hair, wearing laurel
wreath and ornament on
top of head ; on r. 0, on
1. n
Female figure, wearing
long dress, standing 1., r.
hand raised holding un-
certain object ; on r. H,
on 1. 0 ; inscr. on 1. down-
wards, on r. upwards.
23
59-2
3-84
JE -75
t
letter on 1. oft' the tlan ;
border of dots.
•
on r. ^;tty
bonier of dots.
PI. II. 6.
4
24
99-2
(M3
JE .8
t
plain border.
on 1. |HiHf/H
plain border.
5
PI. II. 8.
25
66-3
4-30
.E .7
t
border of dots.
on 1. tojnJ''3»*>'
on r. nj f
letter on r. obliterated ;
border of dots.
■?
PI. II. 7.
26
()1-G
3-IJ!)
^ .7
t
letter on 1. obliterated : on r. 0X1):^
border off tlie tlan. inscr. on 1. obliterated;
border of dots.
?
Bust of Aretas r., lau-
reate, wearing ornament
on top of head ; border of
dots.
Two cornuacopiae crossed
and filleted ; between
them, letters or mono-
gram ; border of dots.
27
32-1
2-08
-E -So
t
PI. I
I. 9.
23. 1824. R. Payne Knight Bequest, Num. Vd., p. 167(B), (>. Du:ssaud, p. 220, no. 30.
Same rev. die as Dussaud, no. 2-3, PI. II. 6, therefore of year ■!. 24. 1908. L. Hamburger.
Dussauil, p. 219, no. 27. 25. 1908. L. Hamburger. Dussaud, p. 221, no. 81 (second
specimen;. 27. 1908. L. Hamburger. See Dussaud, p. 230, no. .53.
C
10
KINGS OF NABATAEA
No.
28
Wt.
28-9
1-87
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -5
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
*LH ; below, uncertain letter?
29
19-5
1-2G
M -55
t
,, ; below, uncertain letter?
border ott' the flan.
30
32-8
2-12
t
"H
31
29-2
1-80
JE -55
t
)'
32
27-4
1-77
JE -5
t
in front of head, H
1 1
n : ill field, on either side, H
PI. II. 10.
33
24-9
1-61
JE -5
t
') )•
n;*in field, on r. H. on 1.
letter off the flan. ,
PI. II. 11. i
34
27-4
1-77
JE -55
t
f
0 ; in field, on 1. H, on r.
letter obliterated.
1
35
30-1
1-95
JE -55
t
1
PI. II. 12.
28-35. 1908. L. Hamlnirger.
Dusf>aad, p. 231. no. 54.
28-9. See Dussaud, p. 230. Jio. 53. 30, 31. See
MALICHUS II AND SHAQILATH II
11
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Date.
MALICHUS 11 aiid SHAQILATH 11.
<;. A. u. 40-71.
1D33 1^^ wX^^» nSj2
(.Maliclius tlie kin;;-, king of Nabataea).
iDn3 r\±>J2 nnnx" n^^ptr
(SbaqilatJi, his sister, queen of Nabataea).
Base Silver.
Bust of Malichus r., with
long bair, laureate ; inscr.
on r. upwards, on 1. down-
wards ; border of dots.
Bust of Shaqilath r.,
draped, veiled ; inscr. on
r. upwards, on 1. down-
wards ; border of dots.
1
59-4
3-85
Ai -6
t
on r. inscr. off the tlan.
on 1. 45Amt>i
on r. '»^'<s'Al)U:
on 1. 'SbMnS'
9
PI. II. 13.
2
44-1
3-86
JR '55
t
on r, iJo//4^i^ on r. ,,,//4/>i'
on I. inscr. off the thin. on 1. <\bJ)T\:)iO
?
PL II. 14.
3
44-4
^■88
Al '55
t
on r. «///«•>#* f on r. inscr. off the tlan.
on 1. "iij \ on I. 'f
PI. II. 15.
Bronze.
?
Busts jugate r.of Malichiis
(laureate) and .Shaqilath,
draped ; details obscure :
border of dots.
Two cornuacopiae crossed
and filleted ; between
them, above in two lines
and below in one, inscr.
border of dots.
4
42-3
JE -6
t
PL II. 16.
5
38-9
JE -65
t
PL IL 17.
1. 1838. Matthew Young. Dussaud, p. 232, no. 58. 2. 1850. Major Henry
Rawlinson. Dussaud, p. 233, no. 61. 3. 1850. Major Henry Rawlinson. Dussaud,
p. 233, no. 62. 4. 1881. Clermont Ganneau. Dussaud, p. 234, no. 64 5. 1908.
L. Hamburger. Dussaud, ibid.
12
KINGS OF KABATAEA
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size. 1 Obverse.
Axis.
Reverse.
Date.
RABBEL 11.
c. A. D. 71-lOG.
)t22: l^^f2 i<:hf2 Sxnn
(Rabbel the king, king of Nabataea).
1. With his mother Shaqilath II.
No coins in British Museum.
II. With his sister and queen Ganiilath
ibij r\±!2 nnnx rh^^
(Garni lath, his sister, queen of Nabataea).
Silver,
Bust of Rabbel r., lau-
reate, with long hair ;
inscr. on r. and 1.
Bust of Ganiilath r., veiled
and draped ; inscr. on r.
and I.
1
55-4
3-59
Al .55
t
inscr. on r. oft' the flan ;
on L. downwards, «o;xi^r~
inscr. on r., upwards,
/JJ)i : on 1., downwards,
V
PI. II. 18.
2
53-9
3-49
M -5
{base)
on r., upwards, ><^6))ti)6'>'
on 1. inscr. and date oft"
the flan ; border of dots.
on r. oft' the flan ; on 1.
?
PI. II. 19.
1. 1918. Glendining Sale 19, ix. 1918, lot 119. 2. 1832. H. P. Borrell.
KABBEL II
13
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Bronze.
3
58-4
3-78
JE -75
t
Busts r. jugate of Rabbel Two cornuacopiae crossed and
(with long hair, laureate, i filleted ; between them, in
wearing ornament on top of two lines, inscr.
head) and Gamilatli ; [border \6j] /^L*., , L.»w*.\
of dots]. t^lb)> ^^"^^ ' ^^^^^
border of dots.
PI. II. 20.
4
51-8
3-30
JE .6
f
1
PL II. 21.
5
46-8
3-03
JE -65
\
1
PL II. 22.
6
39-0
2-53
^ -6
t
1
PL II. 23.
7
34-3
M -65
t
3-6. 1908. L. Hamburger. Dussaud, p. 237, no. 73. 7. Dus.saiid, ibicL
ARABIA'
No.
Wt.
125-9
8-16
2 I 111-3
''•21
123-5
8-00
119-2
7-72
88-2
5-72
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obvert-e.
Reverse.
Coins issued for the province witliout mint-name ; perhaps
struck at Bostra.
Hadrian.
Bust of Hadrian r., laureate, j Bust of Arabia to front, head
undraped ; around, beginning r., wearing turreted crown
below, inscr. : — ' and mantle blown out by the
wind ; in each arm she holds
small seated figure of a
child (?) ; below, inscr. : —
M -9 AVLTIOKPATOJPKAICA
\ jPTPAIANOCAALPIANO
CC - - -J
M -9 i AVT[OKPATaJiPKAICA
\ PTPAIANOCAAPIANOC
C --
APABIA
Pi. III. 1.
M -lb
\
79-0 M -8
5-12 \
M -9
\
M -85
AVTOKPATKAICA[PTP
AIANOCAAPIANOCC --]
[AVTOKPATKAICAPT]
PAIANOCAAPIANOCC
APTPAIAN[0CJA
[APJIAN0CC6BAC --
AVT[OKPATjKAICAPT
PAIANOCAA---
APAB[IA]
PI.
III.
2.
[APABJIA
Pi.
III.
3.
[AP]AB[IA
* All coins, unless otherwise described, have a border of dots on both sides.
1. 1905. Spink. Same obv. die as Mionnet V, 577. 1. 2. 1908. L. Hamburger.
Same obv. die as no. 1. 3. 1832. H. P. Boriell. De Saulcy, Terre Sainfe, p. .362,
Hadr. no. 1. 4.1908. L. Hamburger. Same obv. die as no. 3? 5.1908. L. Hambiu-ger.
6. 1908. L. Hamburger.
15
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse. j Reverse.
Date.
ADRAA.
1
Valekiax. I
1
245-7
13-9J2
JEMS
t
Bust of Valerian r.. lau-
reate, wearing paluda-
mentum and cuirass ;
around, beginning below,
in very barbarous and
uncertain characters. AV
KTiAIKINBAAePIAN
0CC£ BA(?)
In a slu'ine supported on 151 =
two columns, female (?) 256-7
figure, wearing chiton to a. d.
knees, standing r., r. rest- ■
ing on sceptre or spear,
I. extended holding un-
certain object ; inscr. on I
AAPA on r HNWNP
and in ex. AM (i.e. PNA)
PI. III. 4.
Galliexus.
2
168-2
10-90
.El -05
t
Bust of Gallienus r.,
radiate, wearing paluda-
mentum and cuirass :
inscr. on 1. AAI. on
r. HNOCCE
Hemispherical baetylou an
altar slab with horns (?),
supported by two columns
on a base ; between the
columns, horizontal lines
indicating steps (?) ;
around, beginning on r.,
AAPAHMOJI IPN
PI. III. 5.
150 =
255-6
A, D.
1. 1872. Edward Wig:in. Catal. Eollin and Feuardent, 18G4, 7641.
Sainte, p. 376. 2. 1877. Bank of England Gift.
De Saulcv, Teire
16
ARABIA
No.
Wt.
17-5
1-13
15-8
1-02
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -5
M -5
350-8 j^ M
0 0.7-1 1
Obvorse.
Reverse.
BOSTRA.
(Nea Traiana Bostra).
Quasi-aut<)uomous.
Bust (undrapeil ?) of City- i Camel standing r. ; above,
goddess r., wearing tnr- in arc, inscr. B^CT PA
reted crown, long tresses
on neck ; behind and in
front, date (^'[tousJ os')
o ^
PL III. 6.
PI. III. 7.
Coins with Emperors' portraits.
IIadkian.
See p. 14.
Antoninus Pius.
Bust of Pius r., laureate,
undraped ; around, begin-
ning below, inscr. :■ —
[AVTJOKPKAICAN
City-goddess standing to
front, 1. foot resting on a
crouching figure!?); she
wears turreted crown,
veil, chiton, and mantle :
rests Avith r. on spear
surmounted })y trophy,
and holds in 1. cornu-
copiae; around, beginning
below, inscr. : —
TVXHN€ACTPAI 1.
AlNJHCBOCTPAC r.
Date.
76 =
181-2
A.D.
1, 2. 1908. L. HamburgiT, Uev. Xum., 1911, p. SO, note o. Morey, Bostra, no. 2.
3. 1908. L. Hamburger.
BOSTKA
17
1
Metal.
No.
Wt
Size.
Obverse.
Keverse.
Axis.
4
284-0
^1-15
AVTOKPKAICANTGJ 1.
PA 1.
18-40
1
NINCJC6B€VC6Bi i.
IANHCBO--r.
PI. III. 8.
5
161-6
^1-0
Similar bust r. : inscr. aroimd.
Within a temple, showing
10-47
1
beginning below, AVTORPK
AICANT(jJN[l]l.. NOJCEB
6VC€B€ r.. 1 below
pediment containing crescent,
and two columns with high
bases, Athena-Tyche, standing
1., wearing helmet and chiton ;
she rests 1. on spear, at foot of
which is her shield ; with r.
she pours libation from phiale
on horned altar ; above her r.
hand, star; around, beginning
below, inscr. TVX below,
HN6ACTPA 1.. lANHC
BOC r., TPAC below.
PL III. 9.
Diva Faustina I.
Bust of Faustina I, r., veiled :
City-goddess, wearing chiton
around, beginning on 1. be-
and mantle, standing to front,
low, inscr. : —
head 1., turreted, r. resting on
spear, 1. on hip ; I. foot on
uncertain object (crouching
figure?) : around, inscr. : —
6
153-0
M -85
e[€jA<|)AVl.,CTciN[A]r.
(begins below) - - N€ACTP
1
9-91
t
Al 1., ANH -- r.
PI. III. 10.
7
60-4
^ -75
e€A<t>LAVJl., CT€INAr.
j (begins below) AC'I'PAI
3-91
\
jl., ANHC--V.
I
PI. III. 11.
8
57-1
M -6
[e]cA-4>[AV] L, CTGINA
(begins below) TVXH - - -
.5-rr>
i
r.
|l.. ANHBOCT[Pjr.
1
1
PI. III. 12.
4. 1908. L. Hamburger. Morey, Bostra, no. 5. 5. 1877. Bank of England Gift.
Morey, Bostra, no. 4, fig. 4. 6. 1908. L. Hamburger. Morey, Bostra, no. 8, fig 8.
7. 8. 1908. L. Hamburger.
D
No.
10
11
13
Wt.
68-8
4-46
36-9
2-39
.S3-0
2-14
77-9
r,-05
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -7
\
rE
M -65
\
A^u -65
t
102-9 M ■
G-6? t
Obvei'se.
Reverse.
[e]€A-4>AV I., - - - r. I- XV'T on 1., downwards;
- A I AH on v., downwards
(barbarous style)
PI. III. 13.
Maecus Aueelius Caesak.
Bust of Marcus r., bare- 1 Bust of City-goddess r., tur-
headed, wearing paludamen- reted and flraped : around,
turn and cuirass : around, be-
ginning on 1., inscr. : —
beginning on 1., inscr. : —
AYPHAIOC I., KAICAPr. TYXN€A
PI. III. 14.
TPAlBOCr.
AYPHAIorc
[KjAICAP r.
TYXN€A I.,
CoMMODUS Caesar.
Bust of Comuiodus r., youthful,
bareheaded, wearing paluda-
mentum and cuirass ; around,
beginning on 1., inscr. AAVP
KO/vA[KA?]onl., ICAVTV
I or. GB on r.
Bust of Zeus Ammou r.,
draped, with ram's horn and
disk on top of head ; around,
beginning on 1., iuscr. B^C 1.,
TPWN r.
PL III. 15.
CoMMODus Augustus.
Bust of Commodus r., bearded,
laureate, undraped ; around,
beginning on 1., inscr. : —
AVKO/v\o/x 1.
ANTOJNINO ,.
Camel walking r. ; around,
beginning on 1., inscr. : —
N€T]PBOCT 1.. PA 1
PL III. 16.
9. 1908. L. Hamburger. 10. I'JOS. L. Hamburger. Morey, Bostra, no. 11, fig. 10.
11. 1908. L Hamburger. Same obv. die as no. 10. 12. 18.39. Millinovn. De Saulcy,
p. 3G3, no. 4 [reads A'AYP-KOM M'AYP.YIOY'C€ ' A«AYP*KAlC IC.
ifor K?) ANT'YIO.CEB]. 31nrey. Bo.fra. no. 13, fig. ]i> [reads AAYPKOMOA
. . ICAYTYIOr€Y*(?)]- 13. 1908. L. Hamburger. Morey. Bosfra. n... l-'^. Same
dies as Paris sjx.cimcn Mionnet V, .580. 12 ; Morey, fig. 13).
BOSTRA
19
No.
14
15
Wt.
81-7
5-J2'J
21-4
1-3!)
16 273-1
17-70
17
210-0
13-Gl
192-2
12-4'o
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -7;
\
M -5
Obverse.
AVKOMMO 1.
A N TUN IN 0 ,.
i
^1-05
t
Reverse.
ABOC 1 , TPA
i€TPAio 1.
^1.
^1-05
t
(details of bust and laser,
obscure; perhaps Antoni- j $/'\'rA v.
nus Pius) I
Septimius Seveeus.
Bust of Septimius Severus '< Temple siiowiug four
r., laureate, wearing palu- columns, pediment, and
damentum and cuirass; central arch ; within, City-
around, beginning on 1.,, goddess standing r., tur-
inscr. AVKAC - 1., C€ reted, with r. foot on
OVHPOC r. crouching figure(':'); in I.
cornucopiae, r. resting on
spear surmounted by tro-
phy : inscr. N€TP on 1.
downwards, BOCTPA in
ex., €TPA on r, upwards.
PI. III. 17.
Julia Domna.
Bust of Domna r., draped, Temple showing four
hair in parallel waves in columns, pediment, and
front, taken up in chignon central arch, and contain-
at back ; around, begin- | ing figure of City-goddess
ning on 1., inscr. : — ' as on no. 16 : inscr. : —
Date.
|OYA|IA| I.
AOMNAC€B
|OYA|ljA 1.
[AOMN]A[C€]B r.
N€T[P] on 1. down-
wards, BOCTP[Aj in
ex., [€]TPA on r. up-
wards.
I- - on 1. downwards,
BOCTPA in ex., €TP.A
I on r. upwards
Pi. IV. 1.
104 =
209-10
a. D
14. 1908. L. Hamburger. 15. 1918. Glendining Sale, 19, ix, 1918, lot. 119.
16. 1841. Sir R. Ahdy, Sale Catal, lot 369. Morey, Bostra, no. 17, fig. 14. 17. 1908.
L. Hamburger. 18. 1906. Dr. F. Parkes ^Yebe^ Gift. Morey, Bostra, no 19, fig. 15.
Same obv, die as no. 17.
20
ARABIA
Metal.
No.: wt.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse. Reverse.
Elagabalus.
19
139-3
.E 1-0
Bust of Elagabalus r., radiate.
Bust of City-goddess r., tur- !
9-03
i
undraped ; around, beginning
on I., inscr AVK€ - - 1.,
ANTWNINOCr.
reted and draped, with cor- i
nucopiae over r. shoulder (?);
around, beginning on 1., inscr.
- XH 1. BOCTPOJir.
PI. IV. 2.
20"
73-9
JE -75
Bust of Elagabalus r., laureate, Teuiple showing two columns
4-70
t
wearing paludamentum and
cuirass ; around, beginning on
I., inscr. AVTOKeCAPAN
TUNINOC
and pediment (but no archi-
trave) ; within, Zeus-Ammon ?
wearing short chiton, stand-
ing 1., cruciform ornament on
his head ; he rests 1. on scep-
tre or spear and holds phial«
in r. ; at his feet, ram(?)
looking up ; inscr. B^C on 1.
upwards, TPH on r. down-
wards, NWN in ex.
PI. IV. 3.
COLONIA BOSTRA.
Sevekus Alexander. '•
21
229-1
.e:i-25
Bust of Severus Alexander r..
Founder ploughing r. with
14-85
i
laureate, clothed (?) : around.
yoke of humped cattle, his r. !
beginning on 1., IMPCAES
raised ; above, baetyl on a
MAVRSEV 1, A[LE]XAN
square aitar approached by
DERAVG r.
steps ; inscr. around, begin-
ning on 1.. N;TR.A LEXA
NDKIANAE. and in ex.
COL.BOSTR
PI. IV. 4.
1
19. De Saulcy, p. 367, no. S. Pierced. The cornucopiae is not certain : what appears to
be its head may Ije the Y "f [T]YXH- Cp. Morey, Bostra, no. 20, under Caracalla (laur.
l>nst). 20. 1872. Edward Wigan. De Saulcy, p. 366, no. 1. Morey, Bostra, no. 25, fig. 19.
21. H)00. Rcicliardt, S«/e Crt/aZ., 1899, lot 312. Morey, Bostra, no. 32.
BOSTRA
21
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
1
Bust of Severus Alexander r.,
laureate, wearing paludamen-
j turn and cuirass ; around, be-
Bust of City-goddess 1., draped
and turreted, w^ith cornu-
copiae behind shoulder ;
ginning on 1., inscr. : —
around, beginning on 1.,
inscr. : —
22
169-7
II- 00
jt: q IMPCAESMAVRSEV 1
l' ALEXANDERAVC r.
COLONIAB 1.
OSTRA 1.
! 23
146-9
^E .9 IMPCAESMAVRSEV 1.
1 AL[EXANDERJAVC i.
Pi. IV. 5.
24
107-9
n-99
jE -9
IMPCAESMAVRSEV 1.
ALEXA[N JDERAVC 1.
Similar bust and inscr. : —
PI. IV. 6.
Bust of Zeus Amnion r., with
ram's horn and disk on top
of head, draped ; around, be-
ginning on 1., inscr. : —
25
106-7
6-91
^ -8
\
[IMPCA]ESMAVRSEV I.
ALEXA[NDERAVC]r.
CO[LONIA] 1.
[B jOSTRA r.
26
73-1
4-74
JE -7
IMPCAESMAVRSEV 1.
ALEXANDERAVC r.
COLONIA 1.
BOSTRA r.
•
PL IV. 7.
27
61-5
3-98
^ -75
1
Similar bust and inscr. : —
Silenus (• Marsyas ' of the
Forum) r., with wine-skin over
shoulder, and r. hand raised ;
around, beginniug on ).,
inscr : —
28
78-6
5-0.9
tE -7
1
IMPCAESMAVRSEV 1.
COLONIA i.
B OSTRA 1.
22. De Saulcy, p. 367, no. 2. 23. 1908. L. Hamburger. Same obv. die as no. 22.
24.1908. L. Hamburger.' 25.1909. Rollin and Feuardent. 26.1908. L. Hamburger.
Same dies as no. 25. ' 27.1908. L Hamburger. Same obv. die as no. 25? 28.1908.
L. Hamburger.
22
No.
29
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Keverse.
(37-8
4-3<)
JE -75
i
[IMJPCAESMAVBSEV
ALEXANDERAVG i.
COLONIA 1.
B OSTRA 1
PI. IV. 8.
30
53-5
jE -75
i
IMPCAESMA V8SEV(./c) 1.
ALEXANDERAVG r.
COLONIAB 1.
OSTRA r.
Julia AIamaea.
31
209-9
13-00
JEl-2
i
Bust of Mamaea r., hair waved
and taken up at back of neck,
wearing stephane, draped :
around, beginning on 1., iuscr.
IVLIAMAMAEA 1., AVGV
STA r
Similar bust and inscr. IVLI
AMAMAEA 1. AVGVSTA
r.
Temple showing four columns,
pediment, and central arch ;
within, City-goddess standing
to front, wearing turreted
crown, tunic, and mantle ;
r. resting on spear surmounted
by trophy, 1. holding cornu-
copiae ; 1. foot on small
crouching figure (?) ; on either
side of her small bull(?);
around, beginning on I., inscr.
N.TR.A [LEXAJ 1.. [ND
RJI ANAE r., COL-BOST
[R 1 in ex.
PI. IV. 9.
Bust of City-goddess 1., wear-
ing turreted crown, with
cornucopiae behind shoulder,
as on no. 22 ; around, begin-
ning on 1 . inscr. COLONIA
BO 1., STRA r.
32
119-5
7-74
M -9
i
29.1919. Sir H. Weber Collection from W. T. Rend J', 1900. 30.1839. Millingen.
De Saulcy. p. 368, no. 5. Same obv. die as no. 29. 31. 1908. L. Hamburger. Same
dies as Mionnet V, 583. 29 (de Saulcy, p. 369, no. 5) on which the details are clearer.
32. 1908, L. Hamburgei-. Same obv. die as Mionnet V, 583. 27.
23
No.
33
Wt.
90-3
5-85
Mtital.
Size.
Axis.
M -9
Obverse. Reverse.
■
34
73-6
4-77
M -9
Similar bust and inscr. : — Bust of Zeus Ammon r.,
draped, with ram's horn, and
disk on top of bead ; around,
beginning on 1., inscr. C^LO
NIA l,BOSTRAr.
35
86-8
.E .7
IVLIAMAMAEA 1.
AVCVSTA r.
36
78-0
5-05
JE -8
1
IVLIAMAMArEA] 1.
[AVCVS TA r.
37
G4-4
4-1?
^ -8
IVLIAMAMAEA 1.
AVGVSTA r.
38
56-8
3-G8
.E -8
Philip Senior.
39
221-0
14-32
Bust of Pliilip Senior r., lau- Male bust r., diademed (or
reate, wearing paludamentum laureate?), draped (Dusaresy);
and cTiirass ; around, begin- around, beginning on 1., CO
ning on 1., inscr. (very obscure) LMETKQROLISBOSTRA
IMPCAESMIVL I. PH --
r.
1
33. 1831). Millingen. Same obv. die as no. 32. De Saulcy, p. 368, no. 2. 34. 1908.
L. Hamliurger. Same dies as no. 33. Another specimen from the Hamburger collection
(Invent. 1236) is too Iiadly preserved to be catalogued. 35-8. All tliese seem to be from
the same dits, but they are too l>adly preserved to allow of certainty on this point. Besides
these four, four others of the same types have been omitted owing to their bad preservation
i^cj). de Saulcy, p. 36.S, no. 1) ; a specimen from the Devonshire collection (237 = Morey, Bostra,
no. 36, fig. 26) is entirely altered by tooling. 35. 1908, L. Hamburger. 36. 1900.
Reichardt, Sale CafaL, 1899, lot 312. 37. 1008. L. Hamburger. 38. 1841. T. Burgon.
De Saulcy, p. 368, no. 1. 39.1908. L. Hamburger. Morey, i;os<>v(, no. 42, fig. 29.
24
ARABIA
No I Wt.
40
271-3
17-58
41 I 230-0
14-90
42
191-3
12-40
43 158-8
ho- 29
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
^1-05
4
M\-Qo
t
Obverse.
Eeverse.
Philip .Tunioe.
Bust of Philip .lunior r.,
radiate, wearioj; paludamen-
tum and cuirass ; around, be-
ginning on 1., inscr. : —
MARCIVLPHILIPPOSCE
SAR
Agonistic wreath, tied below,
with ornament at top and
bottom : around, beginning
on 1., and within the wreatli,
inscr. : —
COL.MCTROPOLISBOS
TRA
AKTI
AAOV isic)
CAPIA
COL.METROpOLISBOS
TRA
AKTI
AAOV
CAPIA
COLMETROPOLISBOST
OA {sic)
AKTI
AAOV
CAPIA
PI. IV. 10.
^1-15 [MjARCIVLPHILlPPOSC
t iE--
- METRopOLirSI
AKTI
AAOVC
APIA
40. 1908. L. Hamburger. 41. 1903. Noury Bey. 42. 1863. Eastwootl
Do Saulcy, p. 369, no. 2. Morey. Bostra, no. 44, fig. 31. 43. 1900. Reichardt. Sale Catal.
1899, lot 812.
BOSTRA
No.
1
Wt.
Metal.
Size. Obverse. Reverse.
Axis.
Trajan Decius.
Bust of Decius v., radiate (?),
wearing paludamentum and
cuirass ; around, beginning on
1., inscr. : —
Zeus Amnion and the City-
goddess ; on 1., Zeus r., with
disk and horns on head,
wearing slicrt chiton or
cuirass and mantle, gives r.
hand to City-goddess, Avho
stands 1., turreted, holding
cornucopiae in 1. : around,
beginning on !.. inscr. : —
44
202-1
13-10
yEl-05
t
inscr. illegible ; portrait un-
certain.
CONCORDIABOSTR€NR
VM {sic)
45
199-8
^1-05
-- - VSDECIVS--
CONCORDIAB---
12-95
t
Pl. IV. 11.
46
192-8
12-49
^1-0
t
Bust of Decius r., laureate,
drapery on 1. shoulder ; around,
beginning on 1., IMPCMQT
RAIANVSDECIVSAVC
Zeus Ammon, standing 1.,
with disk and horns on head,
ram's horn on temple, wearing
cuirass and mantle ; 1. rests
on spear surmounted by
trophy (?), in r. ears of
corn (?) ; at his feet, small
animal (ram?): around, lie-
ginning on 1.. COLM€TPO
POL BOSTRON
PI. IV. 13.
47
105-2
6-82
M -8
t
Bust of Decius r., laureate,
clothed (?) ; around, beginning
onl., ----DECIVSAVC
Bust of City-goddess r,, tur-
reted and draped : around, be-
ginning on 1., COLMETR[0]
POLBOSTRA
44. 1908. L. Hamburger. 45. 1908. L. Hamburger. Morey, Bostra, no. 5<». fig. 37.
46. 1908. L. Hamljurger, Fxec. yum., 1911, p. 83, note 6. Morey, Bostra, no. 49, fig. 36.
47- 1908. L. Hamburger. Morey, Bostra, no. iS, fig. 35.
E
Metal.
•
No.
Wt
Size.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Axis.
Trajan Decius and Hhkennius Etruscus.
Bust of Decius r., laureate,
On a raised platform ap-
and Herennius 1., radiate.
proached by steps, a baetyl
confronted, each wearing palii-
(surmounted by seven flat
damentum and cuirass: around,
cake-like objects) between two
beginning below, inscr. : —
other baetyls, each surmounted
by one similar object ; all in
wreath ; around, beginning
on 1., inscr. : —
48
250-8
tEI-O
IMPfMDeCIVS€TCjVAL
ACTIADVSAR[IACOLM
16-25
4
€N[SCVINTVSCAnSAR
€S
€TRB]OSTR€ NORVM
PL IV. 12.
49
218-3
^1-05
[IMPMDeCIVS€TCVAL€
ACTIADV OR
li-irj
i
NSCVINTVSCAISAReS 1
VM
50
91-7
M -9
Similar busts, but both lau-
City-goddess standing to
5-91
1
reate; around, beginning ou
1„ inscr. QVINTV
SCAES
front ; wears turreted crown,
tunic, and mantle ; r. rests on
spear surmounted by trophy,
1. holds cornucopiae ; 1. foot
on small crouching figure (?) ;
on r., at her feet, small figure
of Marsyas of the Forum 1. ;
around, beginning on 1., inscr,
---- 1., OLBOSTRAi r.
48. 1900. Reichardt, Sale Catal., 1899, lot 312. Morey, Bostra, no. 52. Same dies as
Morey, fig. 38 and as the Vienna specimen, yum. Zuit., 1908, p. 130, Taf. VIII. 10; same obv.
die as Rev. Num., 1911, PI. III. 10. 49. 1908. L. Hamburger. Same obv. die as no. IS..
50. 1838. Cureton. De Saulcy, p. 371, no. 3. Morey, Bostra. no. 53, fig. 39.
CHAKACHMOBA
27
No. Wt.
147-5
Metal.
Axis.
Obverse.
Revex'se.
CHARACHMOBA.
Elagabalus.
Rust of Elagabalus r., laureate, [ City-goddess, wearing kala-
draped ; around, beginning on thos, chiton and mantle, stand-
1., inscr. : — ing 1., r. resting on rudder, 1.
1 liolding coruucopiae ; around,
! inscr. : —
.E -85 AVKAIMAVANTWN'INO
XAPAX 1.. MWBA r,
PL IV. 14.
2 1 90-7 yE -8 AVKMAVAN
i 5-88 ! i
XAPAX
96-1 ^E -8 ' Bust of Elagabalus r., laureate, On r., figure seated I., before
()-33 f undra])ed : around, beginning an altar (?) with steps leading
onl., AKMAYANTWNINO
up to it (?), on which is a tall
column between two small
baetyls (?) ; inscr., beginning
above, XAP AKN - below,
I.
1. 1908. L. Hamburger. Babelon,
L. Hamburger. Babelon, loc cit, fig. 2.
Eev. Xum., 1899. p. 275, fig. 1.
3. 1908. L. Hamburger.
2. 1908.
28
Metal.
No. VJt.
Size
Obverse.
Reverse.
Date.
Axis.
DIUM.
Get A.
Bust of Geta r., bare-
Cuitus-tigure of Hadad to
headed, wearing paluda-
front ; he wears kalathos,
mentum and cuirass :
with horns or a crescent
around, beginning; on 1.,
on head ; long chiton with
inscr. : —
over - garment showing
parallel horizontal bands :
r. rests on sceptre sur-
mounted by eagle, 1. holds
Nike who stands 1. holding
out wreath to him ; at his
feet, recumbent bulls on
either side ; inscr., begin-
ning on 1. and reading
downwards : —
1
196-5
JE -95
novncircTAOKr
A€IH 1., NWN in ex..
268 =
1^-73
t
H2C r. (upwards)
205-6
PL IV. 15.
A.D.
2
132-9
M -9
HZC 1, A€IHN in ex.,
8-61
t
CON r. (upwards)
3
181-4
.El-0
n.C€n. 1., reTAC r
A€IH 1., NWN in ex.,
270 =
11-75
t
OC r. (upwards)
PJ. IV. 16.
207-8
A.D.
4
158-9
JE -9
■'J jj
A€IH 1., NCJN in ex.,
10-30
t
OC r. (downwards)
EBODA.
No coins in tbe British Museum. See Introduction.
1. 18t4. Devonshire, Sale Catal., I, lot 236. De Saulcy, p. 383, no. 2. B. M. C, Galatia, dx.,
p. 303, no. 1. 2. 1908. L. Hamburger. Same obv. die as no. 1. 3. 1844.
Devonshire, Sale Catal., I, lot 596. De Saulcy, p. 383, no. 3. B. M. C, loc. cit., no. 2.
4. 1908. L. Hamburger. Same obv. die as no. 3.
DIUM-EBODA-ESBUS
29
No. Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
1 ! 178-3
11-56
111-4
7-22
:./E
ESBUS
(Aurelia Esbus).
Elagabalus.
Bust of Elagabalus r., laureate,
wearing paludameutum and
cuirass : around, beginning on
1., inscr. : —
Zeus, nude to waist, seated 1.,
1. resting on sceptre, r. hold-
iog phiale ; around, begin-
ning on 1., inscr. : —
•95 [AVjTCMAV[R|ANTONl! AV
NVS
1., OVC r.
PI. V. 1.
M -85 AVTCMAVRANTONINV AVP<E -
t S
Similar bust and inscr. : —
3 193-8 M -85 AVTCMAVlRANT]ONIN
12-5G t VS
150-0
9-72
M 95 AVTCMAVRANTONINV
Within a temple showing four
columns, with central arch
and flat roof to wings, City-
goddess standing 1. : she wears
turreted head-dress and short
chiton ; r. foot on small
ligure (":*) ; 1. rests on spear or
standard, r. holds uncertain
object (bust of Emperor?);
above wings and in ex.,
inscr. : —
A V above
[€JCB0V[C] in ex.
PI V. 2.
[A VJ above
eCBOVC in ex.
1. 1910. L. Hamburger. 2. 1908. L. Hambiugftr. Same obv. die as no. 1.
3. 1908. L. Hamburger. Same obv. die as no. 1 ? 4. 1908. L. Hamburger. Pierced.
Same dies as no. 3.
30
ARABIA
No.
5
Wt.
101-2
6-56
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -8
\
Obverse.
[AVTCM]A[ VRANT |ONI
NVS
Reverse.
A V above
in ex.
6
136-6
8-85
M .85
t
Similar bust; inscr. AVTC
MAV[R]ANTONINVS
Deity (Men ?) standing 1. ;
wears Phrygian cap, short
chiton, and mantle ; r. foot on
bull's head ; 1. rests on spear or
sceptre round which a serpent
is twined ; in r. conical object
(pine-cone?); around, begin-
ning on 1., AVPeCB 1. ov
Or.
PI. V. 3.
5. 1908. L. Hamburger.
6. 1908. L. Hamljursfer. Same <jbv. die as no. 5.
31
No.
Wt. 1
1
154-7
10-02
2
143-7
9-31
3
88-7
r)-75
4
43-4
2-81
5
37-7
2-44
G
41-6
2-70
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
GERASA.
Hadeian.
Bust of Hadrian r., laureate :
around, beginning on 1.,
inscr. : —
M -9 AYKAICTPA 1.
I AAPIANOC[C€]r.
bust in paludamentum and
cuirass.
M -95 [AYKAICTPA] 1.
/ AAPIANOCCe r.
bust in paludamentum and
! cuirass.
7 M -75 AYK[T1PA 1.
\ AAPIANOCCi r.
^|A below : bust undraped.
PI.
M -G iAjAYKTPAl 1.
I AAPIANOC r.
bust undraped.
M G i-MAYKTPAl I
\ AAPIANOCr.
bust undraped.
Bust of Artemis-Tyche r.,
draped, with top-knot, quiver
behind shoulder, and bow in
front ; around, beginning on
1., inscr. : —
APT€MICTYXHrePAC
PI. V. 4.
A[PTl€MIC[TYXHr|€P
ACOJN
AP[T6]MITYXH 1.
rCPACOJN r.
5.
JE -6 - - - PAi 1.
t AAPIANOC r.
bust undraped.
APT€TYr€PAi:aJN
[APTeTYrePACCjN
APT€MITYr€PA
PI. V. 6.
1.1908. L. Hamburger. 2.1900. Keichardt, S«?e Ca^aZ., 1899, lot 313. Same
obv. die as no. 1. 3.1900. Reichardt, i6iV?. Wroth, iVwm. CAron., 1900, p. 295, no. 33.
PI. XIV. 8. Pierced. 4. 1900. Reichardt, ibid. 5. 1908. L. Hamburger. Same
dies as no. 4. 6. 1908. L Hambui'ger.
32
Metal.
No.
Wt.
Size.
Axis.
Obvei-se.
Reverse.
COMMODUS,
7
46-3
^ -55
Bust of Commodus r., lau- Bust of Artenais-Tyclie r.,
3-00
t
reate(?'), witli a slight beard(?), draped, with quiver at
wearing paludamentum and shoulder : iuscr. APTT 1.,
cuirass : inscr. AV 1.. K VXPC r.
OMO r.
Ckispina.
Bust of Crispina r., draped,
Bust of Artemis-Tyche r..
hair in chiguou : inscr. KPIC
draped, hair in chignon, quiver
niNA 1.. CeBACTH r.
at shouhler : inscr. around,
APT€MICTVXHrePAC
8
186-8
12-10
JE -95
t
WN
9
158-0
.E .05
j
10-24
i
.
7. I'.^OO. Keichardt, Sa?e Ca?aL, 1899, lot 313.
8. 9. 1908. L. Hamburger.
33
Metal.
No.
Wt.
Size.
Obverse.
Keverse.
Date.
Axis.
MEDABA.
Caeacalla.
1
137-8
^1-0
Bust of Caracalla r., lau-
City-goddess, wearing tur-
105 =^
^■!I3
\
reate, with slight beard,
reted crown and chiton
210/11
wearing paludamentum
leaving 1. leg bare, stand-
A.D.
and cuirass ; around, be-
ing r., 1. foot on prow (?) ;
ginning below on 1., inscr.
holds in 1. cornucopiae,
AVTKMAV ANT[U
ia r. uncertain object ;
NINU]
around, inscr. [MjHAA
BUN 1., TVXHi r. ;
p
in field 1. ^
PI. V. 7.
2
131-7
iEl-0
Same bust ; inscr. AVT
City-goddess, wearing tur-
8-53
t
KMAV ANTUNINu
reted crown and chiton
leaving r. leg bare, stand-
ing 1., r. foot on prow (?) ;
holds in 1. cornucopiae,
in extended r. bust of
Emperor (?); around, inscr.
MHAABUil.,TVXi
r. ; in field 1. P, r. €
PI. V. 8.
Elagabalus.
3
126-4
JE -85
Bust of Elagabalus r.,
City-goddess, wearing tur-
H-19
t
laui-eate, wearing palu-
reted crown and chiton
damentum and cuirass ;
leaving r. leg bare, stand-
around, beginning below
ing 1., r. foot on prow(?) ;
on 1., inscr. AVTOK^CO
holds in 1. cornucopiae.
A.AMTomH.
in extended r. bust of
Emperor; around, inscr.
MHAABUN 1, TVXH
r
PI. V. 9.
1, 2. 1908. L. Hamburger. 1 is pierced. 3. 1908. L. Hamhurner. Babelon, Mel.
lie Num., III. p. 252 reads tbe obverse inscription AVTO K€CA ANTONINO.
34
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
PETRA
(Iladria^a Petra Metropolis).
Hadkian.
Bust of Hadrian r., laureate,
wearing paludamentum and
cuirass ; around, beginning
below on !., inscr. : —
City-goddess seateil 1. on rock,
wearing turreted crown, veil,
long chiton, and mantle ; with
1. holds tro]ihy, r. extended
open ; around, beginning be-
low on 1., inscr. TT6TPAMH
Tl., POnOAICr.
1
271-4
17-5U
AYTOKPATajPKA[ICA]
PTPAIANOCAA|PIAN]0
CC€BACTOC .
Gorgoneion on breast.
1
2
233-6
15-14
^1-15
AVVTOKPATCJPKAICA
PTPAIANOCiAlAPlANO
CC€BACTOC
Gorgoneion on breast.
3
223-4
14-48
M\-\
1
AVTOKPATOJPKAICAP
TPAIANOCAAPIANOCC
6BACT0C
Gorgoneion ou breast.
PI. V. 10.
4
195-2
12-ry5
Ml-Q
[AlVTOKPATWPKAICA
PTPAIANOCAAPIANOC
Gorgoneion on breast.
5
206-5
13-38
^1-05
AVTOKPATOJPKAICAP
TPAIANOCAAPIANOCC
€BACTOC
6
168-2
10-00
JE 1-0
AVTOKPATCJPKAICAP
TPAIANOCAAP oc
1. 1840. J. R. Steuart, Sah Catal., lot ■y62. De Saiilcy, p. 351. 1. 2. 1908.
L. Hamburger. The doul)le V in AVTOKPATCJP, and the omission of the A in
[AJAPIANOC i'l'e due to double striking. 3. 1895. Presented by Lord Grantley.
4. 1908. L. Hamburgei-. 5. 1839. Millingen. De Saulcy, ibid. 6. 1908.
L. Haml^urser.
PETRA
35
No. Wt.
159-6
10-34
8 225-4
14-61
12
2-88
49-8
3-2S
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
.E i-[)5i AVTOKPATCJPKA - TP
i I AIA - - AAPIANOCC€BA
ICTOC
^'E 1-05! Similar bust: inscr. A Similar type : around, begin-
j : AICAPTPAIANOIAAPIA ning below on 1., inscr. AAP
N
- - {sic)
n€TPAMHTPono
103-8 ,.E -85
6-78 j I
AlC
Bust of Hadrian (?) r., laureate, Bust of City-goddess r., wear-
wearing paludamentum and ing turreted crown and veil,
cuirass (?) : around, inscr. ob- draped: around, beginning
literated. on 1. below, inscr. A AP
AMHTPonoAIC
PL V. 11.
Bust of Hadrian r., laureate, Within a laurel-wreath tied
un draped : inscr. beginning at bottom, inscr.
on 1. below : —
10
59-5
3-86
11
44-5
JE -65 AYT'KAIC [TPAAAPIC
nETPA
MHTPO
noAIC
I
JE -65
I
JE -7
i
€BJ
PI. V. 12.
13 150-8 JEhO
9-77 ; j
AYT'KAilC TPIAAAPIC
GB
AYT'KAIC TPAAAPNC
€B
Antoninus Pius.
Bust of Pius r.. laureate, I City-goddess, as on nos. 1 f.,
wearing paludamentum and seated 1. on rock, holding
cuirass ; around, beginning trophy in 1., r. hand extended
below on 1., inscr. AYTKAl open; around, beginning be-
. _ . €B€YC I low on 1., inscr. AAPIANH
7. 1908. L. Hamburger. 8. 1900. Reichardt, Sale Caial., 1899, lot 311. 9. 1908.
L. Hamburger. 10. 1844. Devonshire, Sale Catal., I, lot 46. De Saulcy, p. 352. 4
•Coll. Wigan'^. 11. 190u. Keicliardt. ?tn7. Same obv. die as no. 10. 12,13.1908.
L. Hamburger.
36
Metal.
No.
Wt.
Size.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Axis.
14
178-7
JEM
Similar bust; inscr. AYTKA
City-goddess, wearing turreted
11-58
i
ITAIAAAPIAANTWNIN
pCC€B€YC€B
crown, veil, long chiton, and
mantle, standing 1., holding
trophy in 1., sacrificing with
phiale in r. over horned altar;
around, beffinning below on 1.,
inscr. VAPIANHTT€TPA
M HTPononoAIC (sic)
PI. V. 13.
Septimius Severus.
15
120-4
.El.O
Bust of Septimius Severus r.,
City-goddess, as on nos. 1 f.,
7-80
t
laureate, undraped ; around,
beginnino: on 1. below, inscr.
- - KACnTICOy HPOCn
EPCii
seated 1. on rock, holding
trophy in 1., r. hand extended
open ; ai'ound, beginning be-
low on 1.. inscr. AAPIANH
HEl. -TPonoA- r.
Julia Domna.
16
98-9
M -85
Bust of Domna (?) r., draped ;
Within a temple showing two
6-41
t
inscr. obliterated.
columns, City-goddess, seated
1. ; she holds in 1. trophy, in
extended r. uncertain object
(small stele ?) ; in pediment,
ornament or facing bust ;
inscr. - - PI on 1. downwards,
TT€Tr' in ex., - - H - on r,
PI. V. 14.
Geta.
17
125-3
jE].0
Bust of Geta r., youthful,
Within a temple, showing
8-13
t
l)areheaded, wearing paluda-
mentum and cuirass ; around,
inscr. TTC€TTT« 1 , •r€TA»
KAr.
two columns but no pediment,
City- goddess seated 1. on rock ;
she holds in 1. trophy and
extends her r. ; inscr. AAPI
on 1. downwards, TT€TPA
in ex., MHT on r. upwards.
PL V. 15.
i
14. 1805. Charles Townley. De Saulcy, p. 352. 15. 1839. Millingen. De Saulcy,
p. 352. 1. Same obv. die an Mionnet V, 588. 46 (Paris specimen i. 16. 1908.
L Hamljurger. 17. 1872. Edward Wigan. De Saulcy, p. 353. 1.
PHILADELPHIA
37
Wt.
47-0
50-0
3-34
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Date.
PHILADELPHIA.
Quasi-autonomous.
1^
■Go Beardless male (?) bust r.,j Within a wreath, tied at 146 =
wearing crested helmet, bottom, and with medal- 83/4
draped ; around, inscr. lion at top, a. d
beuinuing on r. above: €T
<r>rAAA€A<l>€ r., (jJN 1.
OYC
PI. VI. 1.
Bust of ]Jemeter r., draped Wicker basket, containing
and veiled and crowned ' two ears of corn between
with corn (?) ; around, two serpents ; around, on
beginning on 1. below, j 1. upwards and r. down-
inscr. : — I wards, date.
M -65 4>IA»K0|. 1.
f CYPIACr.
€TOYlCJ
ZKC r.
PI. VI. 2.
47-3 M -Go
•00 \ t
215-5
13-'.)G
<1>IAAK0| 1.
CYPIAC r.
Demeter holds ears of corn
in her hand ?
€TOYC
XKC r.
.El-O
Coins with Emperors' portraits.
Titus and Domitian.
Head of Titus r., laureate ; I Head of Domitian r., lau-
around, beginning on 1. reate; on 1. upwards, LP
below, inscr. [AY]TOK A\P ; on r downwards,
PATI2P 1., TIT0CKA![<I>]IAAA€A4>€£IN
ICA[P] r. ; in circular I
countermark, bearded
bust r. (Antoninus Pius ?). |
PI. VI. 3.
227 =
164/5
A. D.
143 =
80, 8
A.D.
1-4. 1908. L. Hamljurger.
38
ARABIA
No. Wt.
Metal.
I Size.
i Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
I Habriax.
154-9 '\jE -85 Bust of Hadriau r., laureate, Bust of City-goddess r., wear-
10-04 f wearing paludamentum and ing turreted crown and
I cuirass : around, beginning on draped : around, beginning
1. below, inscr. AYTOKPAA on 1. below, inscr. TYXH<I>I
PIANOCCeBACTOC AAA€A<l)€aJNKC
PI. VI. 4.
I Hadrian and Antoninus Pius.
6 188-G .E -9 Siiniiar bust r. : inscr. AYT Bust of Antoninus Pius (?) r.
10-2^ f OKPA* 1.. A.APIAN - - - r. with slight beard, laureate,
as Herakles, wearing lion-
skin round neck ; around,
I beginning on 1. below, inscr.
<t)IAAA€A<t>€CJNKO|AH
CCYPIAC
Pi. VI. 5.
Antoninus Pius.
Bust of Antoninus Pius r.,
laureate, wearing paludamen-
tum and cuirass : in front,
facing him, small beardless
lielmeted bust 1.; inscr, around,
beginning on 1 : —
105-6 \jE -85 AYTKAICAP 1 . ANTGJ N
6-8i I j r.. [^- jINOC beiuw.
City-goddess, wearing turreted
crown and short chiton and
boots, standing r., 1. foot on
prow (?) : r. resting on sceptre,
I holding cox'nucopiae ; inscr.
around, beginning on 1. : —
TYXH<t>l.
A[C?ir
.. AA€A<t>€\
97-5
6-3J2
JE -85 AYTKAIC AP| ).,
I I N v.. €IN6c l.elow.
ANTO)
TYXH4»
IALC?J r
I 1, AAAeA<l>€
PI. VI. 6.
5. 6. 1908.
L. Ilamljurser.
L. Hamljurger.
Same obv. die as m
7. 190S. L. llaniburser. Pierced.
8. 190S.
PHILADELPHIA
39
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
9 132-8
8-01
10 132-4
i S-5S
AxTONixus Pius and Marcus Aueelius
Bust of Pius r , laureate, Bust of Marcus Aurelius
wearing paliulamentum and Caesar r., bareheaded, beard-
cuirass ; in front, facing him, i less, as Herakles, wearing
small helmeted beardless bust | lion-skin over shoulders:
1.; inscr. around, beginning j inscr. around, beginning on
on 1 : — ' 1. : —
.E -8 AYjTKAICAP I.. ANTO)! <I)IAAA€A 1 J
i NE 1.. INOC below. <t>eUNKO|A - r.
PI. VI. 7.
I:: i) AYTKAICAP 1., ANTOJ 4>IAAAeA 1
i [NEJ r., INOC below. ! <I>6C0NK0|A - r.
Marcus Aurklius.
11 418-9 Ll£l-o [Just of Marcus r., bareheaded, Car with domed canopy sup-
27-14 1 I with slight beard, undraped ; ported by four pillars, drawn
inscr. around. be<iinninu' on 1 , r by four horses : inscr.
AVTKAiCMAVPANTOJN around, beginning on 1,<|)|AK
I INO-- 1. OCYPHPAKA€ above,
I I ION r.. APMA below.
PL VI. 8.
12 212-n lE1-0.j Bust of Marcus r., bearded, Bust of goddess (Asteria) r.,
looO f laureate, draped : inscr. around, draped and veiled, with star
AYTKAIOM* 1., AYP'AN above head: inscr. aroun.l,
TGJNe r., INOC below. OIA.KOI.CYPI. 1 . eeAA
CTePIA V
PI. VI. 9.
13 157-2 SE -iio Bust of Marcus r., l,)earded. The Dioscuri, nmle, wearing
10-1!) j \ bareheaded, wearing paluda- pilei, standing to front, facing
mentum and cuirass (?) : inscr. each other, each resting with
around, AVP I., AN outer hand on spear, other
r. hands lowered : inscr. on 1.
. upwards, <t>IAA.d€Ai, on r.
downwards. iK^CYPl
9. 1908. L. Hamlnirgei-. 10. 1908. L. Hamburger.
11. De Saulcy, p. 390. 1. B. M. C, Galatia, &c., p. 306, no. 1.
Feuardent. B. M. C, /&<>?., no. 2 13. 1908. L. Hainburger.
Same obv. die as no. 9.
12. 1888. Rollin and
40
AHABIA
Wt.
123-8
8-0J2
123-6
8-01
133-9
8-68
140-8
9-W
18 108-5
7-03
39-3
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
jE -8
t
JE -75
^ -85
t
.^1.0
Obverse.
Bust of Marcus r., bearded,
laureate, "wearing palud;i men-
turn and cuirass (?) ; inscr.
around, AYT^KAIOM-AY
I., P.ANTO) - - - r.
Reverse.
Beardless bust of Herakles r.,
laureate, wearing lion-skin
knotted at neck ; inscr.
around, beginning on 1., <l>l
AAAeAOeCJN KOIAHC
CYPIAC
Bust of Marcus r., bearded, BustofCity-goddes^r., draped,
radiate, undraped ; inscr. wearing turreted crown :
around, A«KAIC«M» 1., AY inscr.around,4>IAAA€A<I>€
P.ANT.a: r. 1., CJNKOj.CYP. r.
PL VI. 10.
Lucus Verus.
Bust of
wearing
cuirass :
KAICA
Verus r., laureate,
paludamentum and
inscr. around, AYT*
, 1., .AVP . . poc r.
Beardless bust of Herakles r. ,
laureate, wearing lion-skin
knotted at neck ; inscr. around,
beginning below on 1., <I>[I]A
AA€A<l>€a)N KOIAHCC
YPIAC
COMMODUS CaESAK.
Bust of Commodus r., bare-
beaded, beardless, wearing
paludamentum and cuirass ;
inscr. around, KOM 1.,
MOAOCKAI r.
Bust of goddess (Asteria) r.,
veiled and draped, with star
on top of head -, inscr. around,
<t>IA.K.Ol., eGAACT€Pl
r., A below.
JE -7 ! Similar bust r. : inscr. around, ■ Bust of City-goddess r., wcar-
A.AYP. I. KOMMOAOCK
ing turreted crown and
ilrapery leaving r. breast bare :
inscr. around, <I>IAAA€A4>
r., €CJNKC I.
PL VI. 11.
^ -551 Similar bust r.: inscr. arouncJ, Beardless bust r., wearing
crested helmet; inscr. around,
<I)|AA r., KC 1.
j AVKAII.AVPK
14, 15. 1908. L. Hamburger.
17-19. 190S. L. Hamburger.
16. 1908. L. Hamburgt-r. Same rev. die as no. 14.
PHILADELPHIA
41
No.
Wt.
20
21
22
23
24
25
205-5
13-33
76-2
4-94
56.3
3-65
53-4
47-9
45-6
3-!)5
Metal,
Size.
Axis.
JEl-O
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
CoMMODus Augustus.
Bust of Commodus r., bearded,
laureate, undraped ; inscr.
around, AVTI<«A»AYPHA
1., KOM - - - C€ - r.
Domed car drawn r. by four
horses, as on no. 1 1 ; inscr.
around, 4)IA' 1, K-OHPA
KAION above, below.
PI. VI. 12.
Elagabalus.
Bust of Elagabalus r., laureate,
undraped : inscr. around, be-
ginning on I. : —
AVK€CAPANTWNIN
AVKAIC
.E .5 lAVK NO
M -65
/
JE .6
JE -55
JE -65
AVTKECANT
AVTK- - NINOC
Bust of goddess (Asteria) r.,
veiled and draped, with cruci-
form star on top of head ;
inscr. around, beginning on
1. :—
4>IAA - 1.. iCVP 1.
<l>IAKO 1., ICVP V.
- AKO - - I., CVPlACr.
-- AKOl 1.. CVPIA 1.
veil indistinct.
PI. VI. 13.
<|)IAKO| 1.. CVPlACr.
aO-3. 1008. L. Hamburger. • 24. De Saulcy, p. 392. 1. B. M. C, Galaiia, &c.,
J). 306, 110. 3. 25. 1908. L. Hamburger.
42
ARABIA
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
135-5
8-78
132-2
8-o7
102-2
279-9
18 -M
PHILIPPOPOLIS
(Philippopolis Colouia).
Divus Makinus.
(Coins struck by Philip Seuior).
Bust of Marinus r., with close-
cut beard, bareheaded, sup-
ported by eagle ; inscr. around,
beginning on 1., GeilMAPl
Nil
Roma standing 1., wearing
helmeted and long chiton,
resting I. on spear, at foot of
which oval shield, holding
phiale in extended r. ; inscr.
around, <Dl AITTTTOTTOAIT
1., unkoahniac r.
jE -95 (eagle to front, head 1,, wings
I spread)
PL VI. 14.
jE -9 (eagle to r., beating its wings) in field 1. S, r. C
t PI. VI. 15.
t
j Philip Sexioe.
Bust of Philip Senior r., lau- Roma seated 1., wearing hel-
reate, bearded, wearing palu- met, mantle, and chiton, rest-
damentum and cuirass : inscr.
around, beginning on I. : —
ing I, on spear, holding in
extended r. an eagle sup-
porting two small figures;
beside her seat, oval shield ;
inscr. around, beginning on
1. ; in field 1. and r., S C
.EMo AYTOKKMIOYAI<l>IArinj <I)IAinnonOAITnN
t InoCCeB KOAHNIACr.
i i PI. VI. 16.
1. 1909. Lincoln. 2. 1867. Due de Blacas. De Sauk-y, p. 396, no. 2. 3. 1860.
Count de Salis Gift. Same dies as no. 2. 4. 190S. L. Hamburger. Same rev. die as
Glasgow specimen (Macdonald, Hunterian Catal., iii, p. 300, PI. LXXVIII. 23\
PHILIPPOPOLIS
43
No.
10
Metal.
Wt. Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
253-4 -KM AYTOKKMIOYAI<t>IAinrr ^lAinTTOnOAIITHNl 1
16-Jo t 0CC6B [KOAHNIAJCr.
2390 Leii5 AY[TJ0[KKMII0YAI4>IAI <l)IAinnonoAITnN 1
15-49
9 228.1
! 14-78
291-4
18-88
t inn[Occ€B
KOAnrNiiACi.
275-2 LEM5 AYTOKKMIOYAI<l)IAinn <t)iAinnonoAiTnN
17-83 [ I OCC€B KOAHNIACr.
232-2 .^1-15
15-05 I
<l>IAinTTOnOAITnNKOA
HNIAC
Otacilia Seveea.
.EM
t
Bust of Otacilia r., draped,
Roma seated 1., holding eagle
with crescent behind shoulders;
wears stephane ; hair waved
and taken up in long plait at
back of head ; inscr. around, I TIlN
beginning on 1., MAPHTAK I in field
IAIC€OYHPANC€B |
PL VI. 17.
with two figures, as on nos.
4 f. ; inscr. around, begin-
ning on 1., <i>iAinrroTTOAi
KOAHNIAC r.;
and r , S C
Philip Juniok.
.EM
Bust of Philip Junior r., lau-
reate, beardless, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass ; inscr.
around, beginning on 1., AY
Roma seated 1., holding eagle
with two figures, as on nos.
4 f. : inscr. around, begin-
ning on 1., 4>IAITTTT0TT0AI
TOKKMIOYAKMAinnoCTHNKOAflNIAC: in field
C€B 1. and r, S C
5. 190.S. L. Hamburger. Same dies as no. 4; the reverse has been re-struck upside
down. 6. 1805. Townley. Same rev. die as no. 4. De Saulcy, ji. 396. 1. 7. 1908.
L. Hamburger. Same ol)v. die as no. 6. 8. 1847. Baron Knobelsdorf. Same obv.
die as no. 0. 9. 1839. Millingen. De Saulcy, j). 397. 10. 1885. F. Boocke.
44
ARABIA
No. Wt.
1 253-0 M 1-2
16-39 I
243-2
15-76
.EM
t
9-86
i
4 212-1 ^1-1
13-74 t
Obverse.
Reverse.
EABBATHMOBA.
Sept. Severus.
Bust of Sept. Severus r., On a square basis deco-
laureate, Avearing palu- rated with four pilasters
damentum and cuirass ; and placed on broad
inscr. around, beginning plinth, figure of war-god
on 1. : — Ariel facing ; he wears
helmet, cuirass, and boots ;
in r, sword erect ; in 1.
spear and round shield ;
on either side an altar ;
inscr. around : —
3 152-2 M 1-05
140-3
9-09
^M -95
t
AC€nC€OYHPOC
C€B - r.
AVTKAC 1
C€OVHPO
C60
[PJABAeMCOBr., - -1.
altar horned, as on Petra,
no. 14.
PABAe 1., MGJ - - r.
altar torch-like, llaming.
PI. VII. 1.
in countermark, head of
Elagabalus (?) r., laureate.
PABAeMCJ 1, - - - r.
altar obliterated.
Julia Domna.
Bust of Domna r., draped, | Similar type to no. 2 ;
hair in chignon ; inscr. , inscr. around, PAB - - 1.,
around, lOVAIA 1., AO
MNAC r.
: in field 1. §•
PI. VII. 2.
r. €
Cakacalla.
BustofCaracallar., beard- j Poseidon, nude, standing
less, laureate, wearing pa- 1., r. foot on rock ; rests
ludamentum and cuirass ; with 1. on trident, holds
inscr. around, C€BAVT in r. dolphin: inscr.
KAICl.,ANTnNINOC around, PABAOMOV 1.,
BHNGJN r. : in field 1.
Dat(
1. 1908. L. Haml)urger. 2. 1872. Edward Wigan. De Saulcy, p. 355. 1.
3. 1908. L. Haml)urger. 4. 1908. L. Hamburger. 5. 1900. Reichardt, Sale Catal,
1899. lot nn.
ARABIA FELIX
1
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse
Reverse.
I.
SABAEANS and HIMYARITES.
Third — second cent. b. c.
Imitations of the Older Attic types (4th cent. B.C.).
(a) Withovt sif/ns on reverse.
Units.
1
83-1
5-38
M -6
Head of Athena r., wearing
crested helmet, adorned with
olive-leaves and scroll, and
circular ear-ring ; on her cheek,
H
PI. V
Owl standing r., head facing ;
in upper 1. corner, olive-
spray : above its back, cres-
cent with horns down ; on r.,
downwards, AGE (usually
somewhat barbarous letter-
ing) : traces of incuse sciuare
on some specimens.
II. 3.
2
83-1
5-38
M -65
3
82-6
5-35
M -65
1
4
82-6
5-35
itl -65
1
5
82-4
5-34
/R -7
1. 1881. N. Mavrocordato.
from the same dies.
2-5. 1901. Ihrahini Salunjie (Aden"
4 and 5 are
10
ARABIA FELIX
wt.
Metal.
Size
Axis.
81-7
M -65
80-5
5-22
.11 -6
80-3
5-20
M -6
77-2
5-00
M -6
base
^
76-4
4-95
M -6
base
*-
62-0
4-02
jH '65
base
^^
Obverse.
Revei'se.
PI. VII. 4.
38-7
2-ol
35-8
•'>-H2
34-8
31-8
2-OG
.R -5
\
M -5
\
Halves.^
Head of Athena r., as on units, Owl, with olive-spray, cres-
but on the cheek f cent, and A0E as on units ;
. no trace of incuse square.
PL VII. 5.
no type yisible ; struck from
worn die ?
^ The silver in the majority ^A tliese halves and smaller denominations seems to be
haser than in the units.
6. 1850. Rollin. Found at Marilj, iV«/«. Cliron., 1S78, p. 275, PI. XIII. 1 ; 1880,
Ph XV. 1. 7.1871. Presented by Capt. W. F. Prideaux. From Aden. 8-15.1901.
Ibrahim Salunjie (Aden)
SABAEANS AND HIMVARTTES
Metal.
No.
Wt.
Size.
diverse. Reverse.
Axis.
Quarters.
Head of Athena r., as on units,
Owl, with olive-spray, cres-
but on cheek X
cent, and A0E as on units ; 1
occasional traces of incuse
square.
16
20-0
M -4
1
1-30
<—
PL VII. 6.
17
19-5
1-26
M -4
18
19-1
1-24
M -45
1
19
17-1
M -4
1-11
^~
PL VII. 7.
20
16-6
1-08
.il -4
21
15-9
1-03
M -4
Eighths.
Head of Athena r., as on units,
OwJ, with olive-spray, cres-
but on cheek ^
cent, and AGE as ou units ;
traces of incuse square.
22
8-0
0-52
.fl -35
letter on cheek worn away.
23
7-0
.fl -35
0-45
^
PL V
II. 8.
16. 1919. Spink. Sir Hermann Weber Collection.
(Aden,^.
17-23. 1901. Ihrahim Saliinjie
48
ARABIA FELIX
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
(/3) ll'vi/i letters or mono(jrams on reverse.
Units.
Similar head of Athena
preceding, with (^ on cheek
to
Similar owl, with olive-spray,
crescent, and AGE as on
preceding ; in field r., letter
or monogram ; no trace of
incuse square.
24
82-9
0-37
M -7
1
PI
VII. 9.
25
81-2
5-26
M -7
))
26
82-3
5-33
-R -7
I
K
27
79-2
.11 -7
)•
5-13
I
PL
VII. 10.
28
83-2
5-39
Al -7
1
I
29
82-3
5-33
Al -7
))
30
83-1
5 -38
Ai -65
1
)>
31
82-2
5-33
11 -7
1
PI. VII. 11.
')
32
83-0
Al -65
jj
rj-38
t
PL
VII. 12.
33
82-3
5-33
.11 -05
"
34
82-2
5-33
IR -7
"
24-34. 1901. Il.rahiin Salunjie (AdenV 28,29. From same dies? 30,31. From
same dies. 32. From same rev. die as ;iO, 31.
SABAEANS AND IIIMVA RITES
49
No.
Wt
Metal.
Size
Axis.
A\ -7
1
Obverse.
Reverse.
35
80-5
5-22
I
36
83-7
5-42
M -65
1
PL VII. 13.
37
83-0
M -65
"
38
8^2
5-40
^t -7
i
f
39
81-8
5-30
A\ -65
"
40
82-3
5 'So
/ii -7
1
r
PL VII. 14.
41
82-8
5-37
.Pv .7
1
{^
PL VII. 15.
42
82-1
5-32
M '7
1
"
43
78-6
5 -OH
^ -65
i
>)
44
83-3
5-40
M -65
1
,^
45
78-3
5-07
A{ -7
)'
46
83-0
5 -3^1
Til -65
1
47
82-9
Al -7
,,
!
5-37
1
PI VII. 16.
35-47. 1901. Ibrahim Salunjie (Aden). 38, 39. From same rev. die. 42. Same
dies as Philipsen specimen (Hirsch, Ratal., xxv, Taf. 33, no. 3072). 44, 45. From same
dies. 46, 47. From same dies
50
ARABIA FELIX
No.
48
49
50
51
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
83-4 M -7
5-40 I
82-2 M -65
5-33 j I
82-0 M -65
5-31 j I
83-9 M -7
5-44 I
52 8 3-2
5 -30
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
83-1
5-3S
83-5
5-41
83-2
5-39
83-0
5-58
82-1
74-8
4-85
00-3
Al -05
I ^
iR -7
i
'A1 -65
iR -7
^ -65
M -65
i
j/R -65
j base
I ^
iH -7
base
I
Reverse.
n
PI. VII. 17.
PL VII. 18.
ft: on 1. 'TV; ^0 crescent
or olive-spray.
hY
PI. VII. 19.
PI. VII. 20.
PL VII. 21.
monogram obscure.
48-50. 190L Ibrahim Salunjie (Aden). 49, 50. From same dies 51-9.1901.
Ibrahim Snkuijie Adon\ 51-3. From same dies. 54-6. From same dies.
SABAEANS AND HIMYAKITES
No.
60
Wt.
57-6
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
M -6
formerly
plafed ?
all obscure.
all obscure.
61
41-0
2-fiO
M -6
ba.ve
reverse plain.
Halves.
Head of Athena r.,
but on cheek P
as on units.
Owl, -with olive-spray, cres-
cent, and AGE, as on units ;
in field r. monogram.
62
40-3
2-Gl
Al .5
1
r obscure.
•-|p olive- spray and crescent
•■•••• invisible.
63
34-8
2-25
M -5
1
1vl
PI. VII. 22.
Quarters.
Head of Athena r.,
but on cheek X
as on units,
Owl, with olive-spray, cres-
cent, and AGE (the former
two rarely visible), as on
units ; in field r., monogram.
64
19-7
1-28
m -4
monogram obscure.
65
19-4
1-2G
JR -45
I
„
66
18-6
1-21
Al .5
4l
PI. VII. 23.
67
17-8
1-15
M -45
X obscure.
monogram obscure.
60-7. 1901. Ibrahim Saliinjie (Aden).
monograms.
60. This may belong to the series without
52
ARABIA FELIX
No.
GH
70
71
72
Metal.
Wt. Size.
; Axis.
15-8
U)2
15-6
1-01
/R -45
/
M -45
70-2 LR -7
4- 5 5 ] j
Obverse.
Reverse.
monogram obscure.
(y) IlV^/i ?na?e head on obverse, owl on reverse.
(Katabanian ?)
Unit.
27-5
1-78
26-1
M -5
t
Beardless male bead r., witb
sbort curly bair, mucb oblite-
rated.
Owl standing r., head to front
(more erect than on series a
and yS) ; on r.
on 1.
traces of another monogram.
PI. VII. 24.
(8) Willi two heads.
(Katabanian ?)
Second cent. b. c.
Thirds (?).
Without mint-name.
Beardless male head r., with Bearded male head r. (head-
short curly hair. | dress oft' the flan) ; below,
; concave lield.
PI. VII. 25.
Mint of Harb (mPl)
Similar to preceding. Similar bearded head r., hair
taken up behind : on 1. ^,%,
on r. £^3 : below, n)4^
PI. VII. 26.
68-70. 1901. Ibrahim Salunjio AdenV 71. 1910. Major Wyndhani Wood. From
Arabia, Marib side of frontier 72.1919. Spink. (Sir Hermann Weber Collection.)
SABAEANS AND HIMYARITES
53
No.
'■ Metal.
Wt. Size.
Axis.
Obverse. Reverse.
(e) With inscrijdion ppT)\/J)S\ ami Yanaf 7nonO(jram.
Units.
Head of Athena r., as on series , Owl standing r. ; on I., mono-
a and B ; ou the cheek, M ^""^^ ""^ ^^""^^ ^ above inscr. ;
on r. remains of AOJc ana
Himyaritic signs.
1
73
83-5
5-41
M -65
1
y rr*^Vf^\ ; on r.remains
of AOEandHY^
PL VII. 27.
74
79-3
5-14
M -6
1
9 ff[^VO\^ . ou r. /I and
hY
PI. VII. 28.
75
72-0
4-67
Ai -65
1
9 Pr\*^^^\\\ oil r.remains
of AGE and H^'
Quarter.
7{i
22-8
^ -45
Beardless male(?) bead r., with Similar to preceding ;
J -46'
1
short hair. p ^p^\/0//// . on r. HV
PL VII. 29.
73. 188L N. Mavrocnrdato. 74.1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Num. Chron.,
1878, PI. XIII. 2 Two file marks on face. 75. 1901. Ibrahim Sahiujie Aden).
76. 1872. Presented by Capt. W. F. Prideaux. Procured at Aden. Num. Chron., 1878, p. 275,
PI. XIII. 3; 1880, PI. XV. 2. Behind the neck on the obv. are visible dots which may
indicate the crest of a hehnet ; but the head appears to be bare.
.54
ARABIA FELIX
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
II. Imitations of later Attic type.
The majority, if not ail, of tlie silver coins of tliis class
coine from tlie San'a lioard.
<i. Witli laureate male head.
circa 100-24 B.C.
Gold.
(a) Monogram of Yanaf.
1
38-3
2-48
M -6
t
Within a wreath, beardless
male head r., laureate, with
long hair in ringlets.
Within a degraded fillet-
border owl standing r. on !
prostrate handleless amphora,
between 9 on 1., I on r. ;
at top of border, pellet in
crescent with horns upwards.
PL VIII. 1.
Silver.
(/S) Monogram of Yanaf and inscr. pf'*^\/f^\
Units.
Within a wreath, beardless
male head r., laureate, with
long hair, usually in ringlets.
Within a border made of
small handleless amphorae
(joined mouth to foot) owl
standing r. on prostrate
handleless amphora ; above,
inscr. in arc, followed by
monogi-am of Yanaf; below
owl's tail or preceding mono-
gram, \; on r. remains of
AGE and Himyaritic signs.
2
86-7
5-G2
M -95
hair in long plain tresse?.
PI. V
1 ppn\/h\s o^ Hy/
\ at tail of owl.
III. 2.
1. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Nx<,m. Chron., 1878, PI. XIII. 4. The pellet
in crescent may also have been present above the head on the obverse, but that portion of the
border is off the flan. 2. 189-5. Rollin and Feuardent. Same obv. die as Nxini. Chron.,
1880, PI. XV. 4.
SABAEANS AND HIiMYARlTES
55
No.'
3
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Oliverse.
wreatli shows circle oruament
at top an<l Ijottom.
Keveise.
85-6
:j-55
9 (double-struck)
\ below tail of owl.
'
PI. VIII. 3.
4
85-5
5-54
.K 1 •()
T below tail of owl.
1 5
83-9
5-44
^Kl-05
1 ppnvo,, ,-, My
T below tail of owl.
6
84-8
5-50
Ml-1
T below tail of owl.
PL VIII. 4.
7
84-1
5-45
All-l
\ippT>vr,s. .1 Hy(
8
83-8
5-43
M -95
(head rather smaller than
usual)
PI. V
1,1 /'/JT^vhv Te Hyi
[II. 5.
83-4 '^M
5-40 : -^
\lppT>vhs, r^ Hyj
PL VIII.
3.1881. N. Mavrocordato. 4.1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 5. Col. W. F.
Prideaux Collection. Double-struck. 6. 1881. N. Mavrocordato. 7. 1878.
Presented by Mr. W. F. Douglas. 8. 1915. Cul. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Slightly
doul)le-struck. 9. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection.
56
ARABIA lELIX
Metal.
No \Vt. Size.
' Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
10 81-5
5-28
11 84-4
6-47
84-4
5-47
84-2
5-46
39-3
2-55
M\-\
AX 1-1 head small.
M 1-05
/'
(details confused by re-
striking)
PI. VIII. 7.
lppr>\^r,Ss Te Hyi
PL VIII. 8.
Hippnvhy Te Hy(
PL VIII. 9.
Half.
•75 Witliin a wreatb, beardless Witliin a border made of
male head r., laureate ; hair handleless amphorae, owl
in long ringlets (double-struck standing r, [on prostrate
so as to give the appearance amphora] : above inscr.
of two heads jugate) : f on ppQjy followed by 9 : on
rOEandHV/
PL VIII. 10.
For groups y-?; see Introduction.
i
M 1 -05 bead to
cheek.
10. 188L N. Mavroccirdato. 11. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 12. 1915.
Col. AV. F. Prideaux Collection. Double-struck on rev. 12 his. 1920. Gen. Malcolm
Clerk Collection. 13. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Double-struck on both
sides, which mav account for the abbreviated appearance of the inscriptions.
SABAKANS AND HIMYARITES
57
No
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
14
15
16
17
85-1
5-51
84-7
85-0
5-51
76-0
4-02
M 1-05
/El-05
Obverse.
Reverse.
(6') Monograms
FT and Til
Unit.
Within a wreath, beardless
male head 1., laureate ; hair
in long ringlets.
M -9
M\-IB
I
Within a border made of
handleless amphorae, owl
standing r. on prostrate am-
phora with handles ; on 1.
fjT' below which small han-
dleless amphora prostrate ;
on r. I y ; below the large
/
amphora, |J
PL VIII. 11.
PI. VIII. 12.
(t) ^lonograms
P and TH
Unit.
Within a wreath, beardless
male head r., wearing laurel-
wreath with medallion (pellet-
in-crescent) in front ; hair in
long ringlets.
Within a border made of
small handleless amphorae,
owl standing r. on prostrate
h S
amphora; on 1. P, on r.
PL IX. 1.
14. 1895. Rollin and Feuardent. 15. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection.
JV)«« C/j)-on., 1878, PI. XIIL 11. Samerev.dieasno.il. 16.1881. N. Mavrocordato.
Reverse partly double-struuk. 17. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Partly
<louble-struck. Broken.
58
AKABIA X'ELIX
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Eeverse.
Halves.
Similar to preceding.
Similar to preceding.
18
44-0
2-85
M -7
PI. IX. 2.
19
41-3
2-67
M -7
1
PI. IX. 3.
20
41-7
2-70
M -75
no medallion on head (?). j
PI. IX. 4.
(k) Monograms n and tT
Unit.
21
83-4
5.40
m 1-0
\
Within a wreath, beardless
male head 1., wearing laurel-
wreath with medallion in
front ; hair in long ringlets
(double-struck so as to give
the appearance of two heads
jugate).
PI. I
Within a border made of
handleless amphorae, owl
standing r. on amphora with
handles ; on 1. R, on r. rfp
H S
X. 5.
Half.
22
41-5
2-67
M .8
1
Similar type, but head r., and
medallion obscure.
PI. I
Similar to preceding, but no
handles to amphora ; on 1.
P , on r. ifr
X. 6.
18. 1915. Col. W.F.Prideaux Collection. Same dies as a specimen in Dr. O.Codrington's
Collection. 19. 1878. Presented by Mr. W. F. Douglas, Num. Chron., 1878, p. 279. o,
PI. XIII. 9. Reverse double-struck. Same dies as no. 18. 20. 1915. Col. W. F.
Prideaux Collection. Same rev. die as no. 18 ; same obv. die as no. 22. 21. 1910.
,T. Ilamburser. 22. 1895. Rollin and Fenardent. Same obv. die as no. 20.
SABAEANS AND HIMYAKITES
59
No.
Wt.
Metg,!.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
2.3
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Reverse.
m '^tid TH
85-5
o-o4
84-5
5-48
84-5
5-lS
81-2
5-26
M\-Ob
\
\
M 1-0
\
.11 1-05
(A) Monograms )□ ti
Unit.
Within a wieatli, beardless i Witiiin a border made of han-
male head r., laureate: hair j dlelessamphorae,o\vlstandiDg
r. on prostrate handleless am-
phora ; on 1. )0, on r. TV
PI. IX. 7.
PI. IX. 8.
Within a wreath, beardless
male head, laureate ; hair in
long ringlets.
Halves.
Similar to preceding
42-4
2-75
41-8
2-71
41-2
2-G7
39-9
2-59
\A\ .SSjheadto
/
Ai, -7 ' head to r.
\
M -65
M -75
t
details confused by (Jouble-
strikiug.
PL IX. 9.
PI. IX. 10.
23, 24. 191.5. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 25. 1878. Presented by Mr. W. F,
Douglas. Num. Chron., 1880, PI. XV. 6. 26. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection.
27, 28. 189.5. Rollin and Feuardent. No. 28 is from same dies as a specimen in Mr. E. T.
Newell's Collection. 29, 30. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection.
60
AKABIA FELIX
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
{/x) Monograms fl and t?"
Half.
31
4M
^•75
Within a wreath, bust 1., not
Within a boi'der of handleless
3-66
laureate, with long hair repre-
sented by dots, and curl pro-
jecting over forehead.
amphorae, owl standing r. on
prostrate handleless amphora:
on 1. (<. on r. • J-4.
P 35
PL IX. 11.
h. With Augustan head.
circa 24 B.C. — a.d. 50.
(v) Monograms )0 and \}p
Unit.
Within a wreath, beardless
Witliin a border formed of
male head r., laureate, resem-
handleless amjDhorae, owl
bling Augustus ; the Avreath
is tied below with ^ ; behind
standing r. on prostrate
handleless amj^hora ; on 1.
head, L
)B, on r. Vt"
32
83-5
ilil-05
5-41
\
PI. X. 1.
33
83-3
M 1-05
5-40
\
PL X. 2.
31. 1915. Col. W. r. Prideaux Collection. Ruder work than usual ; metal less pure.
32. 1895. Roilin and Feuardent. Struck from worn di« ; same rev. die as Kubitschek
Taf. XIY. 53. 33. 1915. C.d. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Same rev. die as preceding.
I^um. Chron., 187S, PL XIIL 14.
SABAEANS AND HIMYAKITES
61
Metal.
1
No.
Wfc.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse,
Reverse.
(^) Monograms 'J^j or 'W^ find PI
Units.
Within a wreatli (showing
Within a border formed of
pellet-in-crescent medallion at
handleless amphorae, owl
to^D), beardless male head r.,
standing r. on prostrate am-
laureate, resembling Augustus.
phora with handles: on 1.
and r. monograms.
34
85-6
MI-OS
1
behind head, ^
on 1- /li, ou r. ll
PL X. 3.
35
85-3
5-53
M 1-05
/
.. H(-^)
,. ,K
36
84-9
5-50
yRl-05
' H
below owl's tail, ^
PI. X. 5.
37
82-2
5-33
.^1-0
r'
„n ,. ^, on ,. ^ ^
38
83-0
5-38
„
on I. Ig, on r. pj
PI. X. 4.
34, 35, 1915. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 36. 1895. Rollin and Feuardent.
37. 1S7S. Presented bv Mr. W. F. Douglas. 38. 1915. W. F. Prideavix Collection.
62
ARABIA FELIX
No.
39
Wt.
81-6
5-39
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
1
Obverse
Reverse.
on ]. qg, on r. n
PL X. 6. *
Halves.
Similar to preceding, but
wreath without meflallion (?)
Similar type to preceding : —
40
43-2
3-80
yfl -8
on 1. ^, on r. |C|
PI. X. 7.
41
42-4
3-75
M -7
. S
PL X. 8.
42
42-4
3-75
M -85
1
head to 1.
. k on r. Ji,
/
43
37-0
2-40
M .8
1
„ Behind, "1
"
Quarters.
Similar type to preceding
(head to r.).
Similar type to preceding : —
44
20-5
M -65
t
on 1. 'Q, on r. ^^
PL X. 9.
39. 189.5. Rolliii and Feuardent. Xum. Chron., 1880, PI. XV. 8. 40-3. 1895.
Rollin and Feuardent. 40 and 41 from same obv. die; 42 and 43 from same rev. die.
44. 189.5. Rollin and Feuardent.
SABAEAXS AND IIIMYARITES
6.3
No.
45
Wt.
i Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
20-0
1-30
M -55
on 1. 'gj. on r. / jcj
46
19-8
1-38
.fl -65
pellet-in-crescent medallion at
top of wreath.
„
PL X. 10.
47
19-8
1-38
M -6
" k "
48
19-7
1-38
M -7
t
PI. X. 11.
45, 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Num. Chron., 1878, PI. XIII. 16. Same obv.
die as no. 44. 46-8. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 46. From same rev.
die as a specimen in Mr. E. T. Newell's Collection. 47, 48. From same obv, die.
48. Badlj- double-struck on obv.
64
ARABIA FELIX
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
III. Series with ' Bucranium '.
First century B.C.
A. With crescent.
Beardless male head 1., hair
usually bound with fillet, with
long plaited curl projecting
over forehead, and loog ring-
lets behind ; on 1. and r. signs ;
above, interrupting border of
dots, crescent containing pellet.
5(;-o
3-63
M -7
52.1
3-38
M -7
52-0
3 ■37
Al -75
1
49-3
3-1!)
Al -65
47-7
3-01)
Al -7
f
47-G
3-08
Ai -7
47-6
3-08
Al -(55
47-4
3-07
M -7
on 1. \ , on r. X
Bucranium with antelope's
horns and plumes, usually
three, between them ; oq 1.
and r. signs; border •ll»ll«
(derived from border of am-
pliorae) interrupted above by
crescent containing pellet.
PI. X. 12.
PL X. 13.
PI. X. 14.
\
dots of border rather large.
1-8. 1920. A. A. Hasanaly, Aden. From a liiul at Maribl
SABAEANS AND HIMYARITES
65
No.
9
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obver.se.
1
Reverse.
47-4
3-07
M .75
\
on 1. \, on r. (>
00 1.^,
on r. R
10
45-3
2-04
JR -7
:' ^'
"
I
11
45.1
3-92
M .7
i
„
"
•f
12
44-5
3-88
M -7
t
.,
,j
I
13
44-0
^■85
JR .7
,'
■\
■i
14
39-0
2-53
JR -7
below head, 1)^
\
/V single plume
15
24-9
1-61
JR .55
t
on 1. f , on r. ^^
■l
• > ))
16
19-5
1-J26
JR -6
., J ; surface on r. broken
away ; below head, OO
■■\
'■ \
I6a
45-2
^•f)3
JR -7
\
on 1. \ ; no symbol on r. ;
degraded wreath border.
PI. L^
J. 1.
■ i
9-12.1920. A. A. Hasanaly, Aden. From a find at Marib ? 13„ 1915. Col. W. F.
Prideaiix Collection. 14. 1871. Presented by Capt. W. F. Prideaux. Found at Aden.
15. 1872. Presented by Capt. W. F. Prideaux. 16. 1919. Presented by Capt. A. W. T.
Webb. 16 a. 1920. A.H.Baldwin.
<J6
AKABIA FELIX
No.
17
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
|j. Withaaf. crescent.
Similar to group A, but witli-
out crescent in border.
55-1 At -7 i on 1. I on r. X
3-57 \f ^' ^
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
52-8 M. -Gol similar signs : head smaller,
3-42 1 / I and style more barbarous.
PL X. 15
on 1.
46-1 M -7
2-99 f
44-8 M -7
2-90 I f
48-8 R -75
similar signs : style more bar-
barous.
Similar to group A, but with-
out crescent in border.
on 1. ^, „„ ,-. j
PI. X. 16.
similar to preceding, but S^
47-0
3-05
M -7
4.3-0 M -75
2-79
53-5
3-47
M -75
die cracked.
similar to no. 1 8.
l.^,onr.j^
PI, XLVIII. 1.
on 1. Tj, on r. / : (head r.) ' on 1. Il, on r. /v
„ i ,. ,J
PL XLVIII. 2.
50-8 M -7
3-29 f
50-8 Ai -7
3-29 I ->
\ , on V. /j'
V--|l
17. 1910. Major Wyndham Wood. From Arabia. Marib bide of frontier. 18-20.1920.
A. A. Hasanaly, Aden. From a find at Marib ? 21. 1920. Presented by Mr. W. H.
Lee-Warner. 22,23.1920. A. A. Hasanaly, Aden. From a find at Marib ? 24. 191,5.
Presented by Dr. Alex. MacRae of Aden. 25, 26. 1920. As nos. 22, 23.
SABAEANS AND HIMYARITES
67
Metal.
No.
Wt.
Size.
Obverse.
Reverse.
27
Axis.
48-1
M -7
OD 1. Y
on r. ''
on 1. NN . on r. 51,
PL XLVIII. 3.
28
46-6
3-02
Al -7
J-
„
29
44-3
A\ .7
i'
J>-87
t
30
39-5
2-56
M. -65
t
on 1. (,
on r. i
..
31
38-7
M -7
1
l'-51
-*
32
36-9
2-3^
W -7
1
)• 1-
32o
49-5
321
iR -7
on 1. Y
on r. ^
..
33
43-6
yR -7
!!
■, »
2-H3
\
PI. XLVIII. 4.
34
49-1
3-18
-it -7
1
" i
"^ "1
PI. XLVIII. 5.
35
38-6
.R -7
" "
2-M)
/
36
49-9
3-23
M .7
1
on 1. S,
on r. ) : (Ik
jad r.)
on 1. |. on r. ^
37
47-4
.R .7
-
"
onl. §, unr. 3,
3-07
PI. XLVIII. 6.
27-9. 1920- As nos. 22. 23. 30. 1920. Major M. S. Irani, I. M.S., of Aden.
31,32.1915. Col. W.F. Prideaux Collection. 32 «. 1920. A.H.Baldwin. 33.1920.
As nos. 22. 23. 34. 1920. A. A. Hasanaly, Aden. From a find at Marib?
35,36.1920. Major M. S. Irani, I. M.S., of Aden. 37.1920. Presented by Mr. W. H.
Lee-Warner.
G8
AUAUIA FELIX
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
1
Obverse.
Reverse.
IV. Series with two heads.
(Fabric usually scypbate)
Silver.
circa a.d. 50-150.
Karib'il Yeluiu'im Wattar
nm Dyjn^ Sxnn^
Mint of Raidan (p^^).
Male head r., beardless, hair
bound with taenia or wreath,
ringlets on neck ; behind,
monogi-am (ini), all in dotted
border interrupted by the
monogram : convex field.
Male head r., as on obverse ;
above, in arc, inscr. ; on 1.
and r. monograms ; in ex.,
mint-name : concave held.
1
24-8
161
M -6
1
on r. 4» : in ex. '"•♦jf)
PI. XI. 1.
2
traces of a third monogram.
iSV?l1fhn)h n 1 fa.
on r. ff ; in ex. ^♦jf )
PL XI. 2.
1. 1915. Col. W. F. Prifleaux Collection. .Town. As. Soc. Bengal, 18S1, p. 98. no. 2,
PI. X. 2. 2. 1915. Ibid., no. 1, PI. X. 1.
.SABAEANS AND HIMYARITES
(59
No.
1
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
AxIp.
Obverse.
Reverse.
'Auidan Yeliuqbidh
y:ipr\' pay
Mint of Raidan (p**|)
Male head r., beardless, hair
in ringlets on neck ; behind,
monogram ; all in dotted bor-
der interrupted by monogram ;
convex tield.
Male head r. as on obverse ;
above, in arc, inscr. ; on 1.
and r. monograms ; in ex.,
mint-name ; concave field.
1
23-6
1-53
\
f (ppnc^)
on r. o : in ex. ^♦jt)
PI. XI. 3.
2
21-7
1-41
1 (?) ; above, oxc. (?)
emvti'iHio; .0 1 fa,
on r. <> : in ex. ^^jf )
PL XI. 4.
3
23-3
1-51
M -6
Similar to preceding, but
monogram on 1. omitted.
PI. XI. 5.
1-3. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaiix Collection. Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, 1881, PI. X, no.s. 3,
5 and 1.
70
AKAIilA FELIX
No. ' Wt.
Metal.
Size,
Axis.
1 : 24-7
i 1-60
2 j 22-7
1-47
/R -6
Obverse.
Reverse.
'Amflan Bayyin Yanaf
Miut of Raidan (p^"!)
Beardless male head v., hair | Small beardless male head r.,
in ringlets ; surrounded by a
penannular tore with knob at
one end.
hair in ringlets ; on 1. A, on
r. cb : above, in arc, inscr.
nanie T*jf ) : concave field.
above head, S|/ (ornament ?).
PI. XI. 6.
M -6 head smaller than usual.
3 20-4 M -6
1-32 I t
17-0 Ixil -551
1-10
5 I 16-9
1-10
i
M -55!
PI. XI. 7.
I
PL XI. 8.
i
PI. XI. 10.
on r. $ instead of
PI. XI. 9.
♦ instead of «p
1-3. 1919. Mr. Oswald Bakewell. 4. 1824. R. Payne-Knight Bequest. Num. Vet.,
p. 163 (E . 1 ; Trans. S.B.A., II, p. 22; Kum. CJiron., 1880, p. 310, PI. XV. 10; Num. Zeit.,
1880, p. 310. 5. 5. 1895. Dr. K. Burescli. From the Hermois plain near Sardes.
SABAEANS AND HI>IYARITES
71
No.
Metal.
Wt. I Size.
I Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
'Amdan Bayyin
Mint of Raidaa (p^^)
Beardless male liead r., hair Small beardless male head r.,
in ringlets ; on 1. and r. mono- hair in ringlets ; above, in
grams, by which border is arc, inscr. ; on r., monogram ;
interrupted. in ex., mint-name.
27-1
1-76
1} -6
t
%
on 1., nothing on r. : bor-
der of dots terminating in
arrow-head under the mono-
gram ; convex Held.
above,
field.
I'lTnlhHlo
concave
2 25-8 Ai -55, similar to preceding.
1-07
3 22-3 Al •(;
1-45 f
similar to preceding
PL XI. 11.
similar to preceding, but no | similar to preceding, but
arrow-head to border.
4 i 19-5 -tl -55' small head : on 1., Ijranch '■%'■] similar; above, iTnllHj^
^w : plain ' '^Q i". <p
1-26
on r. ^m : l)elo\v,
border y
PI. XI. 12.
7-6 'M -45 small head : on 1
O-i.9
r. off I similar : above, l^tfllh*!
the flan ; plain border. JO : on r. a> : in ex. T*JYl)]
(fabric flat)
Pi. XI. 13.
1. 1919. Presented by Capt. A. W. T. Webb. 2. 1919, Presented by Mr. Oswald
Bakewell. 3. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 4. 1901. Ibraliini Salunjie
(Aden). The monogram is fully legible on tlie Vienna specimen, M. u. K.. ]>. 73, no. 11.
5. 1872. Presented by Capt. W. V. Prideaux. Niun. Chron., 1S80, p. 310, PJ. XV. 11.
72
AKABIA FELIX
No.
Wt.
9-8
()■(■> I
9-7
0-63
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obvc'i-sp.
tB -451 small head: above, crescent;
/
on 1. 4w : on r. traces of a
monogram: plain border, tied
at bottom like a wreath.
(fabric flat)
PI. XI. 14
Keverse.
similar ; above. *1 jni
r. off the flan : in ex. \^\)
A\ -45 Within a plain border, inter- , Similar type to preceding
aljove,
rupted by the neck, small I . T
^ -^ i coins ; on r. «l>
janiform beardless head : on
the neck, j^ j Ij^jij jjli^ jJO : in ex. \^^)
(fabric flat)
PL XI. 5.
6, 7. 1901. Ibrahim Salunjie (Aden
SABAEANS AND HIMYARITES
73
No.
Wt.
27-2
1-76
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Tha'ran Ya'ub
y^" pxn
Mint of Raidan (p^l)
25-5
1-65
23-8
1-54
M -65
t
LR -55
ItR -55
t
Beardless male head r., hair
in ringlets ; behind, mono-
gram, which interrupts dotted
border
YK ' 0" cheek. X
Male head r. as on obverse,
but smaller ; above, in arc,
inscr. ; on 1. and r. mono-
grams; in ex., mint-name
SHT)
\
: head smaller.
f
PI. XI. 16.
n?lH)h^ ; on 1. ^, on
PI. XI. 17.
no monogram; border oft' the I'lOiihyflA- *^^ ^' *^ ^^
tlan.
A ; in ex. 4nT/
LU
V. • ; m ex
PI. XI. 18
1. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Chisel-cut on head,
cordato. 3. I91i). Spink (Sir Heimann Weber Collection).
2. 1881. N. Mavro-
74
ARABIA FELIX
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Oliverse.
Reverse.
Shamnar Yehun'im
Dy::n^ ni^Dsr
:\Iint of Raidau (p^-))
1
28-1
M -6
Small male head r., beardless :
Small male head r., as on I
1-82
t
hair in ringlets ; on the cheek,
O (y) ; behind, monogram
jT , which interrupts border
of dots.
obverse ; above, in arc, JO^
Yl1)hl3 ; on 1. i, on r.
^ in ex. IjHf )
PL XI. 19.
Without king's name.
Mint of Raidan (pH)
1
5-4
M -4
Head r., details obscure : bor- Small beardless head r. : be-
0-35
t
der of dots. In countermark, op L Jo\
«.^ hmd. «» : lu ex. T^l/
PI. XI. 21.
1. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection.
1. 1919. Presentfcl by Capt. A. W. T. Webli.
SABAEANS AND HIMYARITES
75
No
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse. Reverse.
1
KATABANIA
[For earlier coins i)erhaps attributable to Katabania,
see p. 52.]
Yeda'ab Yanaf
?,r nx>n*
First — second century after Christ.
Mint of Harb [yT\)
1
1
24-4
1-58
.R -55
Male head r., hair in ringlets :
border of dots? ; convex field.
Male head r., as on obverse,
but smaller: above, in arc,
OhTlnhoHfonl^J,, on
i". ^L ; in ex. n)'|' • concave
field.
PI. XI. 20.
^Vithout king's name.
Mint of Harb (1"))!)
1
4.4
M -4
Traces of small beardless bust :
Small beardless head r. ; hair
0-29
/
convex field.
in ringlets ; on r. ji., mono-
gram on 1. ; iuscr., if any,
obliterated ; in ex. H^f •
concave field.
PI. XI, 22.
1. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Joum. As. Soc. Benrjal. 1881, PI. X. ♦>, p. 99.
1. 1901. Ibraliim Salunjie (Aden).
76
ARABIA FELIX
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Minaean (?)
Third — second century b. c.
Imitation of Alexandrine types.
Bronze.
1
48-9
3-17
M -7
Head of young Heracles r. in
lion-skin ; plain border.
Zeus seated 1. on
resting on sceptre,
eagle.
chair, 1.
r. holding
PI. XI. 23.
1. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideanx Collection. This coin is of silver fabric, and traces of
silver seem to be still perceptible.
MINAEANS — NOKTHEEN ARABIA FELIX
No.
Wt.
231-4
14-99
218-0
14-13
167-8
10-87
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
JR -95
base
M 1-05
base
M -9
Obverse,
Reverse.
Northern Arabia Felix.
Third century b. c. (?)
Imitation of early Athenian coinage.
Base silver tetradrachms.
Head of Athena r. [wearing Owl standing r., head to
helmet and] circular ear-ring ; front ; in field r., downwards,
eye shown full ; curved line ' inscr. ; behind, spray of olive
extending from corner of eye : with two leaves and one
to ear. berry, and small crescent ;
traces of incuse square.
PI. XI. 25.
PI. XI. 24.
Degraded head of Athena r. ;
eye shown full ; curved line
on cheek as on preceding.
PI.
Owl standing r., head to
front ; in field r., downwards,
0E ; behind, ornament de-
rived from olive-spray.
XI. 26.
1. 1848. Pembroke, Mmi. Ant., P. 2, T. 6 ; Sale Catal, 1848, lot 282. 2. 1919.
Spink & Son. Procured from a Syrian dealer. 3. 1917. Presented by J. Mavrogordato, Esq.
From the Babington and Philipsen Collections. Nvm. Chron., 1878, p. 283, PI. XIII. 17;
Philipsen Sale (Hirsch, Ratal, xxv, lot 3075). '
78
ARABIA FELIX
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Eeverse.
Second century b.c.
JJegraded imitations of Attic types, of Jewish fabric.
First century B.C. — First century after Christ.
Bronze.
The following 29 coins, found hy Sir Richard Burton at Macna
in the land of Midian, are the property of the Camherwell Public
Libraries, hvt are dep)osited at the British Museum on indefinite
loan.
Remains of head of Athena
(of wliich as a rule only the
eye is recognizable).
Remains of owl standing to
front and A0E
1
41-4
2-68
jE
■7
2
40-9
J2-65
M
•65
3
39-6
3-57
jE
•6
PI. LV. 2.
4
39-3
J2-55
JE
•6
1
PI. LV. 3.
5
35-0
^•J27
^
•6
6
31-0
3-01
JE
•65
7
30-6
1-98
JE
•65
PL L
V. 4.
8
30-0
1-94
JE
•55
PI. LV. 5.
7. Num. Chron., 1S78, PI. XIII. 20. 8. IbUl, PI. XIII. 21.
NORTHERN ARABIA FELIX
79
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse,
-
Reverse.
9
261
1-G9
iE -6
10
25-7
1-67
M -55
PI. LV. 6.
11
25-6
1-60
^ -6
12
25-6
1-GG
^ -65
13
25-0
1-6J?
M -6
14
24-7
i-60
tE -5
15
1
22-3
1-45
M -55
16
21-5
^ -55
17
21-0
.E .6
■
18
20-9
1-35
M -55
19
20-8
1-35
.E .55
PL L
V. 7.
20
20-4
1-32
M .6
PI. LV . 8.
21
19-3
1-25
^ -65
22
18-7
M -55
19. Num. Chron., 1878, PI. XIII. 22.
80
ARABIA FELIX
No.
23
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obvei'se.
Reverse.
17-4
IVJ
iE -5
24
15-0
.E -55
PI. LV. 9.
25
14-3
0-.95
.E -5
26
13-0
0-81
.E -45
27
12-0
()-7S
.E -5
28
11-2
0-73
^ -55
29
7-6
^ • 5 5
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
Wfc.
Metal,
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
ANTHEMUSIAi
Caracalla.
Bust of Caracalla r., laureate,
with slight heard (?); around,
inscr. ; horder of dots.
Bust of City-goddess r., wear-
ing turreted crown and veil,
shoulders draped ; around,
inscr. ; border of dots.
1
53-1
3-U
M -7
ANTONINOQ---
(heginniug on r., ahove)
bust undraped.
ANe€MOvCIAi
PL XII. 1.
2
52-3
3-30
M -75
t
AVKM[ii]€ANTnN€IN
OC; wears paludamentum
and cuirass.
ANeG/v\OV CICJN
(beginning on r., above)
PL XII. 2.
1 When not otherwise described, the circular inscriptions on coins of tliis and succeedinj
Mesopotamian mints begin on the left and read with the clock.
1. 1919. H. Marcopoli.
2. 1872. Edward Wisan.
82
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
Wt.
174-2
11-29
33-8
3-W
24-4
1-53
104-5
6-77
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
JEl-0
t
^ -5
\
JE -5
^ -9
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
CARRHAE.i
Makcus Aukelius.
Bust of Marcus r., bearded,
laureate, undraiied : iuscr.
AYTOKP.KAICMAP AY
PHAI.OYHPOC
Crescent, horns upwards, with
fillets depending from it,
placed on a globe; between
horns, star of six ravs : inscr.
inarcbelo\v, KAPHN(jJN<l>l
AOPWAA*::Ci)i; plain linear
border.
PL XII. 3.
COMMODUS.
Bust of Conimodus r., bearded,
laureate, uudraped ; inscr. : —
Crescent, horns upwards,
placed on a globe, -which is
on a basis ; between horns,
star of six rays ; inscr. : —
KOMO;^ - - : border off r., A!HSVA 1., beginning
the flan. on 1. above ; fillets depending
from crescent.
inscr. and border off the flan.
r., iHNfl 1.; triangu-
lar ansae on either side of
globe.
PL XII. 5.
Septimius Sevekus.
Bust of Severus r., bearded,
laureate, uudraped : inscr.
Temple showing four columns ;
pediment contains wreath or
crescent : in central inter-
colunmiation. conical baetyl,
surmounted by crescent, on
base ; in wings, two legionary
sigua, each in a tlistyle shrine
surmounted by a crescent ;
inscr. - - A^N (outwardly)
in ex., AIA^:') (inwardly) r,.
A >i above.
PL XII. 4.
^ All the coins have borders of dots on both sides unless otherwise described.
1. 1844. Devonshire. Sale Catal.. i. lot 235. Same obv. die as Col. L. A. D. Montague's
specimen. 2. 1911. H. Marcopoli of Aleppo.
CARRHAE
83
No. ; Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
188-1 ^1-0
12-10
64-4
1-17
57-2
3-71
63-2
4-10
I
M -lb
\
M -7
M -8
Bust of Severus r., bearded, Dionysos, beardless, seated 1
laureate, iiudraped : inscr.
C€nTI/^JOCC €OYHPO
Bust of Seyerus r., bearded,
laureate, undraped : inscr. : —
C€nT I/VM[-- 'OJVHPO
[C€nT IMI --
];:{OVHP
on chair without back, nude
to waist, himation OA'er 1.
shoulder; holds in r. ears of
corn and grapes, rests 1. on
thyrsos ; in field r. crescent
on globe with pendent fillets ;
inscr. KOAOJNIAC -- M
HKAPCJN
PL XII. 6.
Bust of City-goddess 1., tiir-
reted ; before it, crescent with
horns upwards, j)laced on
globe, with triangular ansae ;
inscr. (around, reading out-
wardly) A on r., (jJH - - on 1.
PL XII. 7-
Caracalla.
(a) ^y[th Greek inscriptions
Bust of Caracalla r,, beardless ; j Bust of Moon-god r., hair
inscr. : — ! bound with taenia, draped,
with crescent at shoulders ;
! inscr. :—
AKMA ; bust laureate,
wearing paludamentum and
cuirass.
KAPK^^H [ jnoAi
PI: XII. 8.
5. lyi'J. H. Marcopoli. Same dies as Paris specimen ('Zaiitha' : see Journ. Rom. Stud.,
vi, I'Jlti, p. IGS, PI. XII. 27) ; same obv. die as Macdonald, Hioit. Catal., iii, p. 301, no. 2,
PI. LXXVIII. 24. 6. 191(3. Presented by Capt. Edw. Shepherd. Cp. Vaillant, JV«»k. Col.,
ii, p. 6. 7. 1912. Presented by Mr. H. P. Hall. Same dies as no. 6. 8. 1897.
Presented by Mr. H. F. Amedroz.
84
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
10
11
12
13
14
15
Wt.
3-79
50-0
3-M
43-0
2-79
44-3
2-87
37-0
J2-40
68-1
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
58-5 JE -7
46-7
3-03
JE -Go
1
40-3
2-01
^ -65
1
I
diverse.
AVKANT ONGINOC (be-
ginning on r. above) ; bust
radiate, undraped.
Keverse.
KAPK/^[ jnoAIC
Bust of Caracalla r., beardless, ' Crescent, horns upwards, with
laureate, wearing paludamen-
tum and cuirass ; inscr.
[--KMAA] NTaJNGIN[
]KMAA NlTCJNGIN]
Bust of Caracalla r., beardless,
radiate, undraped ; inscr. : —
JE -6
\
M -65
JE -6
\
M -65
JE -lb
I
[ ]Ne[
A[ ; upper part of head off
the flan.
Avr
[ ]AN[T]WNl- -]
pendent fillets, placed upon
base ; between horns, star of
eight points : inscr. : —
[KA ]0/v\HTPono
KA[ OMHTPJono
PL XII. 9.
Crescent, horns upw^ards, with
pendent fillets and small globe
below it ; inscr. : —
KAPK[
PI. XII. 10.
KAPKO/v\H
PL XII. IL
KAPK [ : between horns,
rosette of six pellets sur-
rounding central pellet, above
which, uncertain object.
PL XII. 12.
KAPiOMH Similar type
to preceding, but Avithout
object above rosette.
Bust of Caracalla r., with
short beard, laureate, wearing
paludamentum and cuirass ;
inscr. AVTOKP.AHTCJ--- NCON
(beginning on r. above). i
Crescent, horns upwards, with
star of many points between
them ; inscr. KOA»M
9. 1872. Edward Wigaii. 10. 1913. Lincoln. 11. 1843. Dr. Milles, Dean of
Exeter. Same obv. die as no. 10. 12. 1847. Baron Knobelsdorf. 13. 1911. Carchemish
Excavations Grant. 14. 1906. Dr. F. Parkes Weber Gift. 14 his. 1920. Presented
by Mr. T. Skinner. 15. 1918. Glendiuing Sale, 19, ix, 1918, lot 119.
CARRHAE
No. Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
IG
17
18
20
21
90
24
26
95-1
6-16
84-9
5-50
63-1
4-09
78-3
5-07
78-2
5-07
75-8
4-91
69-6
68-1
68-0
4-41
64-1
62-6
4-06
M -85
^ -75
^ -75
M -8
I
^ -85
I
tR .8
^ -8
^ -8
M -85
I
yE -7
I
^ -8
t
0 Inverse.
Eevei'se.
{h) With Lathi inscriptions.
Bust of Caracalla r., with short
beard, laureate, unclothed ;
inscr. (beginning on r.
above) : —
/^[ JRANTONIN VSP
l-AV C
Bust of City-goddess r., tur-
reted, veiled, and draped ;
inscr. (beginning on r.
above) : —
COL/^eTANTO NI[N]I
ANAAVR AL€X
[/^A]VRANTON IN vS COLM€TANTO NiNIA
ri AVG iN[ J AlcX
PI. XII, 13.
•\AVRANTON [IN VS COL/v\€TANTONINIAN
PFJAVG
MAIANiONI NVSPFAV
C
/v\AVRANTON INvSI"
AVC
MAVRANTO NIN V 2P
FA[
PL XII. 14
AAVk[
COL/n€TANTONINIAN
AAVRAI[
COLM€[ JNTON INIA
NAAVRAiq
CO|M€TANTON[ ] lA
NAAVR Al €X
/^AVR[
JVRANTON NIN[
JVRANTON INVSPF
AVG
MAVRANT[ ] NVS[ ]
VG
MAV[ ] INIAFAi-
C0IM6IANT ONI NIA
NAA [
CO|M€TANTO r INA
AN €X
jeTANTONINIAN
AAVRA [
CO|/n€TAN TOiN[
COIMETANTO NINIAN
AA [
16. 1845. Presented by the Secondary of the City of London. 17. 1913. Lincoln.
18. 1906. Dr. F. Parkes Weber Gift. Same obv. die as no. 17, 21, 22. 1913. Lincoln,
24. 1S05. Charles Townlev. 25. 1S3S. Cureton. 26. 1913. Lincoln.
86
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
27 ,
1
Wt. 1
1
60-3
3-91
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -lb
1
28
57-4
3-72
M -75
1
29
56-8
3-08
.E -8
30
53.1
3-44
iE -8
31
7G-9
4-98
M -75
1
32
65-6
4-25
^ -8
1
33
64-7
4-19
^ -75
1
34
34-0
3-20
^ -6
1
35
37-4
2-42
yE -6
36
28-8
i-6'7
M -6
1
37
25-4
1.65
1
.E -6
38
65-6
4-25
.E -8
Obverse.
AAAVRFAT [
[ ]0 MIMVS--
]NTO NINIANAAVFA-
MAVRANT [ ] urn AC
Reverse.
CO|M€T[
CO|/v\e.ANT ONINIAN
AA € X
PL XII. 15.
C0I/VA6TANT ONINIAN
AA
CO|^^GTANTO N IN IAN
AAVI
PL XIL 16.
[ ]NT0HIMV
[ N]TONINVSPl"A[
[ ]NTONINVSPFA[
[ JVRMETRopoLIAH
•|-0[
[ jLiTRopoLIANTONI
NIAN[
[ ]0 POLIANTONIN[
]N TONINVS[
(in front (jf bust, wreath)
PI. XIL 17
COLAA€TAN \ lANI C
X
[ ] MAANTONINVS COLAVR/^IF. TROROLI
PFAVC ANTONI
IMPCAES [
[ JNINVSPFAVG
C0[ JRopoLIANTONI
NIAN
COLAVR/^lT RO poL
IANTONIN[
PL XII. 18.
[- - AANTOJ NIN V2PF COimeTANTO [ ]
A[ cornucopiae in front of bust.
PL XIL 19.
30. 1913. Lincoln. 31. 1906. Dr. F. Parkes Weber Gift. 33. 1913 Lincoln.
Same obv. die as no. 32. 34. 1908. Lincoln. 35. 18-14 Devonshire. Sale CataL,
lot 1140. 36. 19C9. Rollin and Feuardent. 37. 1913. Lincoln. 38. 1908. Lincoln.
CAERHAE
87
No.
39
Wt.
64-3
Metal.
Size.
Axis-
JE -75
Obverse
Reverse.
[ ] NINIANiA [
JAANTO NIN V2PFA[
d-17
i
cornucopiae in front of bust.
40
58-3
M -75
[ ]NV2PF[
CO|/v\ETAN TONINI[
3-78
I
cornucopiae in front of bust.
PL XII. 20.
41
56-9
JE -7
[ ]NI Nva[
[ ] ONINIAN
3-G'J
i
cornucopiae in front of bust.
42
53-8
JE -8
MAAN[
[ ]ANTO NINIANAA[
43
3-V.f
47-2
1
JE .7
cornucopiae in front of bust.
inscr. obliterated.
JAN TONINIA[
3-OG
1
serpent in front of bust.
PI. XII. 21.
44
46-5
^E -8
]RAN T 0 nINl
CCL/v\€T ANTONI[
3-01
1
serpent in front of bust.
PI. XII. 22.
Caracalla aud Geta.
Busts, confronted, of Caracalla
Crescent, with horns upward,
(r. laureate, Avearing paluda-
with star of eight points
mentuni and cuirass) and Geta
between horns; ioscr. begin-
(1 , bareheaded, draped) ;
ning on r., above : —
inscr. : —
45
82-3
^ -85
jWN i-INC r€TACC€
KA(jJN€IA/v\H[
5-33
1
PI. XII. 23.
46
75-2
4-87
^•E -75
i
CJN] cINC r6TACC€
KAaJN[ JPonOKAPP
i
47
77-2
5-00
JE -75
1
AVTOKA[ J6TA
]MHTPono[ ]KAP
48
67-3
4-30
M -75
1
inscr. obliterated.
]HTPonoMe[
39. 1906. Dr. F. Parkes Weber Gift. Same obv. die as no. 38. 40. 1854. Presented
by Mr. .John Evans. 41-4. 1900. Lincoln. 45. 1841. Sir R. Abdy. Sale Catal.,
lot 369. 46. 1847. Baron Knobelsdorf. Same obv. die as no. 45. 47. 1915.
Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection 48. 1844. Devonshire. Sale Catal., lot 428.
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
Wt.
Metal
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Seveeus Alexandek,
Bust of Severus Alexander,
City-goddess, wearing turreted
wearing paludamentum and
crown and veil, seated 1. on
cuirass ; inscr. : —
rock on Avhich her 1. hand
rests ; before her, lighted
altar; below her feet, half-
figure of river-god swimming
1. ; inscr. : —
49
150-9
0-78
JE -9
AVTKrMACA AEIIAN
APOC
bust 1., laureate, lidding shield.
MHTKOK [
PI. XII. 24.
50
144-0
M -9
AVT[K]MACA A€IAN
/V\HTKOK [
.9-5.3
i
A[POC]
bust l, laureate, holding shield.
51
127-6
JE -95
AVTK[ ]NAPOC
[ ]K APPHNOaN
8-27
1
bust 1.. laureate, holding shield
and spear.
river-god off the tlan.
52
123-7
M -9
[ JA eiANAPOC
MHTKO[ J APPHNCJN
8-0;2
1
bust r , radiate.
53
36-6
.E -75
Bust of Severus Alexander r..
Bust of City-goddess r., wear-
3-37
I
laureate, unclothed ; inscr.
l/^APAV AAO'ANAPO
•—
ing turreted crown and veil ;
inscr. KAKOA/^AH fA£CO
n
PL XII. 25.
49. 1909. Rollin and Feuardent.
Same dies as no. 49. 53. 1913. Lincoln.
50. 1841. Sir E. Abdy.
Slightly double struck.
Sale Cata\, lot 369.
CARRHAE
89
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse,
Keverse.
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
GOEDIAN III.
276-7
17-93
239-3
15-51
196-5
13-73
238-9
15-48
207-9
13-47
152-9
9-91
124-7
8-08
^1-15
^1-1
\
^1-2
I
^1-2
\
^1-05
t
JE -9
\
/E -9
Bust of Gordian Til r., wearing
paludamentum and cuirass ;
iuscr. : —
AVTOKK/VAANTTOPAIA
NOCC€B
bust radiate.
AVTOKKMANTroPAIA
NOCCeB
bust laureate.
Bust of City-goddess I., wear-
ing turreted crown (witli
crescent, horns upward, above
it) and veil, draped ; before
it, on pedestal, small figure r.
holding wine- or water-skin
over shoulder ; inscr. : —
MHTPKOAK APPHNCJ
N
between bust and pedestal,
small altar.
M HTPr IKAPPHN
CJN
crescent obliterated.
PI. XIII. 1.
AVTOKK[ ]IANOCC€B
bust laureate.
AVTOKKMANr
CC€B
bust radiate.
]AN<
MH TPKOAKAPPHNO)
N
MH TPKO[ JPHNOJN
Pi. XIII. 2.
[ ]AIANOCC€B
bust radiate.
Bust of Gordian III r., laureate,
wearing i^aludamentum and
cuirass ; iuscr. : —
AVTOKK/nANTr ]AI
ANOCC€B
MH TPKOA[
crescent obliterated.
Bust of City-goddess r., wear-
ing turreted crown and veil,
drafied, between two stars of
eight rays ; inscr. : —
/VAHTKOA[ JHNOJN
PL XIII. 3.
]TOKK/^ANTr 0PA[
/nHT[ ]HNa
54. 1918. Glendining Sale, 19, ix. 1918, lot 119. 56. 180-5. Charles Townley.
57. 1844. Devonshire. Sale Caial., lot 7G.5. 59. 1913. Lincoln.
90
MESOPOTAMIA
Metal..
No.
Wt.
Size.
Axis.
61
231-2
^1-1
14-08
t
62
189-5
^1-05
12-28
t
63
102-7
M -9
6-65
i
Obverse.
Bust of Gordiau III r., radiate,
wearing paludamentum and
cuirass; inscr. : —
AVTOKK/^ANTroPAIA
N0CC6B
AVTOKKr^AN[
C€B
INOC
AVTOKKMAMTfoPAIA
NOCC€
Reverse.
Crescent with horns upwards ;
between horns, star of six
rays ; inscr. : —
MHTPKOAKAPPHNOJN
PL .XIII. 4.
MHTP[ JKAPPHNGJN
/v\HTPKOA[ ]PHNWN
(two stars of eight rays).
PL XIII. 5.
61. 1844. Thomas, Sale Catul., II, lot 2.520. 63. 1847. Baron Knobelsdorf.
EDESSA
91
N...
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis,
Obverse.
Reverse.
EDESSA.
For bronze coins struck under Antiochus IV of Syria at
Edessa with the inscription ANTIOXEHN THN
EDI KAAAIPOH, see B. M.C. Seleucid Kings of Syria,
p. 41.
For bronze coins struck by Volagases III of Parthia at
Edessa, see B. M. C. Farthia, p. 236.
Regal Coinage under Parthian suzerainty.^
Wael, son of Sahru
{^:hl2 b^\ Wael king)
A.D. 163-165.
Bronze.
1
133-4
8-64
JE -85
t
Bust of Volagases III 1., with
long beard ; wears diademed
helmet with back-flaj) and
crest of hooked appendages ;
behind, B
Bust of Wael 1., bearded,
wearing necklace, bust
clothed ; inscr. on r. down-
wards, J(^n (S^<1), on
1. dow-nwards, />* )^ )
{i^^hf2) ; wreath border.
PI. XIII. 6.
Bust of Wael 1., bearded, bust
clothed ; inscr. on r. and 1.
downwards ; Avreath-border.
Temple with pediment, seen
in three-quarters perspective ;
two columns in front, and
steps leading up to it ; within,
a cubic cult-object on a base
supported by two curved legs ;
in pediment, a star ; inscr. on
r. and I. downwards ; wreath-
border.
2
141-9
9-19
JE -75
J^r\ 1 'SJXTDi
the star has three points.
PI. XIII. 7.
1 All the coins of Edessa have border of dots on both sides, and the inscription reading
as usual with the clock, unless otherwise described.
1. Kum. Chron., 18-56, p. 3. 2. 1866. Woodhouse. Same rev. die as Hunter
specimen, Macdonald iii, PI. 78. 30.
92
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
Wfc.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obveise.
Reverse.
3
102-3
6-63
JE -8
t
j,^!^. ^- ' ,<j)yo ■•
the star has six points.
PI. XIII. 8.
Coinage under Roman protection.
Ma'nu VIII Pljiloromaios restored.
^^h}2 "Ijy^ Manu king.
A.D. 1G7-179.
Bronze.
4
33-6
3-18
M -5
Bust of Ma'nu r., bearded,
■wearing conical tiara, dia-
demed ; shoulders draped.
PL XIII. 9.
Silver denarii with, imperial portraits.
M. AUEELIUS.
5
54-4
3-53
M -7
Bust of M. Aurelius r., bearded,
bareheaded, shoulders un-
draped: iuscr. [ JTKMAV
PHAANTCJNINO-CC
Mars, wearing crested helmet,
cuirass, and boots, standing
to front, head r., resting r. on
spear, 1. on shield : inscr.
BACIA€YCM ANNOCO
lAO
PI. XIII. 10.
Faustina Junior.
6
33-5
3-17
JR -65
1
Bust of Faustina Junior r. ;
hair waved, bound with fillet,
and tied in chignon at back ;
shoulders draped ; inscr. h- A
VCTINAC€BACTH
Juno, wearing A'eil (?), long
tunic, and mantle, standing 1.,
1. resting on sceptre, r. holding
patera ; before her feet, pea-
cock . inscr. BACIA6VCM
ANNOC<DIAOP
Pi. XIII. 11.
3. Num. Chron., 185fi, pp. 2-3. 4. 1843. James Robertson Sale, 1842, lot 2.56. Xum.
CJiron., 1856, p. 20. 5. See Taylor Combe, Vet. Pop. et Reg. Num., p. 230, no. 1 ; Babelon,
Mel. Num., ii, p. 234. -5, PI. III. 5. 6. See Taylor Combe, ibid. ; Babelon, ibid., 6, PI. III. 6.
93
No.
wt.
3Ietal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse. Reverse. ,
LUCILLA. 1
7
46-8
3-03
M -65
Bust of Lucilla r., hair plaited,
bound with fillet, aud tier! in
chignon at back : inscr. AOV
KIAAA C6BACTH
•luno, wearing veilt?). long
tunic and mantle, standing 1.,
I. resting on sceptre, r. holding
patera: inscr. BACIA€YC
MANNOC<t>!AOPCJ/v^A
8
44-5
3-88
A\ -7
/
PL XIII. 12.
9
42-8
^■77
.Pt -65
1
Similar type and iuscr.
Ceres, wearing veil, long
tunic, and mantle, seated 1.
on throne without back, 1.
resting on sceptre, r. holding
ears of corn : inscr. BACI A€
YC/nANN0C<|)IA0PaJ/vA
Al
PL XIII. 13.
Abgar VIII, son of Ma'uu YIII.
A.D. 179-214.
Bronze coinage with portraits of Abgar and Emperors.
CoMMODUS and Abgak.
Bust of Comuiodus r., bearded,
laureate, uudraped ; inscr. : —
Bust of Abgar r., bearded,
wearing diademed tiara and
mantle fastened on r.shoulder ;
inscr. begin ning on r. above : —
10
32-9
,2- 13
M -6
■i
[ ] KO/v\OAOYC(:-')
ABIApOVtiA CIAOCVC
cross on tiara.
11
27-7
1-70
^ -6
... KOMOAOC
ABFAPOC ACIA6
7. 1853. Sabatier, Sale Ca'.al. (from the Eeichel Collection, St. Petersburg). 8. 1841.
T. Burgon. Same obv. die as no. 7. 9. 1909. E F. Weber Collection, Hirsch KaUd.,
xxi, 4335. Same obv. die as no. 7. 10. 1841. T. Burgon. Same dies as Mr. Edw.
Shepherd's specimen. 11. 1918. Glendining Sale, 19, ix, 1918, lot 119.
94
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
12
13
Metal.
Wt. Size.
Axis.
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
27-3 \JE -6
1-77 : j
25-9 JE -65
1-68 -^
Obverse.
[ ]CAP KO/v\OAOC
Reverse.
ABfAPOC BACIA6VC
118-2 ^1-0
7'6G I I
78-4 jE -85
5-08 I
111-6 JE -9
7-2B \
104-2 M -85
6'-7J ' j
79-8 ,M -85
110-3 1.^ .85
7-^5 ' \
109-8 '^ -85
7-12 I j
AVKAICAP KO/v\OAOC jABfAPOC BACIA€VC
I cross on tiara.
PL XIII. 14.
Sept. Seveeus and Abgak VIII.
Bust of SeA'erus r., bearded,
laureate, undraped ; inscr. be-
ginning on r., above: —
C€0VPI0AV [TOjKPA
Bust of Abgar r., bearded,
wearing diademed tiara with
crest of liook-shaped orna-
ments, decorated witli crescent
and three (or two) stars ;
mantle fastened on i-. shoulder;
before the face, sceptre ; inscr.
beginning on r. above: —
ABfAPOCB r
TOKPA AB TAPOCBAC [
PL XIII. 15.
C€OVHP 0CA[TJ lABfAPOCBA CIA€
PL XIII. 16.
[0]CAT
OCAT
ieoviiAO CTOkAii
C€0VHP0C [ ]TOAV(:)
ABfA OOCB ACIA€
ABrAPOCBA [
ABfAP OCB ACIA:
]APOCA CIAi[
PL XIV. 1.
13. 1840. Millingeii. 14. 1805. Charles Towniey. 15. 1840. Millingen.
Same obv. die as no. 14. 16. 1901. W. T. Ready. 17, 18. 1900. W. S. Lincoln.
Same obv. die as no. IG. 19. 1918. C+lendining Sale. 19, ix. 1918, lot 119. 20. 1824.
R. Payne Knight ))equest. t^mn. Vet., p. 195. 1 (^wrongly read KO/*AAAO AOC)-
95
No.
Wt.
Motal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
21
93-8
6-08
^ -85
] AOTOKPA[
ABrAPOCB[ ] ClAAi
€C
22
91-4
jE -85
CV TO]AvO
ABfAP OCBA [
23
89-6
5-81
M -9
1
C€OAHPOC AVTOK
AB*^ POCB ACIA€A
24
81.5
5-;28
.E -85
1
C€OVHP[0] [ JVA
ABr POCA [CIJAEAC
25
63-0
4-08
^ -8
1
C€OVHPO [ ]OVA ABr [POCA] CIA€AC
PI. XIV. 2.
26
69-2
4-48
.'E -8
1
C€OVHPOC ATOKAO ] ABrA[ ] BACIAC
PL XIV. 3.
27
80-9
5-24
^ -8
t
ceo[
ABfAPOC [ jlA€
beliind Inist, a
PI. XIV. 4.
28
29
64-6
4- 19
94-7
(M4
M -8
t
yE -9
C[60
ABrAPOC BACi[
behind liead, X
]POC AVK€TPAI[
BAC A €0g
30
87-4
5-66
.E .9
C€AHPO CA irAS
PI. X
BACI A€ osiC
IV. 5.
Similar to preceding series ;
inscr. beginning" on r. above: —
Similar to preceding series, but
without sceptre ; inscr. begin-
ning on r. aboA'e : —
30
bis
74-5
4-83
JE -75
[A]VKC6n C€0---
(inscr. beginning on 1. below).
iABFAPOC BACAAIA€
i
21. 1840. Millingen. 22. 18CG. Woodhoiise. Same obv. die as Leake specimen
CM. Aurelius,' 7v(H(/s, p. 39). 23.1844. Devonshire. Sale Catal., 592. 24. See
T. Combe, op. ciL, p. 230, no. 2. 25. See T. Combe, ibid., no. 1. Same dies as no. 24.
26. 1824. R. Payne Knight bequest, Num Vet., p. 195, no. 2. 27. 1844. T. Thomas,
Sale Catal, 2520. 28. 1840. .J. R. Steuart, Sale Catal, lot 443. Same obv. die as no. 27.
30. 1913. Lincoln. 30 bis. 1920. Presented by Mr. T. Skinner.
9G
MESOPOTAMIA
No. Wt.
31
32
33
34
35
3G
69-7
4-5^
49-1
8-18
35-4
2-0<j
34-7
.9.9/:
33-3
32-0
2-07
38 34-2
9.99
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
\
M -75
\
M -7
\
M -6
/
M -55
M .6
M -55
^
Obverse.
Reverse.
CeOAHPO CATOVA ABrAPOCB A€AOA
PL XIV. 6.
C€OVHP OC.ATO
CeovHPoCA VTOKPA
Tu;P
C€0[ ]CAT[
C€OVHPO [
ABFAPOCBA CAIAOC
BACIACV[ ] iCAPO
ABrAPOCB ACIAC
]AP0C BACI[
PL XIV. 7.
AbCtAR VIII and bis soa Ma'nu.
Bust of Abgar r., bearded,
wearing diademed tiara and
mantle as on preceding series ;
inscr. beginning; on r. above : —
Bust of ]Ma'nu r., beardless,
wearing tiara with crest of
hooks, but no diadem ; man-
tle fastened on r. shoulder ;
inscr. beginning on r. above: —
JAPOC BCIA€ tA^V\\A OC
PL XIV. 8.
ABFAPOCB ACI[
AAAN HOC
PL XIV. 9.
Caracalla nnd Abgae L\ Severus,
Bust of Caracalla r., laurtate
with slight beard ; inscr. be-
ginning on r. above, AMT(0|
PL
Bust of Abgar r.. beardless,
wearing diademed tiara with
crest of hooks ; inscr. begin-
ning on r. above, C£OVH[^
XIV. 10.
31. 1900. Lincoln. 32. See T. Combe, oi<. cit., p. 230, no. 3. 33. 1841.
Sir E. Abdy. 34. See T. Combe, loc. cit, no. 4. 35. 1900. Lincoln. 36. 1840.
Millingen. Babelon, ilieVavjgres, ii, p. 35, PI. V. fig. 9. 37.1877. Bank of England Gift.
38. 1877. Bank of England Gift. A. von Gutsclmiid, rH?e/-s?(c/(!(H^t')), p. 40.
97
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse. Reverse.
Caracalla.
The distinction between Caracalla and Elagabalus on coins
of Edessa is unusually difficult. Some of the coins here
attributed to Caracalla may be of the later Emperor, and
vice versa.
Bust of Emperor; inscr. : —
Bust of City-goddess r., wear-
ing turreted crown and veil,
di'apcd ; inscr., beginning on
r. above : —
39
74-5
4-83
M -75
1
AVK/^:[ ]f2N€IN0C
bust r., radiate, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass.
AVAN€A CCA
PL XIV. 11.
40
63-1
4-0!)
^ .7
t
AVK/^AAN TI2N€IN0C
C
bust r., laureate, wearing palu-
daraentum and cuirass.
AVANeA €CCA
41
65-1
4-23
M -75
i
AVK^^AANT.O.N€INOC
bust r., radiate, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass.
AVAN€A € CCA
42
55-1
3- 57
JE -8
AVANTCJ [ ]NOC
bust r., laureate, unclothed.
[A]VAN€A € CCA
43
47-4
3-07
JE -75
AKMA [ ]£IN€IN0C
bust v., laureate, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass.
]V[ ] €CCA
PI. XIV. 12.
44
40-4
3-01
^ -7
1
AVKANTOJ N6IN0N
bust I., radiate, wearing palu-
AVPAN€A [
damentum and cuirass.
39. 1908. L. Hamburger Collection. 40. 1913. Lincoln. 41. 1805,
Charles Townley. 42. 1889. Rollin and Feuardent. Same rev. die as no. 41.
43. 1900. Lincoln.
O
98
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
45
42-8
2-77
M -7
f
J ANTHNINOC
bust r., laureate, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass.
/^AANT(J€ A -iiCCA
46
38-8
2-61
M -65
] ANTa}N
bust r., radiate, unclothed.
A[ ] veccA
Macmnus.
Bust of Macrinus r., bearded,
laureate, wearing paludamen-
tum and cuirass ; inscr. : —
Bust of City-goddess r., wear-
ing turreted crown and veil,
draped ; inscr. : —
47
66.5
4:-31
M -75
\
AKMO C MAKPINOC
border of laurel-wreath.
OMCA CCCA (beginning
on r. above)
border of palm-wreath.
PL XIV. 13.
48
58-0
3-76
M -75
AKMO CMAKPINOC
border of dots.
0/v\€A €CCA (beginning
on r. above)
border of laurel-wreath.
49
50-6
3-28
M -7
\
AYK/^AOC/n AKPINOC
(beginning on r. above)
border of dots.
0/vA€ A€CCA
uncertain object in front of
bust.
1
i
50
59-0
3-82
M -8
AK/^ OCMAKPINOC
border of laurel-wreath.
OMA €A€CCA (beginning
on r. above)
type !. ; border of laurel-
wreath.
PL XIV. 14.
51
40-]
2-60
M .7
t
Mocev ---
(beginning on r. above)
OMA€A (beginning
on r. above)
border of dots.
45.1918. Glendining Sale, 19. ix. 1918, lot 119. 46.1908. Lincoln. 47.1877.
Bank of England Gift. 48. 1847. Baron Knobelsdorf. 49, 50. 1811. Sir R. Abdy.
Sale Cafal., lot 309. No. 49 is from same dies as Col. L. A. D. Montague's .specimen.
51. 1919. H. Marcopoli.
EDESSA
99
No.
52
53
54
55
Wt.
70-0
4-54
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -75
Obverse.
Eeverse.
DiADUMENIAN.
Bust of Diadumenian r., bare- i Bust of City-goddess r., wear-
headed ; inscr. : — iug turreted crown and veil,
draped ; inscr., beginning on
r. above : —
AAOA NT£1N€IN0C
bust wears paludamentum and
cuirass.
OM€Ae CCA
PL XIV. 15.
45-1 M .75 MOMC€ANT(jJNeiNOC
2-92 \, bust wears paludamentum and
cuirass.
53-7
3-48
M -75
234-8
15-22
OM€A €CCA
- OANTCJ N€IN (beginning
ou r. above)
bust unclotlied ; border of
laurel- wreath.
PI. XIV. 16.
Elagabalus.
Some of the coins catahigued under this Emperor may belong
to Caracalla.
Bust of Emperor ; inscr. : —
City-goddess, wearing turreted
crow:;, veil, mantle, and chi-
ton, seated 1. on rock, 1.
resting on seat, r. extended,
usually holding some object ;
at her feet,half-ligure of river- j
god, swimming ; inscr. : — |
^lOoiAVTKAICMA VPANT KOAWMA P€A€CCA
f |Cl)N holds branch,
bust 1.. laureate, wearing paiu-
idamentum and cuirass.
52. 1913. Lincoln.
Cliarles Townley.
53. 1877. Bank- of England Gif
55. 1805.
100
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
56
58
59
60
61
62
63
Wfc.
187-9
12-18
164-0
10-63
155-6
10-08
125-5
8-13
201-6
13-OG
175-0
11-34
218-7
14-17
165-9
10-75
Metal,
Size.
Axis.
^El-Oi
^1-05
t
M -95
t
^1-0
Ml-\
M 1-05
M 1-0
\
M\-0
Obverse.
Reverse.
AVTOKAlC^^^p^vPAN
TO)
bust I., laureate, wearing palu-
(lamentum and cuirass.
KOACJ/^AP
holds brand).
€<i^€CC>Cv
PI. XIV. 17.
AVTKMAANT NN€INO /v\APAVPAK 0€A€CCA
CC€B object in hand uncertain,
bust r., laureate, wearing palu
damentum and cuirass.
AVTK/^AVANT k^N€IN AAAPAVANTJ
OCC j €CCA
bust r., laureate, wearing palu- holds fruits,
damentum and cuirass.
KOA€A
AVTK/^AA - - llll€INO
CC
bust r., radiate, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass.
JPAPANT
bust 1., laureate, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass ; on 1.
shoulder, round shield charged
with [gorgoneion on] aegis ; in
oval countermark, bust r.
AVTKMA ANTnN€l[
bust 1., laureate, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass.
AVTKAAA ANTr
c cm
JNO
bust r., laureate, unclothed.
AVTK/^[ ] ANTNNINO
C (beginning on r. above)
bust 1., laureate, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass ; on 1.
shoulder, round shield charged
with [gorgoneion on] aegis.
/^APAVANK OA€A€C
CA
holds fruits.
PI. XIV. 18.
inscr. illegible ; holds fruits ;
in field behind her, cornu-
copiae.
] K€A€CCA
holds fruits ; in field behind
her, cornucopiae.
PI. XV. 1.
KOA'ANT AVP.€A6CC.
holds fruits ; in field before
her, cornucopiae.
KOAANT [ J€A€C
holds fruits ; in field before
her, cornucopiae.
56. 1905. J. Hirsch. 57. 1840. M. Young. 58. 1838. R. Stewart, Sale Catal,
Sotheby, March 7, 1838, lot 263. 59. 1841. Sir R. Abdy. Sale Catal., lot 369. 62. 1846.
H. 0. Cureton.
EDESSA
101
No. Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
64
66
67
68
166-7
10-80
65 I 192.3
13-46
151-9
9-84
128-3
8-31
113-6
7-36
69 114-8
7-44
JE -95
t
^ -95
t
M 1-0
i
^1-0
\
'.•El-0
JE -9
i
Obvt
Reve^^
AVTKMAA [ J NTKOA€Av-[
bust r., radiate, \vearing palu- r. liaud olf the tlan ; before
claineatiim and cuirass. her. small Nike flying r. to
crown her.
]
PL XV. 2.
INOCC€ JAPAVPAN [ ]K0[
bust r., radiate, uearing palu- holds fruits : before her,
damentum and cuirass. pent rearing.
PI. XV. 3.
AVKMA[ ]NINOCC ]ANTKO€A€C CH[ ]
bust I., laureate, wearing palu- N
damentum and cuirass; on 1. drops incense (?) on flaming
shoulder^ round shield charged incense-altar before her.
with gorgoneion on aegis.
AVTK.M.A ANTHN€INO j 0€A€CC
■:', holds branch ; before
bust r., radiate, wearing palu- altar flaming,
damentum and cuirass.
her.
AV[ i r£lNeiNC€
bust r., laureate, unclothed.
MAKAVPK 0€A --
holds fruits ; before her, altar
flaming.
Bust of Emperor 1., beardless, Two busts of City-goddess
laureate, wearing paluda- confronted, each Avearing tur-
mentum and cuirass ; on 1. reted crown and veil and
shoulder, round shield charged draped ; below, square baetyl
with gorgoneion on aegis; r. within small temple with
hand holding over r. shoulder pediment ; inscr. : —
sci'])tre topped by eagle ; ,
inscr. :— '
A]NTGN€INOC KOAM€ A€ CCA
PI. XV. 4.
64.1909. Lincoln. 65,66.1913. Lincoln. 67.1919. Trebented by Mr. J.
Copland. 68. IS J 2. Chevalier d'Horta. Cast (?). 69. Same ohv. die as Hunterian
si^ecinien (Maedonald, PI. LXXIX. 4), and as three specimens at Paris,
102
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
70
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -85
t
Obvei-i-e.
Reverse.
109-3
7-06'
] ANTI2N€IN0C
K[0]AM€ A€ CCA
71
96-9
.'E -85
ANJTQNeiNOC
Bust of r^mperor. beardless;
iiiscr. : —
KOA (jJ/^A P€ A€CC A
Bust of City- goddess 1., wear-
iug turreted crown aud veil,
draped ; ioscr. : —
72
60-0
M -7
AVTOKAIC/v\^P^VPAN
T
bust 1.. radiate, uuciothed (?).
K-ACJMAP €A€CC
bust 1.
PL XV. 5.
73
58'5
M -7
\
AVTOKi
bust 1., laureate, uuciothed.
KCACJM [
bust 1.
74
56-7
M -7
AVTOKAICMXPXVPAN
TWN
bust r., laureate, uuciothed.
KOAGJj ] P6V€CCA
bust 1.
75
45-7
M -7
\
AVTOKAICMXPXVANT
(ON
bust r., laureate, uuciothed.
KOAWMAP €A€CCA
bust I.
76
55-G
.E -7
t
AVTK[ ]I2N€IN0C
bust 1., laureate, Avearing palu-
TVXHCSACCKO[
bust r.
dameutum and cuirass.
70. 190L W. T. Rtady. Same dies as no. 69. 71. 184(». Millingen. Same obv.
die as no. 09. 72. 1897. Presented by Mr. H. F. Amedroz. 74, 1840. Matthew
Younci. 75. 1913. Lincoln. 76. 1909. Lincoln.
EDESSA
103
No,
77
78
79
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
12M
7-85
M .8;
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
With title Metropolis.
Bust of Emperor, beardless, | City-goddess wearing turreted
laureate ; inscr. : — crown, veil, mantle, and chi-
ton, seated 1. on rock, 1. hand
on seat, r. extended ; before
I her, small flaming altar ; at
her feet, half-tigure of river-
1 god swimming ; inscr. : — -
AVT. K./^.A. C€P.ANT MHTKOAcZic CCHNCJ
WNi"[ N
bust ].. r. hau'l raised: on 1. goddess drops incense on
shoulder, round shield charged altar?
with Nike carrying wreath and ,
palm. I
PI. XV. 6.
120-0 \M •
7-78 \ I
AVKMA[ >nN€INOC
bust r., uudraped.
MHK6A€ CCHNWN
goddess holds branch.
PI. XV. 7.
Elagabalus aud Sevkkus Alexander.
172-2
11-10
.El -25 Bust of Elagabalus (on 1.,
\ laureate) and Severus Alex-
ander (on r., bareheaded), con-
fronted, each wearing i:)alu-
damentiim and cuirass ; be-
tween them, below, small
temple with ]iedimeut : inscr.
AVTK/^AANTNINOCO
M AAA€ INAP
City-goddess, wearing turreted
crown, veil, mantle, and chi-
ton, seated 1. on rock ; holds
brnnch in r., 1. rests on seat;
before her, small llaming
altar; below, half figure of
river-god swimming: in field
!.. two pellets ; iuscr. AAAK^
P€A€CC
PI. XV. 8.
77. 1844. Devonshire. Sale Catal , lot 592.
79.1799. C. M. Cracherode Gift. Holed (by decay?).
78. 1874. Rollin and Feuardent.
104
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Seveeus Alexander Caesae.
Bust of Severus Alexander r.,
wearing paliulamentuin ami
cuirass ; inscr. : —
City-goddess, wearing turreted
crown, veil, mantle, and chi-
ton, seated 1. on reck, 1. resting
on seat ; below, half-figure of
river-god swimming; inscr. : —
80
141-3
9 16
^1-0
1
MAP.AVP.AA€ZANAP
OOKAICAP
bust bareheaded.
MAPAVPANT €CAeC
CA
holds fruits in r.
PI. XV. 9.
81
132-1
8-56
M -95
\
M.A.AeiA[ ]iC
bust bareheaded.
MAKAV P€A€CC
holds branch over small flam-
ing altar.
82
166-8
10-81
M -95
\
MAAAeiA NAPOCKA
bust laureate.
MAKAV P€AeCC
holds branch over small flam-
ing altar.
83
165-5
10-72
^1-0
\
JAAAIN A€POCKA
bust laureate.
MAKAVP eA€CC
holds branch over small flam-
ing altar.
84
154-2
9-99
M -95
MAAAe ---A
bust laureate.
similar to preceding.
85
140-8
9-12
.El-0
]A6H NAPOCKAC
bust laureate.
Severus Alexa
Coins without titles .
Bust of Severus Alexander r.,
wearing paludaraentura and
cuirass ; inscr. : —
MAKAV PeA€CC
holds branch over small flam-
ing altar.
i
NDER Augustus.
Metropolis or Golonia.
City-goddess as on preceding
coins, holding branch over
small flaming altar : inscr. : —
86
163-5
10-59
JEl-0
\
AVTmAC €YAA€XA
NAi'-CC
bust laureate.
^AAKAV P€A€CC
80, 81. 1805. Charles Townley. 82. 1840. Millingen. 83. 180.°, Charles
Townley. 84. 1918. Gleiidining Sale, 19. ix. 1918, lot 119. 85. 1906. Dr. F. Parkes
Weber Gift. 86. 1900. Lincoln.
EDESSA
105
No.
87
88
89
90
91
92
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
377-0
34-iS
278-0
18-01
260-6
l(i-89
228-0
14-77
291-7
18-00
286-7
18-58
Obverse.
Reverse.
With title Metropolis.
First Denomination.
Bust of Severus Alexander ;
inscr. : —
/El-3
iEl-2o
^1-2
^1-2 j
.El-25
^1-2
t
AVTK/^ACA AGXANA
POC C
bust r., laureate, unclothed.
City-goddess, wearing turreted
crown, Yeil, mantle, and chi-
ton, seated 1. on rock, 1. resting
on seat ; at her feet, half-
tigure of river-god swimming ;
before her, small flaming
altar ; in field 1. and r., stars ;
inscr. : —
MHTKO€A€ CCHNOJN
holds branch or corn-ears.
PI. XV. 10.
ITK/v^ACAAe ZANAP
0CC€
bust r., laureate, unclothed.
AVTK[ ]I/^AVC€AA€2
A[ ]APOC
bust r., laureate, unclothed.
1/^AVC€AAGZAN
APO C
bust r., laureate, unclothed.
AVf ]APAVPCeAA€2
ANAPOC
bust r., radiate, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass.
AVTK/VAACAA6XANAP
o C C
bust 1., radiate, wearing cuirass,
round shield charged with
gorgoneiou on 1. shoulder, r.
hand holding eagle-topped
sceptre over r. shoulder.
MHTKO[ JNWN
similar.
/^HT[ ]€A €CCHNa)N
siuiilai'.
/^HKOeA €CCHN(ON
similar.
MHKO€A GCCHNOJN
similar.
MHTKOeA 6CCHNWN
similar.
88. 1859. F. Buocke. 89. 1843. Dr. Milles, Dean of Exeter. Two incisions in
edge for mounting. 90. ISO.j. Cliarles Townley. 91. 1900. Lincohi. 92. 1840.
Matthew Y'ning.
P
106
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse. Reverse.
Second Denomination
Bust of Severus Alexander ;
inscr. : —
Similar type to preceding
series, with stars ; inscr. : —
93
145-8
9-45
^1.0
AVTOKAICAAAPAVP C
€AA€XANAPCC
bust r., laureate, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass.
MHK06A €CCHN(JN
object in r. hand obscure.
93
bis
142-3
9-22
AVTOKAIC/^ APAVPC
€AA€XANAPO
bust I., radiate, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass.
/^HKO€A 6CCHNWN
object in r. obscure.
94
137-2
8-89
M\-0
1
]A€ ZANAPOCC€B
lower i)art of bust (r.) off the
flan.
[ ]C CHNOJN
holds fruits.
PL XV. 11.
95
130-8
8-48
M -9
\
lAICMAPAVP CCA
A€5:ANAPl
bust r., laureate, wearing" palu-
damentum and cuirass.
]K0 €A€CC HNWN
holds fruits.
96
123-2
7-98
M -95
1 APAVPC€AA62A
N[
bust 1., laureate, drapery over
r. shoulder.
Bust of Severus Alexander ;
inscr. : —
/^HKO€A €C CHNOJN
object in r. baud obscure.
Similar type to preceding
series, but no stars in field.
97
156-0
10-11
M -95
t
AVTK/^ACA AESANA
POC C
bust r.. laureate, drapery over
1. shoulder.
.-\HTK06A eCCHNUJN
holds branch or ears of corn.
93. 180.5. Charles Town ley. 93 bis. 1920. Presented by Mr. C. L. Woolley. Acquired
near Carchemish. 94.1805. Charles Townley. 95.1900. Lincoln. 96.1902.
Presented bv Mr. ^Y. C. Bovd.
EDESSA
107
No.
98
99
100
101
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
148-0 .El.O
0-59
i
Obverse.
Reve:se.
102
103
14 7-9 JE -9;
9-58
t
152-9 1^1-0
9-91 I
187-1
.El-O
i
215-7 JEM
13-98 t
178-1
11-54
JE -95
AVTKMACA A6ZAN[AiMHTK0eA €CCHNCJN
PJOC C similar
bust r., laureate, drapery over
1 shoulder; in couotermark,
bust of City-goddess r.,turreted.
PI. XV. 12.
1KM.A[ ] eZANAPO /v\HTKO€A CCCHNWN
C C ] similar,
as preceding, with similar
countermark.
AVTKAAACAA eXANAJ ]KO€A eCCHNCON
PO (JC I similar,
bust r., radiate, drapery over
I shoulder.
AVTKMACA A€XANA ] ZieCCHNOJN
P^-.-C similar,
bust 1., laureate, wearing
cuirass; on 1. shoulder, round
shield, in r. eagle-topped scep-
tre over r. shoulder.
104 146-6 .^1-0
9-50 1 t
Bust of Severus Alexander,
slightly bearded; inscr. : —
AVTKMAC€VAA€I[
bust r., laureate, drapery over
1. shoulder.
AVTKMAC€VAAeXAN
APOC C
bust r., laureate, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass.
] AA€XANAPOC[
bust r., laureate, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass.
Similar type to preceding
series, but seat of goddess regu-
lar in form ; two stars in field.
/VAHTK0A€ [
goddess holds fruits (?) in r.
MHTKOL ] AG CCHN
OJN
object in r. obscure.
MHTKOAGA [
holds fruits.
98. 180.5. Charles Townley. 99. 1913. Lincoln. 100. 1861. Eastwood.
101.1908. Lincoln. 104.1841. Sir R. Abdy. Sale CataL, lot 369.
108
MESOPOTAMIA
1 No. Wt.
ilOo 128-8
8-35
106 113-8
7-37
107 96-4
6-35
108
109
110
111
179-6.
11-64
136-3
8-83
123-6
8-01
173-8
11-J26
112 146-1
9-47
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
i
.E -9
t
JE -95
t
^1-05
i
JE -95
JE -9
^1-0
\
^1-0
\
Obveise.
]C6VAA€X AN
APOCC€B
bust r., laureate, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass.
AVTK^^ACeVAAc[ ]
bust r., laureate, wearing palu-
damentum aud cuirass.
Reverse.
] A€ C CHNOJN
holds fruits.
]TKOA€A€CCHN(jJN
object in r. obscure.
PL XV. 13.
AVTK/n[ ]€ AA€IAN
A[ ]€ B.
bust r., radiate, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass.
]MAC€V AA€XA[
bust 1., laureate, round shield
on 1. shoulder, v. holding eagle-
topped sceptre over r. shoulder.
[ ] CAA€IANAP o
CC€B
similar to preceding.
AVTKMAC €AAeXAN
similar to preceding (but bust
beardless?).
]€AA[ JXANAPOCC
€B
similar to preceding (bust
bearded ?).
AVTKMAC€AA€XANA
POCCc B
Lust r., lavireate, drapery over
I. shoulder.
AAHTKl
object in r. obscure.
JCHNOJN
MHT[
holds fruits.
]NGJN
MHTKOAe AEC CHN
CON
object id r. obscure.
] AECCHNOJN
holds fruits (?).
MHTKOA[ JN
holds fruits ; a second altar
behind her.
]KOA€AeC C-HNCJN
similar to preceding.
PL XV. 14.
105. 1900. Lincoln. 108. 1840. Mattiu-w Young.
Cliarles Townley. 111. 112. 1913. Lincoln.
109. 110. 1805.
EDESSA
109
No. Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obv(
Reverse.
Third Denomination.
113 77-6 M. -8£|Bust of Severus Alexander r.,
O-03 \ 'sligbtly bearded, laureate,
wearing paludamentiun and
cuirass ; ii:scr. AVTKAAAC
€AA€IAN^PO CCee
114 81-2 JE
5-26
Impression incuse of reverse
of anotlier coin left between
the dies.
PI. XV. 15
Similar type to preceding
series, without stars ; object
in r obscure : inscr. I'Y'KOA
GAeCCHNaj[
Similar tvpe to preceding ;
inscr .MHTKOA€ A€CC
HNWN
Seyeeus Alexandke and Julia Mamaea.
Busts of Severus Alexander
(on 1.) and Julia Mamaea (on
r.), confronted ; Alexander
laureate, wearing paludamen-
tum and cuirass ; Mamaea
drapeil, Avearing
inscr : —
City-goddess, wearing turreted
crown, veil, mantle, and chi-
ton, seated I. on square seat
or rock, I. resting on seat, r.
holding small temple Avith
stephane ; ! pediment ; above her head,
small figure of Aquarius (?)
with water-skin overshoulder ;
below, half-figure of river-
god swimming ; in front,
small flamiug altar ; in field,
four stars ; inscr. : —
115 302-2
lD-58
JEl-2
116 219-6
14-23
i
117[ 199-8
1 12-95
i
AVTKMACAA€ZANAP
OCC€BIOVAMA/^€AC
[AV]TKMACAA€ZANA
P0CCGiBI0VA/^AM€A
C]
[AVJTKMACAAeZANA
P0CC€BI0[VA]/^A[M6A
CI
/^H[ ]€A €CCHNa)N
|HTKOA€A €
/Mn i rx"
JWN
113. 1877. Bank of England Gift. 114. 1909.
Millingen. 116. Same ohv. die as no. 115. Pierced.
Same oljv. die as no. 11.5.
Lincoln.
117- 1805.
115. 1840.
Charles Townley.
I
no
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
Wt
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
.El.15
\
Obverse.
Reverse.
118
274-2
17-77
AVTKMACeVAACZAN
APOCC€BIOVAIAMAM€
AC
/^HTKOA €A€CCHNa.5[
1
PI. XVI. 1.
119
236-8
lo-34-
^1-1
t
AVTK/^A[ ]|OVAIA
MAM€AC
/^HTKOA €AeCCHNW i
N '
120
222-4
^M
]€ZANAPOC[ ]A
JHNOJN
U-41
\
MAM€AC
1
Julia Mamaea.
Bust of Mamaea r., draped,
City-goddess, wearing turreted
wearing stepbane, hair in
crown, veil, mantle, and chi-
horizoutal waves and coiled
ton, seated 1. on square seat
on nape of neck; inscr. : —
or rock, 1. resting on seat;
before her, small flaming
altar ; below, half-ligure of
river-god swimming; inscr.: —
121
224-3
M M
€IOVAIA[ ]AC€B[
/^HTi<[ JCJN
U-53
\
small figure of Aquarius (?)
above head ; holds in r. small
temple with pediment : in
field, four stars.
PI. XVI. 2.
122
135-1
J£. 1-u
SOVA/^A/^AeA CcBACT
^AHTKOAC:A€Cr
8-75
i
ri liolds fruits; two stars in
tield ; second altar on r.
PI. XVI. 3.
123 127-5
.E -95
|OVAIA/^A^\ cA[
] eAGCCHNCJN
8-26
t
object in r. hand obscure ;
two stars in held.
118. 1900. Lincoln.
Lincoln.
120. 1844. T. Thomas. Sale Catal, II, lot 2520. 121. 1909.
EDESSA
111
No.
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reveise.
263-0 iE M
17-04 \
213-7
13-85
249-8
16-19
241-5
15 -65
250-2
16-21
227-0
14-71
223-4
14-48
M\-l
\
/El-15
\
M\-2
\
\
\
^1-15
\
GORDIAN III.
Bust of Gordian III r., wearing ^ Bust of City-goddess 1., wear-
paliidamentum and cuirass ; '\ iug turreted crown and veil,
inscr. : —
shouMers draped ; in front,
small flaming altar and, on a
pedestal, figure of Aquarius (?)
r., holding water-skin over
shoulder ; inscr. : —
AVT0KKMANTr0PZi[IA MHT KOA€A€CC[ ]
NOCC€B]
bust radiate
A[VTOKKMANT]roPAI
ANOCCGB
bust radiate.
JTOKK/^ANTropAIA
Noq
bust radiate.
N
PI. XVI. 4.
]eA€CCHNaJN
MHTKOA€A[ JOJN
AVTOKKAAANTTOPAIA /^ HTKr
[ ]€B
bust radiate.
AVTOKK/^ANTfoPAIA MHTKOAeAECCHNCJN
NOCC€B
bust laureate.
AVTOKK/^ANTroPAIA
NOCC€B
bust laureate.
AV[
€B
bust laureate.
JOPAIANOCC
MHT KOA€A€CCHNCJ[
/>AHTKOA€A€CCHN(0N
125. 1805. Charles Townley. Same obv. die as no. 124. 126, 127. 1805.
Charles Townley, 128.1841. T. Burgon. 129.1805. Charles Townley. 130.1844.
Devonshire. Sale Cafal., lot 48.
112
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
1
Bust of Gonlian III r,, radiate, Bust of City-goddess r., Avear-
drapery showing over 1. ing turreted crown and veil,
shoulder; inscr. :— shoulders draped; in front,
star ; inscr. : —
131
87-9
5-70
M .75
\
AVTOKK/>AANTropAIA /vAHTKOAeAeCCHNCJ
NOCC€B i
PI. XVI. 5.
132
76-9
4-08
M -7
t
AVTOKf JOPAIAN AAHTKOA€AeCCHNCJN
0CC€B
Tranquillina.
Bust of Trauquillina r., wear-
ing Stephana, hair waved and
coiled on nape ; shoulders
draped ; inscr. : —
Bust of City-goddess 1., with
small altar and figure of
Aquarius (r), as on nos. 124 f. ;
inscr. : —
133
257-1
16-66
.EM
\
L<|)10[VPJCABINATPAN
KC€B
MHTKOA€A€CCHNaJN
134
244-7
15-86
/EM5
<DOVPCABINA|TPAN]K
C€B
/>^HTKOA6AGCCHN0}[
135
226-3
14-66
•
M\-\o
\
<t>0VPCABINATPANKC€ I MHTKOAGz^€CCHNaJN
B !
PI. XVI. 6.
131. 184.3. Dr. Milles, Dean of Exeter. 132. 1900. Liueoln, 133.1799.
C M. Craeherode Gift. 134. 1844. Devonshire. SaJe Cakd., lot .594. Same obv. die as
no. 133. 135. 1805. Charles Townley. Same obv. die as no. 1-33.
EDESSA
113
No Wt.
136i 372-()
24-11
137
138
139
300-2
19-45
346-7
22-47
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Revei-se.
Regal Coinage Restored.
GoRDiAN III and Abgar X Pheahates.
First Denoviinaiiov .
Bust of Gordian III r,
inscr. : —
j Gordian receiving Abgar ; on
1., Gordian, laureate, wearing
toga, seated r. on sella curuh's
on suggestus, holding sceptre
in 1. ; on r., Abgar, bearded,
wearing diademed tiara,
kandys and trousers, r. hold-
ing figure of Nike, 1. on hilt
of short sword ; inscr. : —
^1.3 AVTOKKMANTropAlAi AVTOKroPAIANOCA-
\ InocC€B !APOCBACIA€VC
bust laureate, wearing paluda-
nientum and cuirass.
^1-25
\
^1-35
288-9 ^1-25
18-72 I ^
similar.
AVTOK[ JABPAPO
CBACIA€VC
AVTOKKMANXroPAIA AVTOKfoPAIANOCABr
NOCC€B iAPOCBACIA€VC
bust laureate, drapery showing I
over 1. shoulder. I
PL XVI. 7.
AVTOKK/^ANTfoPAIA
NOCC eB
bust radiate, wearing paluda-
mentum and cuirass.
AVTOK[ JABfAPO
CBACIA€ VC
137. Same obv. die as no. 136. 138„ 1841. T. Burgon.
Yorke.
139. 1895. Vincent W.
Q
114
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
140
Wt.
317-9
20-60
141
142
143
144
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Ml-2,
\
Obverse.
Reverse.
Bust of Gordian Illr., laureate
drapery showing over 1.
shoulder ; inscr. AVTOKK
/^ANTroPAIANOCC6B
Bust of Gordian III r., radiate,
wearing paludanrentum and
cuirass ; inscr. : —
3321 1^1-3 AVTOKKMANTrO[P]AI
31-62 ' \ ANOCCCB
PI. XVI. 8
3091 \m\-Z AVTOKK/^ANTroPAIAl
20-03 t NOCCeB !
30o-7 .^1-25 AVTOKKMAN[TropAIA
10-81 \ t 'NOC]C€B 1
Gordian receiving Abgar ; on
[., Gordian, laureate, wearing
paludamentum and cuirass,
holding globe in 1., mappa in
r. ; on r., Abgar, bearded,
dressed as on preceding series,
in raised r. a wreath (?) ;
inscr. ICABPAPOCBACIA
€VC
Abgar, bearded, wearing dia-
demed tiara, kandys and
trousers, riding r. on pacing
horse ; inscr. : —
ABfAPOC BACIA6VC
J BACIA€VC
180-5
11-70
Secaiul Denomination.
Bust of Gordian III, r.
front, star ; inscr. : —
in Bust of Abgar r., bearded,
wearing diademed tiara with
crest of hook-shaped orna-
ments, necklace, and robe
over garment with buttons
down the front ; behind, star ;
inscr. : —
M 95 AVTOKK/^ANTTOpAIA, ABPAPOC BACIAEVC
I NOCC€B rosette of pellets on tiara,
bust laureate, wearing palu-
damentum and cuirass. ,
PI. XVI. 9.
140. 1832. H. P. Borrell. Same obv. die as no. 138. 141. 1874. Rollin and
Feuardent. Same obv. die as Babelon, Melanges, ii, PI. VIII. 6. Double-struck rev.
142. 1844. Devonshire. Same obv. die as no. 141. 143. Same obv. die as no. 141.
144. 1900. Lincoln.
EDESSA
115
No.
Wt.
, Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
145
142-6
9-24
JE -95
i
AVTOKK/^ANTro PAI
ANOCC€B
bust similar.
ABArPOC BACIA€VC
similar.
146
139-2
U-02
JE -95
: \
i
JOKKMANXroPAIA
NOCC€B
bust similar.
ABPAPOC BACIAevC
similar.
147
117-0
7-58
'JE -95
\
AVTOKKAAANTropAIA
NOCC€B
bust similar.
ABFAPOC BACA€VC
similar.
PI. XVI. 10.
148
147-1
9-53
JE -95
\
J^-^iANTro PAIA
NOCC€B
bust laureate, unclothed.
ABfAPOC BACIA€VC
decoration of tiara obscure.
149
166-2
10-77
JE -95
t
AV[TOKKMANTrop]z^|
ANOCC€B
bust radiate, wearing paluda-
mentum and cuirass.
AB[ ] BACIA€VC
decoration of tiara obscure.
150
166-2
10-77
^1-0
t
AVTOKKMANXroPAIA
NOCC€B
bust similar.
ABfAPO CBACIA€VC
decoration of tiara obscure.
PI. XVI. 11.
151
123-4
8-00
JE -95
[A]VTOKKMAN[TjroPA
IAN0CC6B
bust similar.
JBrAPOC BACIA[
decoration of tiara obsciire.
152
163-3
10-58
JE -9
t
]VT OKKMANTr OPA
IAN[
bust similar ; .*. on front of
crown.
ABrAPOC BACIA€VC
tiara covered with network.
PI. XVII. 1.
153
163-2 ^
10-58
JE -9
AjVTOKKMANTroPAl
[ANOCC€B
bust similar.
ABfAPOC BACIA€VC
rosette of pellets on tiara.
PI. XVII. 2.
147. 1900. Lincoln. 149. 1900. Lincoln,
same rev. die as Col. L. A. D. Montague's specimen.
153. lOia. Lincoln.
150. Same obv. die as no 149 ;
151. Same obv. die as no. 149.
116
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
154
155
156
157
158
159
Wt.
132-4
8-58
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
JE -9
\
160-6 LE -95
10-41 f
150-7 IJE -95
9-7G I
120-7
7-82
130-7
8-47
Obverse.
Reverse.
AVT0KK/vAA[NTr]0PAI ABfAPOC [ ]IA€VC
ANOCC€B decoration of tiara obscure,
bust similar.
AVTOKK/^ANr
NOCCGB
bust similar.
]IAiABrAPO[ ]A€VC
I tiara covered with network.
AVTOKKMANTfopAIA ABfAPOC BACIAGVC
NOCC€B decoration of tiara obscure,
bust similar.
M 9 |[AVTOKKMANTroPA]l
i ANOCC€B
lUst similar.
]0C BACIA€VC
rosette of pellets on tiara.
JE -95
t
94-1
6-10
JE -75
AVTOKKMA[ ]0 PAI ABfAPOC [ ]CIA€VC
ANOCC€B rosette of pellets on tiara.
bust 1., laureate, wearing
cuirass ; shield on 1. shoulder ; j
r. hand holding eagle-topped I
sceptre, of which head is seen |
between O and P of inscr.
PI. XVII. 3.
Third Denomination.
Bust of Gordian III r., lau- Bust of Abgar r., bearded,
dressed as on preceding series ,
decoration of tiara, when
visible, consists of pellets ;
inscr. : —
reate, drapery showing over 1.
shoulder ; inscr. : —
[AVT OKK^^ANT^ OPA ABfArOC BACIA6V C
IAN0CC6B
PL XVII. 4.
154. See T. Combe, Vet. Pop. ct Beg. Num., p. 231, no. 1, 155. Ibid., no. 2. 156. 1906.
Dr. F. Parkes Weber Gift. 157. Same obv. die as no. 156. 159. 1900. Lincoln.
EDESSA
11
No.
160
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -75
\
Obverse.
Reverse.
78-2
5-07
AVTOKKAAAlNTn OPA
IAN0CC6B
ABfAPOC BAC[
161
80-8
5-24
M -75
\
AVTOKKr jANTroPAl
ANOCC€
ABfAPOC BACIA€VC
1
162
79-6
5-16
^ -8
AVTOKK/v\ANTropAIA
NO[CC€B]
>> >>
163
75-6
i-'JO
M -8
AVTOKKAAANTroPAIA
NOCCeB
1
'J }7
164
66-1
4-28
M -8
t
AVTOKAAANTfoPAIAN
OCC
bust radiate, wearing paluda-
mentum and cuirass.
jfAPOC BACIA€VC
Fo v.rth Den o« lination .
165
43-4
2-81
iE -6
t
Bust of Gordian III, r., laii-
reate, drapery showing oyer 1.
shoulder: inscr. AVTOK fO
PAIANOC
Bust of Abgar r., diademed,
without tiara : inscr. ABFA
POC BACIAeVC
Colonial Coinage Restored.
Tkajan Decius.
Bust of Trajan Decius r. :
inscr, : —
Bust of City-goddess I., wear-
ing turreted crown and veil,
shoulders draped ; in front,
small flaming altar ; inscr. : —
166
73-3
4-75
M -7
[AVriA€KICC€B
bust laureate, drapery showing
oyer 1. shoulder.
KOA€AeCCA
160. See T. Combe, Vet. Pop. et Reg. Num., p. 231, no. 3. Same obv. die as no. 159.
161. 1843. Dr. Milles, Dean of Exeter. 162. See Combe, loc. cit 163. Same obv.
die as no. 162. 164. 1877.- Bank of England Gift. 165. 1824. K. Payne Knight
Bequest. Nwn. Vet, p. 195, no. 3.
118
MESOPOTA^MIA
No.
167
Wt.
63-9
4-14
Metal.
Size.
Axi>i.
JE .7
\
Obverse.
Reverse.
AVrzl€tKI]CC€B
bust similar.
]0[ ]eA€CCA
168
83-2
5-30
^ -8 AVr.A€KICC€B
\ bust radiate, wearing
mentum and cuirass.
paluda-
KOACAeCCA
Pl. XVII. 5.
169
56-2
3-64
JE '75
\
similar.
[KO]A€AGCCA
170
76-2
4-94
JE -To
AVrA€KICCGB
bust similar.
KOAGA€CCA
PL XVII. 6.
171
67-5
4-3?
JE -75
AVr[A€K]ICC€B
similar.
KOAGA€C[
172
53-2
3-45
JE .7 A]VrA€KICC€B
\ ! similar.
]OAGA€CCA
167. 1900. Lincoln. Same obv. die as no, 166, and same dies as Col. L. A. D. Montague's
specimen. 168. 1844. Devonshire. 169. 1843. Dr. Milles, Dean of Exeter. Same
dies as no. 168. 170. 1913 Lincoln. 171. 1900. Lincoln. Same obv. die as
no. 170. 172. Same obv. die as no. 1 70.
NESIBI
119
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
NESIBI '
For bronze coins of Antiochus IV of Syria struck at Nesibi
with inscription ANTIOXEHN THN EN MYfAONIAI,
see B.M.C. Seleucid Kings, p. 42, nos. 86-8.
Macrinus.
Bust of Macrinus r., laureate ;
inscr. : —
Bust of City-goddess r., tur-
reted, veiled, and draped ;
in front, cornucopiae (?) ;
inscr. : —
1
55-7
3-61
M -6
inscr. illegible.
KOAN [ ]BI
2
50-8
3-29
M -6
AVT.KAICr«AAAKP€IN]0 ROAN €Cri Bll
NC€B ^ ^
PI. XVII. 7.
3
49-8
3-23
M -6
1
[AVT.KAIC.JMAKPeiNO
NC[eB]
[K]OAN €CI Bl
Seveeus Alexander.
Bust of Sever us Alexander r..
laureate ; inscr. : —
Bust of City-goddess r., tur-
reted, veiled, and draped ;
above, sign of Aries r., with
head reverted ; in front, star ;
inscr. : —
4
180-9
11-72
.EM
>KAIMAPAvC AAGI
ANAPOCC €
drapery showing on 1. shoulder;
slight beard.
CGHKOAO N6CIBIAA H
1
PI. XVII. 8.
1
1 All the coins have borders of dots and inscr. arranged as usual unless otherwise described.
1. 1908. L. Hamburger. 2. 1913. Lincoln. Same dies as Macdonald, Hunter Catal.,
Ill, p. 315, no. 2, PI. LXXIX. 1.5. 3. 1841. Sir R. Abdy. Sale Catal, lot 869. Same
dies as preceding. 4. 1840. J. R. Steuart. Sale Catal., lot 332.
120
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
169-7 .J51-05
11-00 \
179-7
11-04
178-1
11-54
219-3
14-21
208-9
13-54
10
210-7
13-65
JEl-05
^1-05
I
^1-05
^1-1
t
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
inscr. obliterated; bust as on [ ] N€CIBIAAH
preceding. star l)ehind as well as in front.
AVTOKAMAPAVC€BAA C€n[ ] N€CIBIMHTP
€IA[ OTTOA
bust clothed (paludamentum Aries off the flan,
and cuirass ?).
iKAir ]/^Avpc AA€i ccni
ANAPO^
bust clothed.
JHT
Seveeus Alexander with Julia Mamaea.
Busts confronted of Alexander > Bust of City-goddess r., as on
{Y., wearing paludamentum nos. 4 f., with Aries above,
and cuirass) and Mamaea (1.,
draped, wearing stepliane in
hair) ; inscr. : —
1NAP0CI0V/*«AAM
€A[
Alexander radiate, Mamaea
with crescent at shoulders.
star behind
inscr. : —
and in front ;
JN€CIBI/^H
AV[ ]€XANAPOCIOV C€l J N6CIBIMH TP
fA.\_ ear of corn in field r.
Alexander laureate.
PI. XVII. 9.
Julia Mamaea.
Bust of Mamaea r., draped,
on large crescent, wearing
stepliane in hair, which is
waved horizontally and taken
up on nape of neck : inscr.
|OVMAM€A C€BA[
Bust of City-goddess, as on
nos. 4 f., with Aries above
and star in front ; inscr. C€
HKOAO [ ]IBI/^HT
5. 1847. Baron Knobelsdorf.
8. 1S60. Count de Salis Gift.
6. 1909. Lincoln.
9. 1S77. Bank of England Gift.
7. 182.5. C. J. Rich.
10. 1900. Lincohi.
NESIBI
121
No.
11
12
13
14
16
Wt.
170-5
11-05
136-8
8-86
130.8
8-48
366-3
23-74
15 284-3
1 18-42
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
.El-0
.El-1
t
.El-Oi
t
Obverse
Keverse.
GOKDIAN III.
Bust of Gordian III ; inscr. : —
AVTOKkMANTropA_..
bust I., laureate, drapery over
r. shoulder.
A IVTOKKMANTfopAIA
NOC C€
bust r., laureate, drapery over
shoulder.
AVTOKKMANTfOPAIA
N0[
bust r., radiate, drapery over
1. shoidder(?).
Bust of City-goddess, as on
DOS. 4 f., with Aries above ;
no stars; inscr. : —
cenKOA [ ]MHT
CCnKOA NeCIBI[
CenKOA ON€CI[
Gordian III and Teakquillina.
Busts confronted of Gordian j City-goddess, wearing turreted
(r., laureate, wearing paluda- I crown, veil, chiton, and man-
mentum and cuirass) and tie, seated 1. on rock, 1. resting
Tranqiiillina (1., draped, wear- on rock, r. holding ears of
ing stephane in hair); inscr. : — corn; above her head, sign
of Aries 1. ; at her feet, half-
figure of river-god swimming
1. ; inscr. : — •
^1-35 AVTOKK/^ANroPA[IAN
t jON jNKVAAINANCe
B
^1-3 JAVTOKKAAANTroPAIA
\ .NONCABTP AN[
C€n[
TPO
]0N €CIBINH
]€CIBIAAHT PO
164-0
10-63
Tranquillina.
^ I'OSi Bust of Tranquillina r., draped,
\ I wearing stephane, hair waved
horizontally ; inscr. CAB IN A
TPAN[
Bust of City-goddess r., as ou
nos. 4f., with Aries abov(! r. ;
inscr. C€nKOA ON€CIB
IMHTPO
12. 1901. W. T. Ready. 13. 1914. J. H. Daniels. 14. 18iO. Millingen. Same
obv. die as Mionnet V. C26, 174. 15. 1805. Charles Townley.
122
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Philip Senior.^
Bust of Philip ; iiiscr. : —
Temple with four twisted
columns, pediment, and cen-
tral arch ; within, City-
goddess, wearing veil, chiton,
and mantle, seated to front ;
above her head, sign of Aries i
r. ; at her feet half-figure
of river-god swimming r. ;
inscr. : —
17
188-2
12-20
.El-0
t
AVTOKKMIOVAKMAin
nocc€B
bust r., laureate, in paluda-
mentum and cuirass.
|OVC€nKOAnN€CIBIM
HT
18
175-9
11-40
.El-05
1
similar.
similar.
19
169-0
10-05
.El-0
t
lOAcenKOAHNeciBiM
HT ,
20
150-5
9-75
^1-0
t
iovcenKOA[
21
167-6
10-8G
^1-0
t
similar inscr. ; bust 1.. laureate,
in paludamentum and cuirass,
shield charged with gorgo-
neion(?) on 1. shoulder.
lOVCenKOAHNeCIBIM
HT
PI. XVII. 10.
22
178-0
11-53
tEI-O
t
similar inscr. ; bust I., radiate,
in paludamentum and cuirass.
u
23
144-6
.9-57
M\-05
\
similar to preceding.
PI. XVII. 11.
^ Some of these coins may be of Philip Junior, especially nos. 21-4, on which the face
appears to be beardless.
17. 1853. Rev. Bryan Faussett. Sale Catal., lot 10. 18. 180.5. Charles Townley.
19. 1840. Millingen. 20 1825. C. J. Rich. 21. 1S47. Same dies as Col. L. A. D.
Montague's specimen. 23. 1840. Millingen. On rev., B t>i''ginally omitted, then engraved
over AA before inscr. was completed.
123
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
24 : 140-5 Mh05
j 9-10 I I
25
26
164-3 .El-Oo
10-65 t
94-3
6-11
27 171-9
I 11-14
28
158-8
^ -8
t
JEl-0
t
^1-0
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
similar to preceding.
Bust of Philip I., radiate,
wearing paludamentum and
cuirass, armed with spear and
shield (on which quadriga?):
inscr. AVTOKKAA|OVAI<t>
IAinn0CC€B
Bust of Philip 1., radiate,
wearing paludamentum and
cuirass; inscr. AVTOKKMI
0VAl4>IAinn0CC€B
|OAC€nKOAnN€CIBI
/AT
Temple with two twisted
columns, pediment, and steps
in front ; within shrine, of
which panelled doors stand
open, City-goddess seated to
front, with Aries and river-
god as on preceding coins ; in
pediment, uncertain object
(altar?); inscr. |OVC€TTKO
AflN€CIBIAAHT
PI. XVII. 12.
Within a wreath, with medal-
lion at top, sign of Aries r.,
head reverted ; inscr. |OAC
€nKOAnN€CIBIMHT
PI. XVII. 13.
Otacilia Seveea.
Bust of Otacilia r., draped,
wearing stephane, hair taken
up in plait fastened on top of
head ; crescent at shoulders :
inscr. : —
MAPnTAKIAC€OVHPA
NCeB
Temple with four twisted
columns containing figure of
City-goddess seated, with
Aries and river-god, all as
on nos. 17 f. ; inscr. : —
|0VC€nK0AnN6CIBI/^
HT
PI. XVII. 14.
24. 1832. H. P. Bonell. 25.
26. 1832. H. P. Eorrell. 27. 1908.
Dean of Exeter. Same dies as no. 27.
1844. T. Thomas.
L. Hamburger.
Sale Catal., II, lot 2520.
28.1843. Dr. Mi lies,
124
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
29
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
|OVC€nKOAnN€CIBIM
HT
146-2
9-47
^1-05
t
MAPnTAKIACC^OvHPA
NC€B
30
163-0
10-56
J^l-0
t
MAPnTAKIAC€OVHPA
NC€B
V
31
145-5
9-43
JE -95
t
,>
n >>
32
153-9
9-97
JE -95
t
,.
)> >)
29. 1847. Baron Knobelsdorf. Same rev, and same obv. (?) die as no. 27. 30. 1900.
Lincoln. 31. 1919, Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection. 32. 1805. Charles Townley.
KHESAENA
125
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Beverse.
95-1
6-16
32-G
2-11
128-7
8-34
159-0
10-30
M -8
t
RHESAEXA.
Caeacalla.
Bust of Caracalla r., radiate ; , Nude female figure seated 1.,
clothing of bust obscure
] ANTnNI[
r. holding uncertain object
'reed?), 1. resting on rock(?);
in field 1., S (?) ; inscr. IHC
AINHC[
PI. XVIII. 1.
M -65 Bust of Caracalla or Elagabalus i Vexillum ; at foot of shaft,
\ jr., laureate, undraped, sup- I female figure reclining 1. (?) ;
I ported on back of eagle r., | in field 1., Ill, r. D(?).
I whose spread Avings take the !
■ form of a crescent : inscr. [ 1
PI. XVIII. 2.
JEi -75 Bust of Caracalla v., slightly Vexillum ; on 1.
I j bearded, laureate, undraped,
j supported on back of eagle r., I
I with wings spread ; inscr. - -
!ANT[ ]N0NC€B
I PL XVIII. 3.
Ill
CO
Elagabalus.
M -9
Bust of Elagabalus r., laureate ;
clothing of bust obscure ; inscr.
]A ANTaj[
inscr. ^
Centaur Sagittarius
charging bow
; AINHq
PI. XVIII. 4.
dis-
HC
' All the coins have borders of dots on both sides and inscription arranged as usual.
1. 1889. Eug. Chaix., Caial., no. 968. 2. 1840. J. E. Steuart. Sale Catal., lot 332.
Holed owing to decay (?). 3. 1916. Presented by Mr. Edw. Shepherd. 4. 1909.
Lincoln.
126
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Severus Alexander.
Bust of Alexander I., laureate,
with shield on 1. shoulder ;
inscr. : —
City-goddess, wearing turreted
crown, veil, chiton, and man-
tle, seated 1. on rock ; 1. hand
on seat, r. holding eagle,
which turns its head towards
her ; at her feet, half-figure
of river-god swimming 1. ;
inscr. : —
5
234-4
15-19
^1-1
t
AVTK/v\A CAA€XAHA
POC
shield decorated with double
volute.
inscr. confused; ends LEG II
IP
PL XVIII. 5.
6
142-2
9-21
^1-0
]APOCAV[
JINNCI CJHLeClllPS
river-god off the llan.
7
141-6
9-18
^El-0
t
inscr. illegible ; shield not
visible ; traces of earlier type
restruck.
TllOAIIII!CI(J [
river-god not visible ; traces
of earlier inscr. restruck M;/\
AACr.
8
122-0
7-91
^1-0
inscr. illegible ; struck from
fractured die.
-NHCI WIIIECI- ;
river-god oft' the flan.
9
46-4
3-01
jE .75
t
Bust of Alexander r., laureate,
wearing paludamentum and
cuirass; inscr. ]AA€X
AHAPO
Centaur Sagittarius standing
r. ; before him, banner of
vexillum inscribed T7 ■" ;
below him, A
PI. XVIII. 6.
5. 1908. Lincoln. 6. 1909. Lincoln. 7. 1889. Eug. Chaix., Catal., no. 969.
Apparently struck (obv. on rev.) over a coin of Sev. Alexander, part of whose name is
legible on rev. The rev. inscription is apparently a blunder for PHCAINHCItO.
8.1843. Dr. Milles, Dean of Exeter. 9.1849. J. Doubleday.
RHESAENA
127
No.
10
11
12
14
Wt.
192-2
12-45
holed
189-7
12-29
188-1
12-19
184-9
11-98
75-2
11-35
186-1
12-OG
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
.El-0
\
^1-05
\
M I -Oi
^1-0
\
.El-05
t
JE 1-05
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
Teajan Decius.
Bust of Decius r., radiate,
wearing pal ud amentum and
cuirass ; inscr. : —
Founder ploughing r. with
yoke of cattle ; he holds sceptre
in 1. ; in field above eagle
with spread wings standing
on palm-branch, head I., hold-
ing wreath in beak ; in ex.,
half-figure of river-god swim-
ming r. : inscr. : —
fAVTKrM€KV|A€KIOC
TPAIANOCC€B
AVTKr/^€KVA€K|OCT
PAIANOCC€B
C€[
NLlllr
JPHCAINHCIW
CenKOAPHCAINHCIOJ
NlillP
C€nK[
JICJNllllP
rAVTKrM€KVA€KIJOC [C€]nKOAPHCAINHCI(J
TPAIANOCC€B |NLIIIP
PI. XVIII. 7.
Bust of Decius 1., radiate,
wearing paludamentum and
cuirass ; inscr. AVT[KAJir
AI/^€CKVTPAA€KIOCC
€B ; in countermark, head of
Emperor (?) r.
Founder ploughing r. with
yoke of cattle ; in field above,
eagle 1. with closed wings
holding wreath in beak ; in
ex., wreath between two palm-
branches ; inscr. C€TTKOAP
HCAINHCICJNlillP
10.1853. Rev. Bryan Faussett. Sale CataL, ]oi 10. Holed by decay (?).
SirR. Abdy. Sale Caial. , lot S&9 (?) . 13.1847. Baron Knobelsdorf.
die as no. 12(?). 15. 1844. Devonshire. Sale CataL, lot 22'\
14.
11. 1841.
Same obv.
128
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
16
17
19
wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
216-1
U-00
Bust of Decius, wearing [)alu- 1 Temple seen in perspective
damentum and (mirass : \ three-quarters 1., with two
inscr. : — [ columns in front, live at side ;
I pediment, but no roof indi-
I cated ; witliin, eagle standing
1. with wreath in beak ; in
ex., half-figure of river-god
swimming between two palm-
branches ; inscr. : —
t
174-0 ^1-05
11-27 I \
AVTKAirAIM€CKVTPA
A€KIOCC€B
bust r., radiate.
same inscription and bust.
C€nPHCAINHCIWNLMI
P
18! 188-8 1^1-05 AVTKAliiAI/^€CKVT
12-23 \ PAAGKIOCC€B
j I bust 1., laureate.
20
21
175-5 JE105 AVTKAirAI/VA€CKVTPA
11-37 I \ A€KIOCC€B
liust I., I'adiate.
PL XVIII. 8.
167-8 UE 1-1 same inscription and bust.
10-87 \
201-2
13-04
C€nPHCAIN[ J(jJNl.l[
^1-05 Bust of Decius r., laureate, Temple with eagle as on pre-
I drapery on shoulder ; inscr. ceding coins, but roof also
AVTK[ ]AlM€CKV'r[ indicated ; river-god and
]|OCCGB palm-branches in ex.: inscr.
C€nPHCAINHCiaJNLni
PI. XVIII. 9.
16. 1841. T. Burgoii.
as no. 16. 18. 1841.
Same obv. die as no. 15.
as no. 15.
17. 1844. Devonshire. Sale Catal., lot 229. Same obv. die
T. Burgon. 19. 1841. Sir R. Abdy. Sale Catal, lot 369.
20. 1844. Devonshire. Sale Catal., h,t 229. Siime obv. die
RHESAENA
129
Metal.
No.
Wt.
Size.
Obverse.
Keverse.
Axis.
Bust of Decius r., radiate,
City-goddess, wearing turreted
weaving paludameutum and
crown, chiton, and mantle,
cuirass ; inscr. : —
standing 1., holding cornuco-
piae in 1. ; with r. she pours
libation on lighted altar ; in
field 1., above, eagle with
spread wings standing r. on
palm-branch, holding wreath
in beak ; in field on either
side, palm-branch ; inscr. : —
22
234-2
.El-05
AvTKrM6KVAeKI0CT
JHCAINHCIWNlillP
irj-18
\
PAIANOCC€B
eagle stands on short sceptre (?).
23
188-7
yE1-05
AVTK^^^€KVA€KIOCT
J1 >3
12-23
\
PA[IANOCC€B]
24
159-5
^1-0
AVTKrMeKVA€KIOCT
CenKOAPHCAINHCIOJ
10-34
\
PAIANOCC€B
NLIIIP
PI. XVIII. 10.
25
174-2
M\-0
AVTKfAAeKVTr ]ANO
CEnoAPHCAINr ICJN
11-29
\
CA€KIOCC€B
LillP
26
162-6
^1-05
AVTKr/^€KVA€KIOCT
C€nKOAPHCAINHCia)
10-5i \
PAIA - -
NLIIP
no palm-branch in field r.
27
176-3
^1-05
Bust of Decius r., radiate.
City-goddess, wearing turreted
11-42
t
wearing paludamentum and
cuirass; inscr. AN/TKAITAI
MeCKVTPAA€KIOCC€B
crown, veil, chiton, and man-
tle, seated I. : 1. hand on seat,
r. extended (over altar ?) ; at
her feet, half-figure of river-
god swimming ; above her
head, uncertain object (eagle
1.?); inscr. CEHPHCAI N
HCICJNiJIlP
22. 1847. Baron Knobelsdorf. Same obv. die as no. 10 (?). 23. 1805. Cliarles
Townley. Same obv. die as no. 13. 24. 1844. T. Thomas. Sale Catal, II, lot 2520.
Same obv. die as no. 18. 25. 1909. Lincoln. Pierced. 26. Pierced, 27. Same
obv. die as no. 16.
130
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
28
29
30
31
Wt.
237-4
15-38
163.1
10-57
177-6
11-51
176-7
11-45
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
JEl-05
\
^1-05
\
JE -95
iEl.05
t
Obverse.
Bust of Decius, radiate, wearing
paludamentum and cuirass :
inscr. : —
AVTKrAAeKV[A€KIOCT
PAIANOCC€B]
bust r.
inscr. obliterated ; bust r.
AVTKAirAIM€CKVTPA
A€KI0CC€B
bust 1.
AVTKAirAI/^GCKVTPA
A6KI0CC€B
bust I.
Reverse.
Two City-goddesses standing,
joining r. liands, each wearing
turreted bead-dress, chiton, and
mantle ; between them, altar;
on 1., figure of Aquarius (?)
r. on column ; on r., figure of
Centaur Sagittarius r. ; in ex.,
half-figixre of river-god swim-
ming ; above, eagle with
spread wings holding wreath
in beak ; inscr. : —
C€nKOAPHCAI[NHCI(jJ
NLillP]
altar in shape of caryatid
figure supporting slab; eagle's
head to r.
CenKOAPHCAiNHCIOJ
NlillP
details as in preceding.
PI. XVIII. 11.
CenKOAPHCAINHCIOJ
NLIIIP
altar of ordinary circular
shape ; eagle's head 1.
PL XVIII. 12.
CenKOAPHCAINHCICO
NlillP
details as on preceding.
28.1805. Charles Townley. Same oh v. die as no. 11 (?). 29. Rev. Mr. Badger.
Same dies as no. 28. 30. 1843. Dr. Milles, Dean of Exeter. Same obv. die as no. 15.
31. Some obv. die as no. 15.
EHESAENA
131
No.
32
Metal.
Wt. Size.
' Axis.
34
35
36
224-3
14-53
92-5
5-99
31-8
2-06
M\-Ob
97-2 UE .8
G-30 \ \
M -85
52-7 .E -65
3-41
M -7
Obverse.
Reverse.
AVT|
0CC€B
bust r.
JAIANOCA€KI '• C€nKOAPHCAINHCI(jJ
NLIIIP
• letails as on preceding.
PI. XVIII. 18.
Bust of Decius r., radiate,
wearing paludamentum and
cuirass ; inscr. : —
AVTKrMKVTPAA[eKIO
CC€1B
AVTKr/^KVTPAA€[KI
ojcceB
Bust of Decius r., laureate,
wearing paludamentum and
cuirass ; inscr. :—
[AV]TKrMKTPA€KIOCC
[68]
AVTKrMKTPA€KIOCC€
8
Two busts of City-goddess,
confronted, wearing turreted
crown and veil, draped ; be-
tween them, above, eagle with
wings spread, head r., holding
wreath in beak ; below, altar ;
inscr. : —
[-- APHCAJINHCICJNIII
IP
PI. XVIII. 13.
JAPHCAINHCIWNLIIIP
Vexillum, with pendants from
ends of cross-bar, surmounted
by eagle with spread wings,
head 1., holding wreath in
beak ; inscr. around ; on the
banner, name of legion : —
C€nKOAPHCA INHCIOJ
NLMIP
on banner L€C | NIP
PI. XVIII. 14.
JPHCAI NHCia)N[
inscr. on banner obliterated.
32. (•?)1843. Dr. Milles, Dean of Exeter. 34.184-1. Devonshire. Sale Catal., ]>>t iQ.
Same dies as no. 33. 35. 1847. Baron Knobelsdorf. 36. Same obv. die as
no. 35.
132
MESOPOTAMIA
No. Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverae. Reverse.
1
Tkajan Decius and Hekennia Etruscilla.
37
206-6
13-39
^1-05
\
Busts confronted of Decius (on
1.) and Herennia (on r.) ;
Decius r., radiate, wearing
paludamentum and cuirass :
Herennia, 1., wearing stepliane,
with crescent at shoulders;
inscr. AVTKrA/>A€KTPA
/3^GKI0CC€B€P[€TP0VC
KI]AAAC€B
Founder ploughing r. with
yoke of cattle ; above, eagle ;
in ex., river-god (all as on
no. 10): inscr. C€TTKOAPH
CAINHCIWNlillP
Teajan Decius and Herennius Etruscus.
38
117-7
7-03
^1-05
Busts confronted of Decius (on
1.) and Herennius (on r.), each
wearing i^aludamentum and
cuirass: Decius, r., radiate;
Herennius, 1., bareheaded ;
inscr. AVTKrMKTPAeKI
OCC€BrKV€P€TP]/vAA[€
KIOCKAICAP]
Founder ploughing r. with
yoke of cattle : above, eagle ;
in ex., river-god (all as on
no. 10); inscr. C€TTKOAP
HCAINHCICJNlillP
PL XVIII. 15.
39
17M
11-09
^1-0
Same type as preceding: inscr.
AVTKrMKTPA[€KIOC]
C€BKV€P€TP/>AAeKIOC
KAICAP
City-goddess, with cornuco-
piae, standing 1., sacrificing ;
in field above on 1. eagle on
palm-branch, on I. and r.,
palm-branches (all as on no.
24); inscr. CCnKOAPHC
Al[
PI. XVIII. 16.
37. 1905. J. Hirsch. Same ohv. die as Mionnet V, 633. 203. 38. 1901. A\'. T. Ready.
Pierced. 39. 1860. J. F. W. Count de Salis. Same obv. die as no. 38.
KHESAENA
133
No.
Metal.
Wt. Size.
Axis.
Obverse. Reverse.
Herennia Etruscilla.
Bust of Etruscilla r., weariog
stephane, hair waved horizon-
tally, draped ; inscr. : —
Temple seen in perspective,
three-quarters 1., two columns
in front, six at side ; pedi-
ment, but no roof indicated ;
within, eagle standing 1.,
holding wreath in beak ; in
ex., half-ligure of river-god
SAvimming 1., and palm-
branch : inscr. :—
40
211-2
13-69
.^1-05
t
ePENNIANCOTPACKAA
AA[
CenPHCAINHCICJNU-H-
p
PL XVIII. 17.
41
206-8
13-40
^1-05
t
jNIANAITPCJ[
J) ))
tiled roof indicated : palm-
branch not visible.
40. 1905. J. Hirseh.
41. 1805. Charles Tuwnley.
134
MESOPOTAMIA
No
wt. !
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
SINGARA.i
GORDIAN III.
Bust of Gordian ; inscr. : —
Bust of City-goddess r., wear-
ing turreted crown and veil,
draped; above, Centaur Sagit-
tarius r., discharging bow ;
inscr. : —
1
262-4
17-00
.El -05
t
AVTOKKMANTroPAIA
NocceB
bust r., radiate, drapery on 1.
shoulder.
AvPCen KOACINfAPA
PI. XIX. 1.
2
218-2
14-U
^El-05
same as preceding.
>' )>
3
197-1
12-77
^1-15
t
similar inscr. ; bust r., lau-
reate, wearing paludamentum
and cuirass.
AVPC€n
4
185-0
11-99
^1-0
1
similar inscr. ; bust 1 , radiate,
wearing paludamentum and
cuirass.
AVP[
5
171-8
11-13
M 1-15
t
same as preceding.
AVPCen KOACINPAiA
G
170-6
11-05
similar inscr. ; bust 1., lau-
reate, wearing paludamentum
and cuirass.
AVPC€n KOACINFAPA
PI. XIX. 2.
1 All coins have a border of dots on both sides and inscription arranged as usual.
1. 1900. Lincoln. 2. 1874. Lincoln. Same obv. die as no. 1. 3. 1877. Bank
of England Gift. 4. 18.53. Rev. Bryan Faussett. Sale CcUal ., lot M). 5.1847.
Mustard. Same obv. die as no. 4. ' 6. 1874. Lincoln.
SINGARA
13;
No.
Wt.
10
11
12
13
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
369-5 JEl-3
352-0
22-81
\
345-8 LEI-3
22-41 t
345-0
22-36
344-4
22-32
316-1
20-48
300-9
19-50
M\-2
t
yEl.3
t
M 1-2
t
^1-2
Obverse.
Reverse.
GoEDiAN III and Teanquillina.
Busts of Gordian r. (on 1.) and
Tranquillina 1. (on r.) con-
fronted ; Gordian wears palix-
damentum and cuirass, Tran-
quillina wears stephane. hair
horizontally waved, and dra-
pery about shoulders : inscr. : —
JKMANTroPAIANOCC
ABTPANKVAAINAC!
Gordian radiate.
AVTOKK/vAANTropAIA
NONCABTPANKVAAIN
AC€B
Gordian laureate.
similar inscr. and type.
City-goddess, wearing turreted
crown, veil, mantle, and chi-
ton, seated 1. on rock, 1. resting
on seat, r. extended holding
small branch ; at her feet,
half-figure of river-god swim-
ming 1. ; above her liead.
Centaur Sagittarius 1., dis-
charging- bow ; inscr. : —
AVPC€nKOA CINPAPA
AVPC€nK OACINPAPA
PI. XIX. 3.
AVTOKKMANTroPAIA
NONCABTPANIKVAIAI
NAC€B
similar type.
AVTOKK/^ANTfOPAIA
NONCABTPANKVAAIN
AC€B
same type.
AVPC€nKOA CINfAPA
7, 8. 1805. Charles Townley. No. 8 is from same obv. die as Col. L. A. D. Montague's
specimen. 9. 1856. Lynch. 10. Graves, 11. 1844. T. Thomas. Sale Catal.,
Ill, lot 2520. 12. 1844. Devonshire. Sale Catal., lot 229. 13. Same obv. die as no. 12.
136
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Tranquillina.
Bust of Tranquillina r., draped,
wearing stepliane, hair waved
liorizontally ; inscr. CABTP
ANK VAAINAC€B
Bust of City-goddess r. wear-
ing turreted crown and veil,
draped ; above, Centaur Sagit-
tarius r., discharging bow ;
inscr. : —
14
200-7
J^'1-05
AVPC€n iOACiNrAPA
13-00
t
PL XIX. 4.
15
165-2
10-70
t
AV[ IKOACINfAPA
14. 1860.
as no. 14.
J. F. W. Count de Salis.
15. 1825 C. J. Rich. Same obv. die
UNCERTAIN MINT
137
No,
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
UNCERTAIN MINT.^
CARRHAE or EDESSA
(see Introduction).
M. AURELIUS.
Silver denarii.
1
57.1
3-70
M -7
t
Bust of M. Aurelius r., bearded,
laureate, drapery on 1. shoulder ;
inscr. ]K/^AVP iNTHNI
NOC.
Nike, carrying long palm-
branch in 1.. circlet with
pendent fillets in r., standing
r. on globe; inscr. HN6IKH
Pn MAIHN
PI. XIX. 5.
2
51-2
3-3^
M -65
Bust of M. Aurelius r., bearded,
bareheaded, drapery over
shoulders; inscr. AVTKMA
VP[HA] NTHNIN: border
off the flan.
Female figure (Armenia)
wearing tall head-dress and
long garment, seated 1. on
ground ; beside her a shield
and a vexillum-like standard ;
inscr. VnePNIKHCPHM
AinN, and in ex. [A]P/V\[
PI. XIX. 6.
3
41-6
2-70
M -65
t
Same as preceding ; inscr.
[AVJTKMAVPHA AN[T
HNIN] ; border off the flan.
Female figure, wearing tunic
and mantle, standing to front,
head 1., holding in r. globe or
apple, in 1. cornucopiae ;
inscr. [Vn]-c[P]NIKHC P
HMAiriN
PI. XIX. 7.
4
47-9
3-10
M -7
t
Bust of M. Aurelius r., bearded,
undraped ; inscr. .AV'TKAl
MAVPHAIOC ANTHNI
NOCCG
Female figure, wearing tunic
and mantle, standing to front,
head 1., resting with r. on
sceptre, holding in 1. cornu-
copiae; inscr. vnePNiKH
C PnMAIHN
PI. XIX. 8.
1 All the coins have borders of dots on both sides and inscription arranged as usual.
2. 1860. Eastwood. 3. 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection. From Noury Bey,
1906. 4. 1799. C. M. Cracherode.
T
138
MESOPOTAMIA
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Faustina Junior.
Silver denarii.
5
49-2
3-19
M -7
t
Bust of Faustina r., draped,
wearing stephaiie, hair waved
and tied in knot ; inscr. <r/\0
VCTINA C€BA[
Female figure, weai-ing tunic
and mantle, standing to front,
head 1., holding in r. globe
or apple, in 1. cornucopiae ;
inscr. vnePNiKHC pr i
AIHN
PL XIX. 9.
6
41-0
Al -65
t
Similar bust; inscr. =-l'AV(.'
TINA C€BA[
Female figure, wearing tunic
and mantle, standing to front,
head 1., holding patera in r.,
resting with 1. on sceptre ;
inscr. li-NIKHC PHMAI
HN
PI. XIX. 10.
7
34-6
M -65
t
Bust of Faustina r., draped,
hair in chignon at back of
head; inscr <I>AVCTINA
C€BACTH
\'enus, wearing tunic and
mantle, standing to front,
head 1., holding apple in r.,
resting with 1. on sceptre ;
inscr. Vn€PNIKHCTnN
KVPIHN
PI. XIX. 11.
Lucius Verus.
Silver denarius.
8
50-5
3-37
M -7
t
Bust of Verus r., bearded, uu-
draped; inscr. AVTKAAVP
OVHPOCC€B
Female tigure, wearing tunic
and mantle, standing 1., 1.
resting on sceptre, r. holding
ears of corn over small port-
able altar: inscr. VTT6PNI
Ki-iCPn /^AinN
PL XLVIII. 7. 1
6. 1860. Eastwood. 7. 1899. W. T. Eoady. 8. 1920. Sotheby's Sale, 4. xii.
1919, lot 77. Same dies as Philipsen Catal. (Hirsch, xxv), lot 307r).
UNCERTAIN MINT
139
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
LUCILLA.
Silver denarius.
9
54-3
3-52
M -7
1
Bust of Lucilla r., draped, Venus, as on no. 7 ; inscr.
hair plaited and in cliignon ]NIKHC Pn/^AlflN
at back : inscr. AOVKIAAA
C6BACTH
PI. XIX. 12.
COMMODUS.
Bronze.
10
30-0
1-94:
M -6
Bust of Commodus r., bearded,
laureate, undraped ; inscr.
AVKAICAP KOMOAOC
Bust of City-goddess r., draped,
wearing turreted crown and
veil; inscr. inCPNIKHC
PGJ/^AIWN
PI. XIX. 13.
10. 1860. Eastwood.
BABYLONIA
For series attributed to Babylon under Alexander and his successors, see below,
Alexandrine Empire of the East.
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
SELEUCIA AD TIGRIM.^
Undated bronze.
(Second — First cent, b.c.)
With bevelled edge.
Bust of City-goddess r., wearing
turreted crown.
Tripod-lebes ; inscr. on r. and
1., downwards; border of dots.
1
60-0
3-89
M -7
f
clothing of bust uncertain.
iiAEYKEHN
iNHPOZTni
iirPEI
PL XXIII. 3.
2
57-4
3-72
M -65
t
bust unclothed.
ZEAEIkEHN
inNnPOITHI
irPEi
PI. XXIII. 4.
3
15-7
1-02
M -5
t
Bust of City-goddess r., wear-
ing turreted crown, undraped ;
behind, uncertain monogram ;
border of dots.
Cornucopiae ; on r. down-
wards. ^nNHPOS:' ^° '•
downwards, iHlTirPEi
PL XXIII. 5.
^ All the coins should probably have a border of dots, but it is frequently invisible.
1. 1908. Lincoln. 2, 3. 1900. Lincoln.
SELEUCIA AD TIGRIM
141
No.
4
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Revei-se.
Date.
73-6
4-77
M -7
t
Bust of City- goddess r.,
wearing turreted crown,
draped (?).
City-goddess. wearing
kalathos, chiton, and
mantle, seated 1., holding
in 1. cornucopiae, in r.
Nike r., placing wreath
on her head : behind,
thymiaterion (?) ; inscr.,
on r. downwards, ^EAE
YKE, on 1. downwards,
rnNnpozTi, in ex.
Tirpi;-.i
PL XXIII. 6.
5
74-6
4-83
M -8
Similar bust r., draped (?) :
border of dots.
Nude(?) figure, wearing
kalathos, seated 1. on cir-
cular altar-shaped seat,
holding uncertain object
(palm-branch ?) in r. ; be-
hind, lyre ; in field r. fl
or T, 1. 0 ; inscr. (begin-
ning on 1.) Jj:;.AE YKE
nNTT[ ; ex. off the flan ;
border of dots.
PI. XXIII. 7.
Dated by the Seleucid era.
6
32-3
2-09
M -7
Head of City-goddess r.,
wearing turreted crown ;
two long curls on neck ;
bust off the flan ; border
of dots.
City-goddess, wearing tur-
reted crown and tunic,
seated r. on circular seat,
holding in r. palm-branch,
her feet on half-figure of
270
A. S. =
43-2
B.C.
river-god swimming r. ; i
in field r. DZ ; inscr.
(beginning on r. above)
:i:EAEYK -niTirPEi
PI. XXIII. 8.
4. 1841. Matthew Young.
Monii. Gr. p. 451, no. 66.
5. 1825. C. J. Rich.
6. See Imhoof-Blumer,
142
BABYLONIA
No.
Wt.
10
11
12
13
14
39-8
3-58
29-3
1-90
29-2
1-89
27-8
1-80
25-7
1-66
23-2
1-50
21-0
1-36
20-2
20-1
1-30
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
JE .5
;
t
JE -6
t
t
.E -45
t
JE -45
t
^ -5
t
jE -5
t
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
Coins without inint-iiame, attributed to Seleucia
ad Tigriiii.
Undated bronze.
End of First cent. b. c.
Head of City-goddess r., wear-
ing turreted crown, witli two
long curls on neck ; border, if
any, usually oft the tlau.
border of dots
City-goddess, wearing turreted
crown and tunic, seated 1. on
rock, r. holding Nike r. placing
wreath on her head, I. resting
on seat ; beneath her feet,
river-god, horned and bearded,
swimming I. ; in field r., A ;
I , upwards, inscr. : —
noAii:
ITOAir. ; horns like antlers.
noAii
PL XXIII. 9.
noAii
PL XXIII. 10.
YiOAii
iOAii
noAic
rvoAii
inscr. off the flan.
7, 8. 1878. Subhy Pacha Sale, lots 3939, 3940. 9. B. M. C. Parthia, PI. XXXVII. 10.
10. Gardner, Parthian Coinage, PI. VII. 22 ; B.M.C. Parihia, PI. XXXVII. 11. 11, 12. 1898.
Benlian. With other Parthian bronze. 13. Same obv. die as no. 10. 14. 1878.
Snbhy Pacha Sale, lot 3941.
SELEUCIA AD TIGKIM
143
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Second century after Christ.
16
21-2
137
M -6
t
Bust of City-goddess r., wear-
ing turreted crown, draped.
1
King(?) seated 1. on throne,
holding in r. Nike who flies r.
to place wreath on his liead.
PL XXIII. 11.
King seated 1. on throne,
receiving wreath from City-
goddess, who stands r.
City-goddess seated 1., wearing
chiton and mantle, holding
wreath in r.
17
28-0
1-81
M -75
t
border of dots.
PL XXIII. 12.
18
21-3
1-38
M -55
t
I
PL XXIII. 13.
Dated by the Seleucid era.
Year 224 A.s. = 89-88 B.C.
Head of City-goddess r., wear-
ing turreted crown : border,
when visible, usually linear,
but sometimes dotted.
AKZ
AIOY
A
19
31-4
2-03
t
A (?) for A
20
30-7
1-99
JE -5
t
21
30-4
1-07
JE -55
t
A for A
22
30-3
1-96
M -5
t
A for A, A for A
1
17.1887. Presented by Mr. J. M. C. Johnston, 18.1898. Benlian. With other
Parthian bronze. 19. 1898. Benlian. 20. 1878. Subhy Pacha Sale, lot 3934.
21, 22. 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham Collection.
144
EABYLOXIA
No.
23
Wt.
Metal.
Size
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
30-1
1-U5
M -5
t
PI. XXIII. 14.
24
29-6
1-D2
jE .5
t
25
29-4
1-HO
JE -5
t
26
28-7
1-86
JE -6
t
A for A
27
20-8
1-74
jE .4
A for A
28
26-4
1-71
M -55
t
5>
29
26-2
1-70
^ -55
t
>)
30
25-2
I-CIS
M .45
t
"
31
24-9
1-61
M -55
t
A for A
32
23-5
1-5J2
^ -6
t
))
33
22-2
1-44
M -4
Z oft" the flau.
34
21-6
1-40
^ .45
t
A for A
35
20-3
1-31
M -55
t
23. 1908. L. Hamburger Collection. 24. 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham Collection.
25. 1898. Benlian. 26. 1878. Subhy Pacha Sale, lot -3935. 27. 1898. Benliau.
28, 29. 1878. Sul)hy Pacha Sale, lots 393C-7. 30. 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham
Collection. 31. Gardner, Parthian Coinage. PI. VII. 23 ; B. M. C. Parfhia, PI. XXXVII. 12.
32, 33. 1898. Benlian. 34. 1908. L. Hamburger Collection. 35. 1878. Subhy
Pacha Sale, lot 3938.
SELEUCIA AD TIGRIM
145
No.,
i
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Eeverse.
Date.
36
20-0
1-30
M -5
t
A for A
PI. XXIII. 15.
37
19-8
1-28
M -4
t
A for A
38
19-4
1-26
M .4
t
A off the flan.
39
18-3
1-19
M -45
t
j»
40
16-5
1-07
M -45
t
L for Z
41
85-3
5-53
M .85
Bust of City-goddess r.,
draped, wearing turreted
crown ; border of dots.
Female head r., wearing
small kalathos and veil ;
inscr. (beginning on 1.
above) CKTropniAlO
Y ; behind head, XI
A. S.
326 =
14-15
A.D.
PI. XXIII. 16.
42
9-4
0-61
M -45
Similar type ; border of
dots.
Elephant's head (?) r. ; be-
low, ..!.,VV ; border of
dots.
A, S.
334 =
22-3
PI. XXIII. 17.
A.D.
Similar type, of different
style and thick fabric ;
border of dots.
Nike advancing 1., 1. hand
hanging at her side, in r.
a palm-branch ; in field
1. downwards, date; bor-
der of dots.
43
63-2
4-10
M -6
t
PL XX
ANT
III. 18.
A. S.
351 =
39-40
A.D.
36, 37. 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham Collection. 38. 1841. L. Strange. 39. 1895.
Lincoln. 40. 1898. Benlian. 41. 1909. Lincoln. 42. See Introduction.
43. 1900. Rollin and Feuaident. B. M. C. Parthia, PI. XXXVII. 13.
U
14f)
BABYLONIA
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Date.
44
52-1
o-o/
^E -55
t
BNT
PI. XXIII. 19,
A. S.
352 =
40-1
A.D.
45
48-3
3-13
M -6
t
(flatter fabric)
BNT
"
46
48-1
3-12
M -6
t
BNT
»>
47
41-7
2-70
JS -55
t
PI. XXIII. 20.
A. S.
353 =
41-2
A. D.
48
51-4
3-33
t
behind bust, A
Pi. XXIII. 21.
V
44. Gardner, Parthian Coinage, PI. VII. 24 ; B. M. C. Parihia, PI. XXXVII. 14. 46. 1908.
Lincoln. The B in the date has a curved back, which at first sight makes it look like €.
ASSYRIA
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
ATUSIA(?) AD CAPRUM.
Bronze.
First century b, c.
1
29-8
1-93
M -55
t
Bust of City-goddess 1., wear-
ing turreted crown.
Paim-brancli and arrow up-
wards ; legend in square,
beginning on 1. above, NAT
OY/v PEHNTrnPOCTV
KAnpo
PL XXIII. 22.
1. 1839. Millingen. Weston, Archaelogla, XVI (1806), pp. 9 and 89 ; Sestini, Lettere, VI
(1819), p. 80; Millingen, Sylloge, pp. 82 ft'., PI. II. 64; Mionnet, Supp., VIII, 390. 8.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
129.3 .V
8-38
129-0
8-36
Obverse.
Reverse.
SERIES I.
Kim
carrying spear.
Oblong incuse with irregular
ground.
N -65
The Great King in kneeling-
running attitude r. ; be is
bearded ; wears kidaris with
dentated top, kandys, and
quiver at shoulder ; holds in
outstretched 1. strung bow, in
r. apple-butted spear over r.
shoulder with point down-
wards ; exergual line, when
visible, is plain.
Earlier groups (A-E) c. 521-400 B.C.
The silver of groups A-C bis is frequently punch-marked.
Gkoup a.
' Darius I ' Babelon.
The distinction between groups A and B, especially in
worn coins, is almost imperceptible.
King's figure slight, head a I
little inclined forward. |
Darics.
PL XXIV. 1.
1. 1918. J. Gorman Ford Bequest. 2. 1845. M. J. Borrell. Head, Lydia and Persia,
PI. I. 14; Coins of fhe Ancients, I A. 17. Hunkin, Tmwi. Chron., 1916, p. 258. Apparently same
rev. die as Babelon, Perses Ach., PI. I. 16. Sp. G. 18-91.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
149
No.
3
Wt.
127-7
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
N -6
Obverse.
Rererse.
8-J27
PI. XXIV. 2.
Sigloi.
3
bis
86-6
5-61
M -6
&
X a
4
86-7
0-6J2
M -75
u
PI. XXIV. 3.
5
85-7
5-55
M -6
s ©
two punch-marks, obscure.
6
85-6
0-55
Al -65
a
PL XXIV. 4.
7
85-3
5-53
Al -7
iO §)
PI. XXIV. 5.
8
85-3
.5-5.3
M -55
C
II
9
84-3
5-i6
M -6
A
^ •
10
85-3
5-53
M -65
© <» cr 0
PI. XXIV. 6.
11
84-1
5-45
M -6
+
1
PL XXIV. 7.
3. 1866. Woodhonse Gift. Sp. G. 18-92. .Y»h(. Chron., 1916, p. 258. 3 his. 1920.
F. W. Hasluck Bequest. 4.? 1841. T. Biugon. 5.1917. Presented by Mr. E. S. G.
Robinson. From Mr. F. W. Hasluck's hoard. 6, 7- 189-5. Gen. Houtum Schindler (from
Persia). 8,9. 1916. Presented by Mr. .J. G. Milne. From same rev. die. Xmn. Chron.,
1916, p. 2, nos. 2, 3. 10. 1916. Presented by Mr. .T. G. Milne. Ibid, 1916, p. 2,
no. 14. 11. 1846. M. J. Borrell.
150
PERSIAN EMPIRE
No.
12
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
84-0
5-44
^ 65 n Q O li
and another, obscure.
^M and a cbisel-cut.
13
85-0
5-51
JR -6
PI. XXIV. 8.
14
84-7
5-49
iK -6
st^b. 1 1, and two others, obscure.
Two obscure punchmarks on edge.
PI. XXIV. 9.
15
84.5
5-48
M -65
Q and a stab.
s
16
84-0
5-44
^ -6
T ^ W()
X
PI. XXIV. 10.
17
83-0
5-56'
^ ■65
18
80-1
5-19
M -6
If ^ r ^^^^ ^ ^^^^- C f^ ^"^^ ^ third, obscure
a CO-
PI. XXIV. 11.
Group B,
' Xerxes ' Babelon.
Kidaris usually low ; beard
more flowing.
Darics.
19
129-6
8-40
.¥ -6
PI. XXIV. 12.
12. 1915. Presented by Mr. E. T. Newell. Num. Ckron., 1914, p. 2o, no. 105. Same
rev. die as no. 10. 13. 1840. M. J. Bonell. 14. 1916. Presented by Mr. J. G. Milne.
Num. Chron., 1916, p. 2, no. (>. 15. 1915. Presented by Mr. E. T. Newell. Num. Chron.,
1914, p. 23, no. 100 (?). 16.1895. Gen. Houtum Schindler (from Persia). 17.1866.
Woodhouse Gift. 18. 1841. T. Burgon. Same rev. die as no. 14. 19. 1866.
W<.odhouse Gift. Sp. G. 18-79. Hunkin, Nwn. Chron., 1916, p. 258.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
151
No.
20
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
128-8
A^ -65
8-35
PI. XXIV. 13.
21
128-0
8-^9
N -6
1
PI. XXIV. 14.
Sigloi.
22
86-1
5-59
M -7
R ::
#
1
PI. XXIV. 15.
23
86-0
5-57
M -6
1
PI. XXIV. 16.
23
bis
85-9
5-57
M -65
countermark obscure.
24
85-5
5-54
M -6
4k
»
25
85-6
JR -7
r J
two chisel-cuts, one large, one
5-5o
small.
PI. XXIV. 17.
26
85-4
5:53
iR -65
0 O
° ©
Q Q stab and two chisel-
cuts.
27
85-1
5-51
M 'G
2
stab and three chisel-cuts.
28
85-0
5-51
JR -6
stab.
three chisel-cuts.
20. 1906. Parkes Weber Gift. Same rev. die as no. 19. 21. 1853. Sabatier Sale,
lot 77.5. 22.1846. M. J. Borrell. 23.1841. T. Burgon, 23 bis. 1920.
F. W. Hasluck Bequest. 24. 1917. Presented by Mr. E. S. G. Robinson. From
Mr. F. W. Hasluck's hoard. 25-8. 1915. Presented by Mr. E. T. Newell. Num. Chron.,
1914, pp. 23 f., nos. 106, 129, 123, 121. All from closely similar rev. dies. Cp. rev. of
Babelon, Traiie, PI. LXXVI. 5.
152
PEKSIAK E5IPIRE
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
29
84-9
5-50
^
Pi. XXIV. 18.
30
84-5
5-48
M -65
nine chisel-cuts.
Pi. XXIV. 19.
31
85-0
5-51
& -G
^ 0 c
CD n
PL XXIV. 20.
31
84-6
M -65
bis
5-48
32
84-2
5-46
M -65
!? <e?
^ § *
PI. XXIV. 21.
33
83-9
5-44
iK -G
@ and another, obs
cure.
^[ and one stab.
34
83-7
M -55
1
r H f
incuse animal's head(":'), ^
O-l^
projecting from r. side of
incuse ; punch-marks W V
4^ and another, obscure.
PI. XXIV. 22.
35
83-6
5-42
M -55
&
1
PI. XXIV. 23.
36
\
83-6
5-42
-fl -6
^
9
29. 1906. Presented by Mr. J. G. Milne. Num. Chrou., 191(;. p. 2. no. 8. Rev. die
closely similar to nos. 25-S. 30. 1915. Presented by Mr. E. T. Newell. Xiim. Chron.,
1914, p. 24, no. 122, Rev. die closely similar to nos. 25-9. 31. 1916. Presented by
Mr. J. G. Milne. Num. Chron. 1916, p. 2, no. 9. 31 his. 1920. F. W. Hasluck Bequest.
32. 1882. India Office Collection. 33. 1919. Sinnk. Sir H. Weber Collection.
34. 1918. Presented by Mr. J. G. Milne. Num. Chron., 1916, p. 2, no. 5. 35. 184K
T. Burgon. 36. 1870. Webster.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
153
No.
3G
bis
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obvei
se.
Reverse.
84-3
5-46
JR -7
37
71-5
4-63
M -65
plated
38
65-2
4-J33
M -65
plated
39
53-7
3-48
M -6
plated
Group C,
' Artaxerxes I ' Babelon.
Coarse features,
beard shaggy.
nose large,
40
129-1
8-37
N -6
Darics.
PL XXIV. 24.
41
129-0
8-36
N -6
42
128-7
8-34
N -65
PL XX
IV. 25.
43
127-8
8-£8
N -65
1
PL XXIV. 26.
Sigloi.
44 84-7
' 5-49
M -G
W 0
1
PL XXIV. 27.
36 bis. 1920. F. W. Hasluck Bequest. Rev. closely resembles tliat of nos. 25 ff,
37-9. 1866. Woodhouse Gift. Rev. of nos. .37, 38 closely resembles nos. 25 if. Similar
reverses are also found attached to definitely barbarous obverses (e. g. group C bis, nos, 46 his
and ter). 40. 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection. From E. Arslanoglou, Smyrna,
1891. 41. 1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham Bequest. 42. 18G6. Woodhouse Gift.
Same obv. (?) and rev. dies as Babelon, Traite, PI. LXXXVI. 3. 43. 1866. Woodhouse
Gift. 44. 1841. T. Burgon.
154
PERSIAN EMPIRE
No.
45
46
46
his
46
ter
47
48
49
50
Wt,
Metal
Size.
Axis.
OFjverse.
84-0 M -7
5-44 \
83-5 A\ -6
5-41
G
Reverse.
PL XXIV. 28.
Group C his.
Similar to Group C, but more definitely barbarous, or connected
by reverse dies with barljarous obverses.
Sigloi.
55-9 1^ -6
j-57
85-2 M -65 punch-mai-k obscure.
5-52
I
83-8 A\ -6
5-43
J and I CO.
PI. XXV. 1.
83-9
0-44
M -6 O another obscure, and two I f^ v^ and two others, un-
* stabs. "s^ certain.
83-5 ^ -6 |3
5-41 i i
PL XXV. 2.
PL XXV. 3.
81-7 M .65j|g 4- @ 't Q
5-29 , I is '^ ^
and another, obscure.
punch-mark obscure.
PL XXV. 4.
45. 1918. Glendining Sale, 19. ix. 1918, lot 120. 46. 1846. M. J. Borrell.
46 his and ter. 1920. F. W. Hasluck Bequest. Rev. of same type as nos. 25 ff., 36 his flf.
47. 1824. R. Payne Knight, Niim. Vet., p. 167 C 3. Same rev. die as Babelon, Traite,
PI. LXXXVII. 28. 48. 1846. M. J. Borrell. Same rev. die as Babelon, Traitr,
PL LXXXVI. 5. 49. 189.5. Gen. Houtum Schindler (from Persia). Same rev. die as
preceding. 50. 1846. M. -J. Borrell. Same rev. die a!> preceding.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
155
No.
Metal.
Wt. Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
51
8.3-4
O-40
.li -65
©
PI. XXV. 5.
52
84-5
5-48
M -60
y and another, obscure. ^
on edge, obscure punch-mark.
PI. XXV. 6.
53
83-7
0-43
^ -6
PI. XXV. 7.
54
82-3
5-33
M -7
i^ [S and two stabs. ^ @ and another, obscure.
PI. XXV. 8.
55
81-5
.11 -6
«:< 1
5-^S
PI. XXV. 9.
Group B.
'Darius II' Babelon.
Slim figure, Avith straight
nose,
Sigloi.
56
80-8
-j-24
.E .8
PI. XXV. 10.
57
78-2
M -7
1
5-07
PI. XXV. 11.
51. 1844. E. T. Daniell's Executors, From Lyt-ia. Spratt and Forbes, Travels, II, p. 305.
Same rev. die as preceding. 52. 1895. Gen. Houtum Schindler (from Persia). Same
obv. (?) and rev. dies as preceding. 53. 1846. M. J. Borrell. 54. 1900. Presented
by Mr. W. W. Simpson. 55.1841. T. Burgon. 56.1909. S. Louisides of Makri
57. 1824. R. Payne Knight. Num. Vet, p. 167. C 1.
156
PERSIAN EMPIRE
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Group E.
' Artaxerxes II ' Babelon.
Eye in profile, nose short,
cheek full, beard long, V-
shaped fold in front of kandys.
Darics.
58
128-7
N -65
1
8-34
PI. XXV. 12.
59
128-4
N -65
1
8-33
PI. XXV. 13.
60
126-3
8-18
R -65
Group F.
Cyrus the Younger (?).
Beardless ; kidaris without
points (?) ; kandys of rough
material.
Daric.
61
126-6
8-20
N -65
At side of incuse, mask of
bearded and horned Pan 1.,
incuse.
PL XXV. 14 and 14 «.
58. 1915. Gol. W. F. Prideaux Collection. Same rev. die(?) as Babelon, Traite,
PI. LXXXVI. 21, 22. 59. About 1845. Capt. Thomas Graves, R.N. Same rev. die as
preceding. 60. 1911). Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection. From Macridi, 1896.
61. 1874. Rollin and Feuardeiit. Sp. G. 19-07. Head, Lijdia and Persia, PI. I. 17 ; Coins oj
the Ancients, III A2; Babelon, Traite, PI. LXXXVI. 17. Num. Chron., 1916, p. 258. Same
dies as Babelon, Traite, PI. LXXXVI. 16. Tlie adjunct on the rev. appears to be an official
addition, and not a subsequent punch-mark, since on both the known specimens it is in
exactly the same position. Head rightly describes the type of this punch-mark as above,
pace Babelon, who turns it on its side, describing it as a boar's head.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
157
No.
G2
63
04
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
85-1 M -05
5-51
83-8 M -65
5-4.
84-1
5-45
Obverse
Reverse.
Group G.
Short figure ; large lieiid,
square beard, straight nose.
/R -65
65 83-G M -65
I 5-42
GO 83-0 M -6
67 83-0 /R -65
5-3S
Sigloi.
PI. XXV. 15.
PL XXV. 16.
Groups (H-K) c. 400-333 B.C.
Group H.
' Darius II ' Babelon.
Short, squat figure ; curls at
side of beard ; nose usually
aquiline ; V-shaped fold in
front of kandys ; fabric ol
coin usually small and cir-
cular.
Sigloi.
PI. XXV. 17.
Pi. XXV. 18.
62. 1825. Collection of King George III. 63. 1841. T. Burgon. Rev. die similar
to no. 62. 64.1825. R. Payne Knight, xVttw. Fe^., p. 167 C 2. 65-7.1845.
M. J. Borrell. All from same pair of dies as no. 64. The same dies were used for specimens
in Leake (83-7 grs.) and Sir H. Weber (82-7 grs.) Collections; and Delbeke Sale (1907),
lot 229, and Jameson, no. 1783, are from same rev. die.
t
158
PERSIAN EMPIRE
No.
68
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Obverse.
Reverse.
83-8
5-43
M -6
69
82-7 /R -6
5-36
70
83-7 .B -6
PI. XXV. 19.
71
83-5 A{ -G
72
83-2 ifl -55
5-39
73
83-1 .i{ .6
5-3S
74
82-9 /U .65
5-57
.75
82-8
5-37
A^x .65
76
83-0
5-38
M -65
68. 1852. Presented by Baron Behr. 69. 1845. M. J. Borrell. Same dies as no. 68.
70. 1866. Woodhouse Gift. Head, Ltjdia and Persia, PI. I. 25 ; Corns of the Ancients, II A 2.
71, 72. 1845. M. J, Borrell ; 72 is probably from same dies as Ward, no. 822. 72. See
Taylor Combe, Vei. P. et R. Num., p. 237, no. 1. 74. 1845. M. J Borrell. Same rev. die
as no. 73(?). 75. 1845. M. J. Borrell. Same rev. die as no. 73. 76. 1845.
M. J. Borrell.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
159
Metal.
No.
Wt.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Group K.
' Darius III ' Babelon.
Darics.
High relief ; straight nose ;
Pattern of wavy lines in in-
long beard.
cuse, approximating to that
found on later double-darics.
78
129-5
8-39
A^ -7
79
129-2
N -6
1
8-37
PI. XXV. 21.
80
128-9
8-35
N -65
81
128-6
N .65
8-33
PI. XXV. 22.
82
128-5
8-33
N -65
83
128-4
N .65
8-32
PI. XXV. 23.
84
128-4
A^ .65
1
8-32
PI. XXV. 24.
85
128-7
8-34
N .05
78. 1880. Soonder Dass. Same rev. die as Babelon, Traite, PI. LXXXVII. 22, 79. 1816.
Earl of Elgin. Same rev. die as no. 78. 80-3. 1866. Woodhouse Gift. All from same
rev. die as no. 78. Sp. G. of no. 81 is 19-02 ; of no. 83 is 18-98. 84. 1866. Woodhouse
Gift. Head, Lydia and Persia, PI, I, 1.5 ; Coins of the Ancients, II, A l.Sp. G. 19-04 {Kiim. Chron.,
1916, p. 258, note 19), 85. 1866. Woodhouse Gift.
160
PERSIAN KMPIRE
No.
86
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
N -6
Obverse.
Reverse.
128-4
8-33
PI. XXV. 25.
87
128-6
8-33
N -7
Sigloi.
Similar to darics. but relief
usually less pronounced.
Irregular markings as usual
in incuse.
88
85-7
o-5o
M -6
89
81-6
o-2f)
M -6
90
79-7
M -7
0-16
PI. XXV. 26.
91
79-9
0-18
M -65
Of previous j^roups, too much worn or defaced for
classiiication.
Sigloi.
Nos. 92-100, from Mr. Newell's Find, must be earlier than
c. 380 b. c. ; probably all the others, with the exception of
no. 101, are also early.
92
84-9
M -65
stab. 1 chisel-cut.
5-50
PI. XXVI. 1.
93
84-6
0-4S
M -65
86. 1S41. T. Burgoii. Same rev. die as no. 8.5. 87. 1918. .J. Gorman Ford
Bequest, 88.1866. Woodhouse Gift. 89.1841. T. Biirgon. 90. About 184-5.
Capt. Thomas Graves, R.N. 91. 1841. T. Burgon. 92-3. 191.5. Presented by
Mr. E. T. Newell. Num. Ckron., 1914, pp. 2.S-4, nos. 124 (?), 109.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
161
No.
94
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
84-3
5-4(!
M
•65
four chisel-cuts ; punch-mark
obliterated.
chisel-cut on edge.
95
83-8
5-43
M
•6
P
chisel-cut.
96
83-5
5-41
JR
•65
^ three chisel-cuts.
97
83-5
5-41
M
•65i( O 0 ^
another obscure, and a cliisel-
six chisel-cuts.
cut.
PI. XXVI. 2.
98
83-2
5-39
M
•7
punch-mark obscure.
two punch-marks partly ob-
literated, and four chisel-cuts.
obscure punch-mark on edge.
99
83-2
0-39
M
•65
two chisel-cuts.
100
83-0
5-38
Al
•65
C ©
another obscure, and a stab.
two punch-marks obliterated,
a stab and five chisel-cuts.
101
85-1
u-51
M
•G
S
102
84-5
5-48
M
•6
C ^ o
another obscure, and a stab.
PL XXVI. 3.
103
83-7
-J -4:2
M
• 55
®
another obscure, and a stab.
another obscure, and a stab.
PL XXVI. 4.
94-100. 191.5. Presented by Mr. E. T. Newell. Num. Chron., 19U, pp. 23-4, nos. 95,
119, 108, 127(?). 126(?), 117, 128. No. 95 is pierced. 101. 1841. T. Burgon
101-3. 1846. M. J. Borrell.
162
PERSIAN EMPIKE
No.
104
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Al -65
Obverse.
Reverse.
82-5
5-35
© ^ 6
and another, obscure.
0
PL XXVI. 5.
105
82-0
5-31
Ai -75
four cliisel-cuts.
e
106
79-8
5-17
M '7
^ (engraved)
two obscure punch-marks.
PL XXVI. 6.
Lead.
107
105-6
6-84
E -7
Type as on darics or
sigloi.
Oblong incuse divided into
two squares.
PL XXVI. 7
108
82-4
5-34
E -75
Similar.
Oblong incuse coarsely granu-
lated.
PL XXVI. 8.
104. 1840. M. J. Borrell. 106-8. 1906. Parkes Weber Gift. Ko. 108 (which is
Ijierced) is the piece published by Garrucci in Eev. Num., 1862, p. 408, PI. XV. 4.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
163
No. I Wt.
100
no
111
127-7
8-27
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
AI -65
87-9
5-70
85-5
3'o4
Obverse.
Reverse.
SERIES II.
King holding dagger.
M -65
t
M -65
t
Oblong incnse with irregular
ground.
The Great King in kneeling-
running attitude r. ; he is
bearded, wears kidaris with
dentated top, kaudys, and
quiver at shoulder ; holds in
outstretched 1. strung bow, and
in r. di'awn back a short
dagger (akinakes) with arrow-
shaped blade ; exergual line
(usually oft' the tlan).
h^arlier groups (A-D) to about 400 b.c,
(The silver usually punch-marked.)
Group A.
Body without indication of
waist.
Daric.
I
PL XXVI. 9.
Sigloi.
(«) With symbols on reverse.
Symbol : lion's head
PI. XXVI. 10.
109. 1897. Montagu Sale, II, 403. Regling, Sawml. Warren, p. 20-5, must be in error
in giving Montagu Sale, II, 403 as the source of his no. 1308. 110. 191(5. Presented
by Mr. J. G. Milne. .\u7n. Chron., 1916, p. 3, no. 22. 111. 184-5. M. .J. Borrell. Same
rev. die as no. 110.
64
PERSIAN EMPIRE
No.
112
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
87-4
5-66
ifl -55
t
^It
e
PL
Symbol: lion's head 1.; punch-
marks \^ X and a stab.
XXVI. 11.
113
86-0
5-57
M -6
t
Symbol : lion's head 1. : punch-
marks \^ "^
PI.
XXVI. 12.
114
85-8
5-56
/R -55
t
Symbol : lion's head 1.
115
84-9
5-rjO
M -65
obscure punch-mark and stab.
PL XX
Symbol : lion's head 1. ; punch-
marks ^lJ W and another,
obscure.
VI. 13.
116
84-7
5-49
JR -6
t
PL
1 Symbol : lion's head 1.
XXVI. 14.
117
83-4
5-40
M -6
t
■ ■
■ ■
O and another
obscure.
J) ))
118
84-5
5-48
M -7
1
PL
XX
Symbol : lion's head incuse r. ;
punch-mark ^^
VI. 15.
119
83-9
5-44
M -55
^
PL
1 Simiktr symbol.
XXVI. 16.
120
85-7
5-55
iR -6
+
Symbol : lion's scalp forma-
lized ^ ; punch-marks ff\
% Q
VI. 17.
PL
XX
112. 1895. Gen. Houtum Schindler (from Persia). 113-14. 1916. Presented by
Mr. J. G. Milne. Num. Citron., 1916, p. 3, nos. 32 and 26. 115. 1846. M. J. Borrell.
116. 1916. Presented by Mr. .T. G. Milne. Num. Chron., 1916, p. 3, no. 25. 117. 1845.
M. J. Borrell. 118-20. 1916. Presented by Mr. J. G. Blilne. Nwn. Chron., 1916, p. 3,
nos. 38, 37, 33.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
165
Metal.
No.
Wt.
Size.
Obverse.
Reverse.
121
Axis.
85-0
M .6
Symbol : lion's scalp ^^, as
5-51
on preceding.
PI. XXVI. 18.
122
86-5
5 -GO
Ax -6
< § ® »
Symbol : lion's scalp more
formalized, ^^
PI. XXVI. 19.
123
84-4
5-47
M -6
C
Symbol : lion's scalp ^ , as
on preceding ; punch-marks
O t
PI. XXVI. 20.
124
84-9
M -65
s:^
Symbol, ^
5-50
i
PI. XXVI. 21.
{b) Without symbols.
125
87-9
5-70
M -6
126
87-1
5-04
Al -6
+ fl
^1 and another, obscure.
PI. XXVI. 22.
127
86-7
5-6JJ
M -65
obscure puncli-mark ; dotted
exergual line.
n
128
85-3
5 -do
A[ -6
g>
©('-««>) ffl s*
and another, obscure.
on edge, m and another, obscure.
121-3. 1910. Presented by Mr. J. G. Milne. Nnm. Chron., 1916, p. 3, nos. 34. 35, 41.
124. 1895. Gen Houtum Schindler ;from Persia). 125. 1846. M. J. Borrell.
126.1895. Gen. Houtum Schindler (from Persia . 128.1840. M. J. Borrell.
166
PERSIAN EMPIRE
No.
wt.
Metal. 1
Size Obverse.
Axis.
Reverse.
129
85-0
5-51
Al -65
^^ and another, obsc
ure.
W W ^ ®
PI.
XXVI. 23.
130
85-0
o-ol
JR -6
t^ ©
OSS
PI.
XXVI. 24.
131
84-9
5-50
M -65
/
132
84-6
M -55
■^ and stab.
chisel-cut.
5-48
on et
ge : chisel-cut.
133
84-6
5-48
M -6
®
on edge
0
PI.
j obscure puncli-mark.
and another, obscure.
XXVI. 25.
134
84-4
5-4y
Al -6
0 0
135
84-4
5-47
M -65
obscure punch-mark.
< ^(tvvice)
two others, obscure, and a stab.
PI.
XXVI. 26.
136
84-4
5-47
AX -^b
^ Q ^ and •
^(y) and a stab.
137
84-0
5-44
M -55
r
W ^ and another, obscure.
138
!
83-4
5-40
-H -5
obscure punch- mark.
^
129. 1846. M. J. Borrell. 130. 1895. Gen. Hontum .Schimller (from Persia).
131, 191(3, Presented by Mr. .J. G. Milne. Num. Chron., 1916, p. 3, no. 20. 132. 1915.
Presented by Mr. E, T. Newell, Num. Chron., 19U, p. 25, no. 139(?). 133. 1895-
Gen. Houtum Schindler (from Persia). 134. 1916. Presented by Mr. .J. G. Milne.
Num. Chron., 1916, p. i, no. 49. 135. 1846. M. -J. Borrell. 136, 1919. Spink.
Sir H. Weber Collection, 137, 138. 1846. M, .J. Borrell,
PERSIAN EMPIRE
167
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
A\ .6
Obverse.
Reverse.
139
82-7
5-36
small stab.
140
82-7
5-oO
Al -65
o • vi/
on edge, Q ^ @
141
81-9
5-31
M -6
Q and •
P^ and another, obscure, and
three stabs.
142
81-5
5-J28
Ai -6
Quarter Siglos ?
143
17-0
1-10
M .35
Generally simi
ornament
1
PI. XXVI. 27.
Group B.
lar to Groui3 A (6), but pellets indicating
on under sides of sleeves of kandys.
Sigloi.
144
86-4
5-60
Al -6
•
145
86-4
5-60
M -65
1
stab and two chisel-cuts ; two
punch-marks obliterated.
146
85-4
M -7
5-53
PI. XXVII. 1.
146
85-3
M -6
bis
5-53
1
!
139. 1894. .Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham Bequest. 140. 184G. M. J. Borrell.
141. 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection. From Van Lennep, 1898. 142. 1850.
Major Henrj' Rawlinson. 143. 1909. S. Louisides of Makri. 144. 184G.
M. J. Borrell. 145. 1915. Presented by Mr. E. T. Newell, mini. Chron., 1914, p. 25,
no. lo3(V). 146.1913. C. L. Wooiley (from Syria, probably). 146 bis. 1920.
F. W. Hasluck Bequest.
168
PERSIAN EMPIRE
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
147
8.-)-2
5-50
Al
•G
0
147
bis
85-0
5-51
M
•6
t
147
ter
84-8
0-49
.11
•6
©
148
84-5
5-48
M
and two others, obsc
ure.
< 0 ^ ©(t^vice)
®
149
84-3
5-46
Al
•G
W P and another,
obscure.
«9 9 ©
150
82-9
M
•65
<A and another, obscure.
punch-mark obscure.
5-37
1
PL XXVII. 2.
151
82-7
5-HG
M
•65
t<T^ and a stab
^ © ®
152
81-7
5-29
M
•65
J J another obscure
stab.
, and a
O ^ (twice?) ^
on edge, ffi
PI. XXVII. 3.
(iROUP C.
Barbarous style.
Sigloi.
153
85-7
5-55
Al
•65
stab.
1
PI. XXVII. 4.
154
83-9
5-44
M
•65
PI. XXVII. 5.
147. 1850. Thomas Tievillian. 1^1 his and ter. 1920. F. W. Hasluck Bequest.
148. 1916. Presented by Mr. J. G. Milne. Num. Ckron., 1916, p. 3, no, 18. 149. 1850.
Thomas Trevillian. 150. 1914. Mrs. J.. J. Birch. From Smyrna. 151. 18.50.
Thomas Trevillian. 152. 1841. T. Burgon. 153. 1841. T. Burgon. 154. 1919.
Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection. Fiom Van Lennep (?), 1893.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
169
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
155
82-3
;-• DO
/R -6
^ and a stab.
M and three or four others,
•J-OtJ
obscure.
156 82-5
5-35
M -75
rays of kidaris unusually long.
two or three punch-marks,
obscure, and two stabs.
PI. XXVII. 6.
Group D.
'Arses ' Babelon.
Coarse style : king has large
nose ; waist indicated ; exer-
gual line, where shoAvn, is
dotted.
Sigloi.
157 85-5
M -65
1
\ 5-54
PI. XXVII. 7.
158 85-3
5-53
M .65
© an.l © t
PI. XXVII. 8.
159 84-5
M -6
1
, 5-46'
PI. XXVII. 9.
160 84-5
M -7
r >
M. ; another, obscure, and two
5-48
stabs.
PI. XXVII. 10.
161
83-7
.R -7
1
1
1 5-42
PI. XXVII. 11.
155. 1841. T. Burgon. 156. 1846. M. J. Borrell. 157. 1866. Woodhouse
Gift. 158. 1860. Sotheby's Sale, April 3, 1860, lot 178. Capt. Graves's coin. Fellows,
Coins of Ancient Lycia, PI. VIII. 2 ; obtained in Lycia (Spratt and Forbes, Travels, II, p. 304).
159. 1845. M. J. Borrell. 160. 1841. T. Burgon. 161. 1832. H. P. Borrell.
z
170
PERSIAN EMPIRE
No.
162
163
Wt.
83-0
5-38
82-2
5-33
164
81-7
5-39
165
8M
5-J25
166
79-6
0-16
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -7
M -65
Al -65
M -6
M -6
167
79-3
5-14
168
78-7
5-10
169
77-4
5-02
R -65
J^ -65 stab
Obverse.
C3 &i
and another, obscure, and two
stabs.
Reverse.
PL XXVII. 12.
g
PI. XXVII. 13.
stab.
\^^ and another, obscure.
PI. XXVII. 14.
stab.
^
PI. XXVII. 15.
M .65
2)lated(?)
# and two stabs.
162. 1847. Edwards. 163. 1905. J. Hirsch. 164. 1840. Millingen. Pierced.
165. 1860. Sotheby's Sale, April 3, 1860, lot 178. Capt. Graves's coin, Fellows, Coins of
Ancient Lycia, PI. VIII. 1 ; obtained in Lycia (Spratt and Forbes, Travels, II, p. 304).
167. 1840. Millingen. 168. 1848. Claude Stewart. 169. 1841. T. Burgon.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
171
No.
Wt.
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
132-2
8-57
128-0
8-J29
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
A^ -7
84-8
M
-6
5-50
84-3
M
-65
5-46
83-7
M
•6
5-43
83-1
M
•6
5-38
82-6
M
-6
o'3o
Later group : 4th century.
Group E.
(The silver sometimes punch-marked.)
' Arses ' and ' Darius III ' Babelon.
Neat style ; three (sometimes
four) annulets on breast of
kandys : exergual line plain ;
fabric of silver resembling
that of Series I, Group H, or
Series III.
Darics.
I
PI. XXVII. 16.
I
PI. XXVII. 17.
Sigloi.
PI. XXVII. 18.
chisel-cut.
0
and stab: annulets ob-
scure.
PL XXVII. 19.
170. 1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham Bequest. Attic weight ; therefore later (?).
171. Head, Lydia and Persia, PI. I. 16 ; Coins of the Ancients, III, A 1. Same rev. die as Babelon,
Traifii, PI. LXXXVII. 20. 172. 1860. G. Christoforo. Head, Lydia and Persia, PI. I. 26.
173. 1866. Woodhouse Gift. Head, Lydia and Persia, PI. I. 27. Same dies as Babelon,
Traiti, PI. LXXXVII. 19. 174. 1841. T. Burgon. 175. 1848. Claude Stewart.
176. 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection. From Van Lennep, 1891.
172
PERSIAN EMPIRE
No.
177
178
178
bis
179
180
181
182
183
Wt.
82-4
5-34
70-8
4-59
63-7
4-13
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -6
M .6
plated
Obverse.
Reverse.
PL XXVII. 20.
M -55 only two annulets.
plated (?)
Of previous groups, too much defaced or worn for classifica-
tion ; probably of Group A or A (h).
86-2 M -6
5-69
85-7
5-55
85-5
0-54
82-3
5-33
81-3
5:27
M -6
^
Sigloi.
six chisel-cuts.
PI. XXVII. 21.
/R
5 0
M -65 stab.
M -7
stab and three chisel-cuts.
two chisel-cuts.
177. 1848. Claude Stewart. 178. 1919. Presented by Mr. A. T. Monck-Mason.
Stab on rev. 178 bis. 1920. F. W. Hasluck Bequest. 179. 191-5. Presented by
Mr. E. T. Newell. Xum Chron., 1914, p. 25, no. 134. 180. 181. 1846. M. J. Borrell.
182. 183. 1915. Presented by Mr. E. T. Newell. Xum. Chron., 1914, pp. 24 f., nos. 130(?), 140.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse,
Reverse.
SERIES III.
In fabric nearest to Group H of Series I.
Fourth Cent. b.c.
King drawing bow.
' Artaxerxes III Ochus ' Babelon,
The Great King in kneeling-
running attitude r. ; he is
bearded, wears kidaris with
dentated top, and kandys, and
quiver at shoulder, and draws
bow ; exergual line plain
when visible.
Oblong incuse with irre
ground.
gular
One-twelfth Daric.
184
10-7
0-6.9
N .25
' (incuse nearly square)
PI. XXVII. 22.
Sigloi.
185
83-4
5-40
M -6
i
PI. XXVII. 23.
186
83-3
5-40
M -6
187
82-7
5 •31)
M -65
188
82-8
5-37
M. -6
184. 1897. Montagu Sale, II, 403. 2^wn. Chron., 1892, p. 38, PI. III. 12. Hist. Niim.^,
p. 827. Probably same rev. die as Berlin specimen, Z. /. y., XXIV, Taf. IV, 5. 185. 1852.
Presented by Baron Behr. Head, Ltjdla and Persia, PI. I. 28. 186. 1845. M. J. Borrell.
187. 1845. M. J. Borrell. Same rev. die as Babelon, Traite, PI. LXXXVII. 4. 188. 1866.
Woodhouse Gift.
174
PERSIAN EMPIRE
Metal.
No.
Wt.
Size.
Obvei'se.
Reverse,
189
Axis.
82-8
M -55
5-37
190
82-0
Al -6
5-31
PI. XXVII. 24.
191
82-0
5-31
Al -6
obscure punch-mark.
1
on edge, ^ g
192
81-7
5-29
Ai -6
193
82-6
5-35
M -6
194
82-2
5-33
^ -6
195
79-2
M -6
5-13
189. 1906. Parkes Weber Gift. 190. 1845. M. J. Borrell. Same rev. die as
no. 189. 191. 1848. Claude Stewart. Same obv. die as no. 190. 192. 1845.
M. J. Borrell. Same dies as no. 191. 193. 1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham Bequest.
Same rev. die as Babelon, Traite, PI. LXXXYIT. 1. 194. 1845. M. J. Borrell. 195. 1832.
H. P. Borrell.
PERSIAN EMPIRE
175
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
SERIES IV.
Fourth cent b.c.
' Artaxerxes III Oclius ' Babelon.
Half-figure of the Great King
r., with long jDointed beard,
wearing kidaris and kandys ;
holds in 1. strung bow, in r.
two arrows ; no quiver at
shoulder.
Oblong incuse of usual form.
Sigloi.
196
83-1
0-38
M -6
197
82-2
5-33
M -65
on edge, y
PI. XXVII. 25.
198
82-4
5-34
JR -6
i
PL XXVII. 26.
199
79-4
5-15
.K .6
chisel-cut.
196. 18.52. Presented by Baron Behr. 197. 1852, H. P. Borrell Sale, lot 437.
Same rev. die as no. 196. 198. 1848. Claude Stewart. Head, Lydia and Persia, PI. I. 29 ;
Coins of the Ancients, III, A .3. Same ,?) rev. die as Babelon, Tral''', PI. LXXXVII. 6.
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE
EAST
Coins struck by Alexander's governors and successors, but not bearing bis name.
Usually attributed to the mint of Babylon.
No. ;
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Revei-se.
Circa 331-300 B.C.
Gold double darics.
1
2541
16-47
N -75
Persian king, bearded, in
kneeling-running attitude r. ;
wears kidaris with four points
and gii'dled kandys ; liolds in
1. strung bow, in r. dagger.
Oblong incuse impression
filled with irregular markings.
PL XX. 1.
Persian king, bearded, in
kneeling-running attitude r. ;
wears kidaris and kandys,
and quiver over shoulder ;
holds in r. strung bow, in 1.
apple - butted spear over
shoulder.
Incuse impression, more or
less elliptical in outline, filled
with wavy horizontal mark-
ings.
2
257-3
16-67
S -7
four points to kidaris ; tassel
to quiver ; under r. elbow,
wreath ; in field r. M
PL XX. 2.
1. 188S. Sir Alex. Cunningham. J. A. S.B.. 1881, PI. XII. 3 and XVII. 1 (from the
Oxus Find). 2. 1877. Bank of England Gift. Head, Lydia and Persia, PI. I. 18 ; Coins of
the Ancients, IV, A. 1 ; Num. Chron., 1904, PI. I. U. Same obv. die as Babelon, Perses Ach..
PI. IL 17.
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST
177
No.
Wt.
258-8
16-77
257-3
16-67
257-8
16-71
257-1
16-66
256-4
16-61
Metal,
Size.
Axis.
M -7;
N -8
N -7
^^. 7
N -75
Obverse.
five points to kidaris ; in field
five points to kidaris
I. <l>l
Reverse.
depression down middle of
incuse, markings straighter
tlian usual.
PI. XX. 3.
in field depression down middle of
incuse ; markings similar to
preceding.
PI. XX. 4.
five points to kidaris : butt of depression down middle of
spear not apple-shaped ; in incuse,
field 1. ^ and satrapal tiara.
i
hammered edge.
PI. XX. 5.
three point>
field 1. p(^
to kidaris ; in
markings assume form of two
trapezoids, each with two
parallel sides, divided up the
one by two the other by three
bars.
PI. XX. 6.
four points to kidaris ; in field markings assume form of two
1 ii 1 1 li. - 1 i. 1 ^ horns proiecting inwards at
1. thunderbolt upright and * . \ ^ \^ i - ^\^^
^ ^ A top and bottom, and m middle
! two square enclosures filled
with irregular markings.
hammered edge.
PI. XX. 7.
3. 1897. H. Montagu. Sale CataL, II, lot 402, Num. Chron., 1904, PI. III. 8. 4. 1919.
Spink. (Sir H. Weber Collection.) Purchased bj- Sir H. Weber from Eollin and Feuardent
in 189.5. Apparently identical with the specimen previously stated (it would seem
erroneously) to be in the Hague Collection {Z.f. K., Ill, Taf. IX. 14 ; Head, Lydia and Persia,
PI. I. 22). 5. 1890. Lambros. Kwn. Chron., 1891, p. 133, PI. IV. 19 ; 1904, PI. III. 11 ;
1906, PI. I. 1. 6. 1879. Chanda Mall of Kawal Pindi. Xuni. Chron., 1904, PL III. 18 :
1906, PI. I. 2. Same(?) obv. die as Babelon, Perses Acli., PI. 11. 18. 7. 1881. Chanda
Mall of Eawal Pindi. Kinn. Chron., 1904, PI. III. 10.
A a
178
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST
No.
wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse. Reverse.
The following are for the most part of ruder workmanship,
and were perhaps made farther East than Babylon.
8
254-7
16-50
N -8 , form of kidaris UDcertain ; in design in incuse as on nos.
' field r. uncertain signs. 3-5.
edge rounded.
PI. XX. 8.
9
!
253-3
16-41
N -7
kidaris off the flan ; in field 1.
club downw^ards.
similar to preceding, but de--
sign tends to take form of
horns above and below with
enclosures containing mark-
ings in middle, as on no. 7.
hammeied edge.
PL XX. 9.
10
257-4
N -7
kidaris off the flan; in field I. Similar to preceding.
16-68
^ and, below r. elbow, wreath.
hammered edge.
PI. XX. 10.
11
254-5
16-49
N -8
six points to kidaris, no quiver; Design with horns and rounded
. ^ , 1 , 0 T , 1 enclosures containing irregular
m field I. ^: work less bar- ^^^^^j^.^^^^
barous. I
edge rounded.
PI. XX. 11.
8. 1888. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 9. 1880. Soonder Dass of Rawal Pindi.
2\um. Chron., 1904, PI. I. 15. 10. ISSl. Chanda Mall of Rawal Pindi. Num. Chron.,
1901, PI. III. 9. 11. 1881. Chanda Mall of Rawal Pmdi. Xum. Chron., 1904, PI. I. 12.
Authenticity extremely doubtful.
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST
179
Ino.
12
1
\vt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obvex'se.
Reverse.
2G2-5
17-01
PJ .8
four points to kidaris ; no
quiver : in tield 1., downwards.
<$TA ; below, MNA ; on r.
4>
A
Similar to preceding.
hammered edge.
PI. XX. 12.
13
254-6
10-30
.V -7
six points to kidaris ; in field
1 ^
Similar to preceding.
hammered edge.
PL XX. 13.
12. 1881. Chanda Mall of Rawal Pindi. Head, Hist. Nnm.\ p. 700. Num. Chron., 1904,
PI. II. 5 ; 1906, p. 5. Same dies ;is the W. Rome spedmen 'Sale Catal., 1904, no. 75), which
shows the first letters to be $$TA- 13. 1881. Chanda Mall of Rawal Pindi. Num.
Chron, 1904, PI. III. 12 ; 1906, PL L 3.
180
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
265-2
17-18
M -95
264-2
17-12
M 1-0
/
Obverse,
Reverse.
Mazaeus, Governor for Alexander the Great, 331-328 B.C.
Silver of Euboic Attic-Standard.
Tetradrachms.
Ba'al-Tars seated 1. on seat
without back and with dotted
rung ; he is bearded (?),
and wears himation over 1.
shoulder and from waist down-
wards ; his legs are represented
parallel ; r. rests on dotted
sceptre, 1. on his hip ; inscr. on
r., above, \Hvk^^ (nnSy^) ;
border of dots,
border off the tlan.
Lion walking 1., tail curling
behind ; above, inscr. (^*lTlb) j
plain border.
; beside r. hind foot I ;
on r. hand portion of exergual
line, club, handle to r. ; border
off the flan.
chisel-cut.
PI. XX. 14.
PL XX. 15.
in ex., wreath.
1. 1897. H. Montagu {Sale Catal, II, lot 306). Num Chron., 1904, PI. I. 2. 2. 1838.
Warmington. Head, Coins of ike Ancients, IV A 34. Num. Chron., 1884, PI. VI. 6 ; 1904,
PI. I. 4. Same obv. die as Babelon, Perses Ach., PI. VI. 21.
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OP THE EAST
181
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
255-6
16-56
254-7
16-50
252-8
16-38
M -85
M -9
vJll-0
Obverse.
Reverse.
Successors of Mazaeus.
328/7-323 : Stamenes
323-321 : Archon
321-317: Seleucus.
317-311 : Peithon (for Antigonus)
31 1-306 : Seleucus
(before assumption of regal title).
For silver in the name of Alexander III and Philip III
probably struck at Babylon during this period, see Imhoof-
Blumer, Num. Zeit, 1895, Pi. I. 3-5, 13-16 ; II. 15.
Silver of Euboic-Attic Standard.
Tetradraehms.
Ba al seated 1. on seat without
back; he is beardless (?) and
wears himation over 1. shoulder
and from waist downwards ;
his legs are represented parallel;
r. rests on dotted sceptre, 1. on
his hip ; border of dots.
Lion walking, tail
behind.
curlinf
type r.
PI. XX. 16.
no symbol visible.
I type 1. ; above, spear-head 1.
PI. XX. 17.
Ba'al as on preceding coins,
but himation covers 1. fore-
arm, not shoulder, and 1. hand
rests on seat, without rung ;
border of dots.
Lion walking 1., tail curling
behind ; above, spear-head 1. ;
in ex., I ; border of dots.
PL XXI. 1.
3. 1904. Presented by Sir H. Howorth. Num. Chron., 1904, PI. I. 10. 4. 1904.
Presented by Sir H. Howorth. 5. 1840. R. Steuart. Num. Chron., 1904, PI. I. 9, II. 8.
The rougli surface of this coin, which at first sight suggests casting, may be due to the use
of acid in cleaning.
182
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Hemiobol.
6
10-6
0-69
Ai -35
Baal as on iDrecediug tetra-
draclim ; border of dots.
Lion walking r., tail curling
behind ; above, spear-head r.
PI. XXI. 4.
Later style.
(«) Without letters or symbols.
Tetradrachm.
7
259-3
IG-SO
AihO
Ba'al-Tars seated 1. on seat
without back, with one rung ;
he is bearded, and nude to
waist ; r. leg is drawn back,
r. hand resets on sceptre, 1. on
seat ; inscr. on r., above,
iyilwS (nnSy!l); traces
of border of dots.
Lion walking 1., tail curling
behind ; plain linear border.
Pi. XXI. 2.
Drachm.
8
58-5
5-7.9
/H -65
Similar type ; no inscr. ; bor-
der of dots.
Lion walking 1., tail between
legs ; border of dots.
PI. XXI. 3.
Hemiobols or smaller denominations.
Baal seated r. on seat without
back or rung, nude to waist,
r. resting on sceptre, in ex-
tended 1. eagle 1. ; 1. leg drawn
back ; border of dots.
Lion walking 1. ; border of
dots.
9
11-4
0-74
/K -35
position of tail obscure.
6. 1840. R. Steuart. 'Num. Chron., 1904, PI. I. 11. 7. 1904. Rollin and Feuardent.
Num. Chron., 1904, PI. II. 6. 8. 1824. R. Payne Knight Bequest. Num. Vet., p. 135(D) 5.
The upper part of the design on the reverse is off the flan ; it is possible that there may have
been a symbol above the limi. 9. 1866. Hooper & Co. (with Parthian, Persian and
other Oriental coins).
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST
183
No.
10
12
13
14
15
16
Wt.
8-4
0-54
11 I 7-7
0-50
6-8
0-44
5-4
0-35
10-4
0-67
6-3
10-3
Metal.
Size
Axis.
Al -35
/
M -35
^ -3
Obverse.
Reverse.
tail between legs.
tail betAveen legs (?)
PI. XXI. 5.
PI. XXI. 6.
M. -3 eagle off the flan ; r. hand on I type r., tail waving behind,
seat instead of holding scep-
tre (?). I
PI. XXI. 7.
(6) Symbol ; Spear-head.
Hemiobols.
Si -35
f
M -35
M -35
Ba'al seated I. as on no. 5, but
with legs crossed ; border of
dots.
Lion walking 1., tail waving
behind: above, spear-head 1.;
border of dots.
PI. XXI. 8.
Ba'al seated 1. as on nos. 7, 8 ; Lion walking I., tail not visi-
sceptre not visible, seat with- > ble ; above, spear-head 1.
out rung ; border of dots. \
PI. XXI. 9.
10, 11. 1850. Major Rawlinson (with Parthian and Sassanian coins, and the Alexander
decadrachm which was found at Babylon). 12. 1919. Spink, Sir H. Weber
Collection, from Macridi, 1893. 13. 1894. Dr. C. Macridi. 14. 1913. M. ^Plver
(from Persia). Pierced and broken. 15. 1895. Lincoln. 16. 1890. Presented by-
Col. Miles.
184
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST
No.
Wt.
261-3
16-93
17 261-7
16-96
259-3
16-80
19
20
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
iRl-05
118-4
7-67
.11 -9
■f
Jll-05
,il -55
260-3
16-87
Obverse.
Reverse.
{h bis) Letters (^ and A.
Tetradrachm.
Ba'al seated 1. as on no. 7. Lion walking
nude to waist, r. leg drawn behind ; in ex.
back, 1. hand on seat which dots,
has no rung ; below seat [^ ;
border of dots.
PI. XLVIII. 8.
(c) Letter A.
Tetradraehms.
., tail waving
A ; border of
Ba'al seated 1. as on no. 7,
nude to waist, r. leg drawn
back, 1. hand on seat, which
has no rung ; border of dots
Lion walking 1., tail waving
behind : above, A ; border of
dots.
PL XXI. 10.
obv. almost obliterated.
Didrachm.
M -85
Ba'al seated 1. as on tetra-
draehms ; seat has dotted
rung ; border, if any, off the
flan.
Lion walking 1., tail showing
between legs ; above, A ; bor-
der, if any, off the flan.
PI. XXI. 11.
(d) Symbol: Bee.
Tetradrachm.
Ba'al seated 1. as on no. 17
border, if any, off the flan.
Lion walking 1., tip of tail
showing between legs ; above,
bee ; border of dots.
PL XXI. 12.
16 bis. 1920. Presented by Messrs. Spink & Son. Re-struck on another coin. 17. 1850.
Max. Borrell. Num. Chron., 1904, PI. III. 17. 18. 1850. Major Henry Rawlinson.
19.1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection, from Macridi, 1894. 20.1904. Presented
by Sir H. Howorth. Num. Chron., 1904, PI. III. 15.
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OP THE EAST
185
No.
Metal.
Wt. Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
{e) Symbol : Rose in wreath.
Tetradraehm.
21
262-7
17-02
M -85
\
Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding ;
sceptre and rung of seat dotted ;
border of dots.
Lion -walking 1., tip of tail
showing between legs ; above,
rose in wreath ; below, off the
flan, 1/^ ; border of dots.
PI. XXI. 13.
(/) Letters:' M, AY, ^
Tetradrachms.
Ba'al seated 1. as on iDreceding ;
border of dots.
Lion walking 1., tail between
legs ; border of dots.
22
261-4
16-94
M -9
PI. x:j
aboA'e, AY
a. 14.
23
252-4
16-36
M -9
above, AY
24
248-5
16-10
^Pt -9
in field 1., AA above, AY
PL XXI. 15.
25
255-6
16-56
M -9
in field 1., ^
PL x:
above, y ; in ex. M (?)
^1. 16.
Drachms.
Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding ;
in field 1., M ; border of dots.
Lion walking 1., head reverted,
tail waving above his back ;
border of dots.
26
64-6
4-19
iR -65
PL x:
in ex /^
il. 17.
21. 1904. Presented by Sir H. Howorth. Same rev. die as Mr. E. T. Newell's specimen.
22. 1896. H. Montagu. Sale Catal., I, lot 669; Xum. Chron., 1904, PI. III. 3. 23. 1824.
R. Payne Knight Bequest. Num. Vet., p. 134 (B)l. 24. 1914. E. Chachati of Aleppo.
25. 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection, from Macridi, 1900. 26. See T. Combe,
Vet. Po2). et Reg. Num., p. 243, no. 17; yum. Chron., 1904, PI. III. 5.
B b
186
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
27
64-4
4-17
M -05
\
in ex. /^
28
59-6
3-86
Ai -6
>>
29
62-7
4-06
M -65
PL XXI. 18.
{g) Letters: ffl, Ml, &c.
Tetradraehms.
Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding ;
border of dots.
Lion walking 1., tail between
legs ; border of dots.
30
229-0
14-84
M -8
uncertain letter behind seat ?
above, fff
PI. XXI. 19.
31
252-5
16-36
M -9
above, traces of monogram
f^{?) ; in ex. Ml
PL XXI. 20.
Drachm.
32
59-4
3-85
M -6
Similar to preceding.
Lion walking 1., tail between
legs ; above, Avreath ; in ex.
Ml and uncertain object.
PI. XXI. 21.
27. 1832. H. P. Borrell. Same obv. die as no. 26. 28. 1901. Van Lennep.
Same(?) dies as Babelon, Perses Ach., PI. VII. 10. 29. 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber
Collection, from Spink, 1890. 30.1914. E. Chachati of Aleppo. 32.1824. R.Payne
Knight Bequest. Num. Vet., p. 135(D) 6. Num. Chron., 1904, PI. III. 6.
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST
187
No.
33
34
35
36
37
38
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
39
247-1
16-01
244-1
15-82
261-2
16-93
252-4
16-36
248-4
16-10
243-1
15-75
Ai -95
M -85
/
Obverse.
Reverse.
{h) Letter: T
Tetradraehm.
Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding ;
border of dots.
in field 1., bee upwards.
Lion walking 1., tail between
legs ; above, V ; border of
dots.
in field 1., hammer.
255-9
16-58
M .9 in field 1., T) (fork?).
iRl-05
\
M -85
^^
A\ 1-0
M -9
PI. XXI. 22.
PI. XXII. 1.
PL XXII. 2.
PL XXII. 3.
{i) Symbol : Pentalpha.
Struck by Seleucus I, 321-316 B.C. (?).
Tetradrachms.
Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding ;
border of dots.
Lion walking 1., tail between
legs ; above, pentalpha -^ ;
border of dots.
33.1914. E. Chachati of Aleppo. 34.1918. Glendining Sale, 19. ix. 1918, lot 121.
35. 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection, from Macridi, 1893. The same symbol occurs
on Alexandrines of ' Babylonian ' style. 36. 1866. Woodhouse Bequest. 37. 1840.
R. Steuart. mim. Chron., 1904, PI. III. 14. 38. 1824. R. Payne Knight Bequest.
Num. Vet., p. 134 (B) 2. 39. Bank of England Gift.
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THi: EAST
No.
40
Wt
Metal.
Size,
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
252-8
16-38
M -8
\
border off tlie tian.
41
213-1
13-81
M .85
plated \?)
1
PL XXII. 4.
{j) Letters: <l> P
Tetradraehms of Oiuental workmanship.
Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding
coins, but of rude style ; be-
neath seat, W ; in field 1.,
letters ; border of dots.
Lion walking 1., tail between
legs ; border of dots.
42
249-3
16-15
M -9
P
PL XXII. 5.
42
bis
249-3
16-15
M -85
t
p
{k) Symbols : Anchor, horned horse's head r.
Struck by Seleucus I, 312-306 B.C.
Tetradraehms.
Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding
coins ; border of dots.
Lion walking 1., tail between
legs : above, anchor with
curved stock ; border of dots.
43
259-7
16-S3
M -95
t
two rungs to seat.
PL X3
tll. 6.
44
254-5
16-49
\
)) >>
anchor erased.
40.1866. Woodhouse Request. 41. 1904. PresentedbySir H. Howorth. Num. Chron.,
1904, PI. III. 20. 42. 1881. Chanda Mall of Rawal Pindi. Num. Chron., 1904, PI. IIL 13.
42 bis. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. This coin, the metal of which is base, has
split ill half owing to lamination. A similar tendency to lamination is perceptible in other
coins of this series- 43. 1866. Woodhouse Bequest. Same rev. die as M'^Clean
specimen of 246-3 grs. 44. 1841. L. Strange (with Parthian, &c.. coins). Nmn. Chron.,
1904, PI. II. 7.
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST
189
No.
45
46
47
47
bis
48
49
50
51
Wt.
242-8
15-73
241-5
15-65
236-7
15-34
217-7
57-9
3-75
30-5
27-2
1-70
255-9
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
^R -85
/
\
iIll-0
JR\-0
I
.11 -6
l^ .5
M
Obverse.
two ruDO's to seat.
M -95
Reverse.
Drachm,
Similar to preceding tetra
drachms.
Similar to preceding.
Lion Avalkingl.jhead reverted,
tail between legs ; above,
anchor as on preceding ; be-
neath exergual line, •• ••;
border, if any, off the flan.
PI. XXII. 7.
Hemidraehms.
I Similar type and symbol to
I preceding ; border of dots.
PI. XXII. 8.
one rung to seat.
Similar to preceding, but only] Lion walking r., head reverted,
tail between legs ; above,
anchor as on preceding ; bor-
der of dots.
Pi. XXII. 9.
Tetradrachm.
Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding
tetradrachms, but only one
rung to seat ; in field I., head
of horned horse r,; border of
dots.
Lion walking 1., tail between
legs ; above, anchor with
straight stock; in ex. Al;
border of dots.
PI. XXII. 10.
45. 1914. E. Chacliati of Aleppo. Same obv. die as M'^Clean specimen of 241-4 grs.
46. Perhaps a cast. 47. Broken. 47 fe^s. 1920. Presented by G. P. Churchill, Esq.
In spite of its low Aveight, there is no doubt of the genuineness of this coin. 48. 1832.
H, P, Borrell, 51. 1888, Sir Alex. Cunningham.
190
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST
No.
52
63
54
55
56
57
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
97-2
6-30
•65
96-4 Lii -7
6-25 I t
30-9
3-00
M -5
250-7 M -95
258-2 M -95
255-6
16-56
M -95
/
Obverse.
Reverse.
Didrachms (?)
Similar type and symbol to
preceding ; border of dots.
PL XXII. 12.
border obliterated.
Lion walking L, tail between
legs ; above, anchor as on
preceding ; in ex., monogram ;
border of dots.
monogram off the flan.
monogram ^
PL XXII. 13.
Hemidrachm.
Similar type, symbol, and bor- 1 Similar to preceding ; in ex.,
der to preceding. A' ; border, if any, off the flan
PL XXII. 11.
Tetradraehms.
Ba'al seated 1. as on preceding Lion walking I., tail between
tetradrachm ; border of dots. ' legs ; above, anchor with ring
at both ends and curved stock,
and P : in ex., monogram
^ ; border of dots.
crescent to r. of mon. in ex.
PL XXII. 14.
>|c to r. of mon. in ex.
PI. XXII. 15.
test-hole.
ivy-leaf to 1. of mon. in ex.
52. 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection, from the Montagu Sale, II, lot 307.
53. 189-5. Lincoln. 54, 55. 1888. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 56. Same obv. die as
no. 55. Perhaps a cast. 57. From Sir Henry Eawlinson. Obtained at Khiva. Same rev.
and obv. (?) dies as M'^Clean specimen.
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OF THE EAST
191
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M, -95
Obverse.
Reverse.
58
252-5
16-36
pointed leaf to r. of mon. in ex.
PI. XXII. 16.
59
233-9
15-16
M -9
t
60
235-8
15-38
M -95
Similar to preceding.
Similar type to preceding ;
anchor has no ring at bottom
end ; n ; in ex. /\ and ivy-
leaf; border of dots.
PI. XXII. 17.
Decadraehm .
61
651-3
42-20
.ill-55
Horseman, wearing cuiras?,
charging r. with lance couched
an enemy who is mounted on
an elephant ; the enemy is
nude to the waist, bearded,
and wears a tall head-dress ;
on the elephant's neck is seated
thedriver (bearded?), who turns
back, raising his r. hand (to
throw a missile ?) ; border of
dots.
Alexander the Great, standing
to front, head 1. ; he wears
Persian head-dress, cuirass,
cloak hanging from shoulders,
and sword at waist ; in ex-
tended r. thunderbolt ; 1. rests
on spear; in field 1., /^^ ;
concave field.
PL XXII. 18.
Seleucus I.
New types, shortly before 306 B.C.
Gold.
Weight of double daric.
62
255-8
16-58
K -95
Head of Alexander r., wear-
ing elephant-scalp head-dress;
border of dots.
Nike standing 1., holding in
I. naval standard, in out-
stretched r. wreath ; in field
1., head of horned horse r. and
Al
PI. XXIII. 1.
58.1919. Spink. Sir H.Weber Collection, from Macridi, 1892. 59.1881. Chanda
Mall of Rawal Pindi. 60. 1919. Spink. Sir H. Weber Collection, from Macridi, 1897.
61. 1887. Presented by Sir A. W. Franks, found at KliuUum. Bokhara. Num. Chion., 1887,
p. 177, PI. VII. 1 ; 1906, p. 9, PI. I. S. 62. 1879. Chanda Mall of Rawal Pindi.
192
ALEXANDRINE EMPIRE OP THE EAST
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Euboic-Attic didraclim.
63
132-8
8-61
M -65
t
Similar head r. and border.
Nike standing 1., holding in
1. shaft of naval standard (?),
in outstretched r. wreath ; in |
field 1., head of horned liorse
r. and ,:.\l
Silver.
Euboic-Attic tetradrachm.
64
257-2
16-67
M -85
/
Head of Zeu?. r., laureate,
bearded ; border of dots.
Elephant walking r. with
trunk raised ; above, spear-
head r. ; in ex. A, to 1. of
whicli uncertain object or
letter ; border of dots.
PI. XXIII. 3.
For bronze coins contemporary with the above, but inscribed
AAEZANAPOY {ohv. Head of Alexander in elephant-skin
r., rev. Nike 1. or anchor), see Babelon, Perses Achem., p. v,
and Introduction to this Catcdoyue.
1
63. 1884. Col. R. S. Simonds (with Indo-Seleucid coins). Same dies as Jameson, 1781
(a distater). Authenticity extremely doubtful. Published by Svoronos, No/u. IItoA.., PI. I. 31
as bronze. 64. 1824. R. Payne Knight Bequest. Nimi. Vet, p. 175 (A). 10.
NORTH-EASTERN PERSIA
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse. Reverse.
ANDRAGORAS.
Late Fourth — Third century b.c.
Gold Stater.
Bust r. of a Zeus-like deity,
with long hair, waved, and
beard ; wears plain taenia
and robe ; behind, i^
In a chariot drawn r. by four
prancing horned horses, male
figure in armour, accompanied
by Nike, who drives the horses,
holding goad in r. ; inscr. inex.
1
131-9
N .7
ANAPAroproY]
8-55
1
PI. XXVIII. 1.
2
131-5
8-52
M -75
[ANJAP.Aropoy
in field r. ,•,
Silver tetradi'achms.
Bust of goddess r., wearing
turreted crown, with stepped
battlements; hair rolled; ear-
ring and necklace ; behind,
same monogram as on no. 1 ;
border of dots.
ANAPAropOY on r. down-
wards. Athena, wearins:
crested helmet, long chiton,
and mantle, standing 1. ; holds
in outstretched r. an owl,
rests 1. on shield with gorgo-
neion device ; behind her, her
spear point dow^nwards, slant-
ing ; border of dots.
3
255-6
16-56
A\ 115
1
PI. XX^
(slightly concave field)
l^III. 2.
4
252-4
16-36
^ -95
1
1 (border off the flan)
PI. XXVIII. 3.
1. 1879. Chanda Mall. From the Oxus Find. Num. Chron., 1879, p. 1, PI. I. ].
B. M. C. Greek and Sctjthic Kings, p. 1, no. 1, PI. I. 1. For other references, see IntroductioE .
2. 1888. Sir A. Cunningham. Num. Chron., 1879, p. 1. Atii e Mem. delV Istituto Ital. di Num.,
Ill, 1919, Tav. X. 5 (obv.) and 3 (rev.). 3. 1881. Presented by (Sir) A. W. Franks;.
From the Oxus Find and Chanda Mall. Num. Chron., 1881, p. 8. B. M. C. loc. dt., p. 1, no. 2,
PI. I. 2. For other references, see Introduction. 4. 1888. Sir A. Cunningham. From
the Oxus Find. See Introduction.
C C
194
NORTH-EASTERN PERSIA
Metal.
No.
Wt.
Size.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Axis.
1
VAHSUVAR (?).
Late Fourth or Early Third Century.
Gold Staters.
1
132-5
N -8
Head of Atheca r., wearing
Nike standing 1., holding
8-59
t
crested Athenian helmet ; hair
in ringlets on neck ; below
neck, oar; field slightly con-
cave.
wreath in r., wand with trifid
head in 1. ; in field 1. ^, r.
ni-^m (niiK'm); fiew
slightly concave.
PL XXVIII. 4.
2
135-6
A^ -8
Male bust r., with moustache,
Male figure, wearing same
8-79
\
wearing kyrbasia, tied with
diadem (ends of which not
shown) and with flap brought
forward to cover chin ; dress
with raised seam marking
shoulder and under-garment
with pleated front ; behind,
upwards, ^lA^-| (? nini*i).
head-dress as on obv. (but
ends of diadem shown) and
arm-guards ; he drives four-
horse chariot r., holding goad
in r. ; Avheel of chariot is
studded round the tyre ; in ex.
ivoi (?1tJ^m); fieldslightly
concave.
PL XXVIII. 6.
1. 1824. R. Payne Knight Bequest. Num. Vet, p. 83 A 5. Num. Chron., 1879, p. 4. 2 ;
PI. L 3. J.A.S.B., 1881, PI. XVII. 8. Serrure's Bull, de Num., 1900, p. 95. Cor. Num.,
p. 77. 2. 1879. Chanda Mall. Nimu Chron., 1879, p. 4. 1, PI. I. 2. J. A. S. B., 1881,
PI. XVII. 7. Head, Coins of the Ancients, IV, A 15. Serrure's Bull, de Num., 1900, p. 95.
Cor. Num., p. 77.
PERSIS
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
255-9
16-58
M M
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
FIRST SERIES.
Third cent, b, c.
Bagadat.
Silver.'
Tetradraehms.
Head r. of Bagadat, with
moustache and close-cropped
beard ; taenia showing on
forehead ; wears satrapal head-
dress (kyrbasia) with double
tie behind, and flaps fastened
over top ; ear-ring in ear ;
border of dots.
Bagadat seated 1. on throne
with back ; wears head-dress
as on obv. ; long over-
garment with false sleeves
and arm-guards ; holds in r.
a long sceptre, in 1. a flower (?) ;
planted before him, standard
with ^ decoration and hang-
ing tassels ; inscr. on r. down-
wards and on 1. upwards,
^> r.
border of dots ; concave field.
PI. XXVIII. 7.
^ All the coins of Persis being of silver, the metal is not mentioned hereafter except
in the metal column.
1. 1854. Capt. Jones, H.E.I.C.S. (from Baghdadi. Num. Chron., 1856, p. 145, fig. 7.
Z. D.M. G., 1867, p. 425, Taf. I. 2. Z.f. N., IV, p. 157, no. 3. Cor. Num., p. 79, PI. III. 2.
196
PERSIS
No.
2
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
260-7
iRM5
Similar to preceding.
Fire-temple, with double
16-89
panelled doors, podium, pilas-
ters, and architrave; above,
three battlements, each with
two horns ; on 1., Bagadat, in
head-dress and long garment
as on preceding, standing r.,
r. raised in adoration ; on r.,
standard as on preceding ;
inscr., on r. downwards and
in ex,
'{!.^'^i>^^'{'l ex. ;-)l^^ r.
(- - n xnnns nnv:i)
inscr on 1., if any, off the flan ;
border of dots ; concave field.
PI. XXVIII. 8.
Hemidrachm.
3
25-9
1-68
M -55
/
Similar to preceding ;
border.
plain (?)
Similar type to preceding ;
inscr., on r. between standard
and temple, ^^~ ; outside,
obliterated ; in ex. njk'<i^3 ;
border of dots ; concave field.
PI. XXVIII. 9.
2.1872. Canon Eaton. De Luynes, Srt/r., PI. VI. Cor. A-wm., p. 80, PI. III. 3.
Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection.
3. 1915.
PERSIS
197
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis. .
Obverse.
Reverse.
Vahubeez
(Oboezos)
Drachms.
Head of Oborzos r., with
moustache, wearing kyrbasia,
tied with diadem, and with
flap brought forward to cover
chin ; ear-ring ; border of dots.
Fire-temple, with double
panelled doors, &c., and three
horned battlements above, as
on no. 2, p. 196 ; on !., Oborzos,
wearing kyrbasia and long-
sleeved garment, standing r.,
r. raised in adoration ; on r.,
standard with tassels ; border
of dots ; inscr. : —
1
60-6
3-93
M -8
1
PI. XX"^
on 1., downwards, 1)011:11,
in ex. '^■^\p'^P' , on r.,
divided by shaft of standard,
(Finns --xnnns mini)
nil. 10.
2
60-5
3-93
JR -7
PI. XX""
inscr. on 1. off the flan ; in
ex. ^pAj^v^^j^^'j ; on r., be-
tween standard and temple,
^*^1 ; between king and tem-
Ple, 1 ,
0:nn3(?);n7Nns:Dinn3)
mil. 11.
Hemidraehm.
3
26-9
1-74
JR -55
Similar to preceding ; border
not visible.
Similar to preceding ; no
tassels to standard ; inscr. on 1.
off the flan ; in ex. s^^-^^^O^XfjO ;
on r., between standard and
temple, •J'^l; between king
and temple, i
0(?); "I"lfi; --N nniS);
border of dots.
PL XXVIII. 12.
1. Re-struck on another coin. Z.J). M. G., 1867, p. 426, Taf. I. 5 ; Z.f. N., IV, p. 159. 10 ;
Cor. Num., p. 83, no. 5. 2, 3. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection.
198
PERSIS
Metal.
1
No.
Wt.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Aktaxerxes I.
Drachms.
1
60-8
M -65
Head of Artaxerxes
r.j head-
Fire-temple, as on preceding
3-94
I
dress as on precedir
border of dots.
ig coins ;
coins ; on I., Artaxerxes, in
dress and attitude as usual ;
on r., standard with ^ orna-
ment, no tassels ; inscr.
«^(f<^lni'^^o- 1., downwards
J^^I?^l)J«S"<^n in ex.
inscr. on r., if any, off the flan.
Tr^H ^T ex.] ; border of dots.
PL XXIX. 1.
2
55-5
JB. -65
Similar to preceding.
Similar type to preceding.
3-60
/
but four tassels to standard ;
inscr. ^^P<s^Ii^*' 1., up-
wards; ^.:A|]W*|TIffD*f'l) inex. ;
ll'l r., downwards, between
standard and temple ; 1
(between figure and temple)
["intrn(n)nx retr. i.
- - S^5 n {^nxnnns ex.
PL XXIX. 2.
Tetrobol.
:
3
43-4
M -65
Similar to preceding.
Similar type to no. 1, but ;
^.81
\
standard has four tassels ;
inscr. vvAUt 1-, upwards,
DiSfeODDri) in ex., '?•»'} r.,
downwards, between standard
and temple, p between figure
and temple ; border of dots.
[(?) 1., nnsrnnnn ex.,
conns r.,s(?)]
PL XXIX. 3.
1. Levy, Z.D.M.G., 1867, Taf. I. 12, p. 427. Mordtmann, Z.f.N., IV, p. 158, no. 6.
Cor. Num., p. 85, no, 10. 2. 1918. Anonymous donation. 3. Levy, loc. cif., Taf. I. 14.
Mordtmann, loc. cit., no. 7. Cor. N^im., p. 85, no. 9.
PERSIS
199
No.
wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axi<5.
Obverse.
Reverse.
1
Hemidraehm.
: 4
32-2
3-09
M -55
Similar to preceding
of inscr. in field r.
traces
Similar type to preceding ;
standard has two tassels on r.;
inscr si©i 1., upwards;
h4^n'^H'^ in ex. ; n'S^ r.,
between standard and tem-
ple.
PI. XXIX. 4.
1 4. 1851. Sternschuss (from Hamadan). Levy, loc. cit., Taf. I. 15. Mordtmann, loc. cit.,
no 8. Cor. Num., p 85, no. 11.
200
PERSIS
No.
Wt.
' Metal.
Size
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
AUTOPHRADATES I.
Tetradrachms.
Head of
head-dress
preceding
dots.
Autophradates r.,
and ear-ring as on
coins ; border of
Fire-temple as on preceding
coins ; above it, half-figure of
Ahuramazda 1., hovering; on
1. Autophradates in dress as
usual, r. raised in adoration,
1. resting on bow upright
before him ; on r., standard
Avith four tassels ; inscr. on 1..
in ex. and on r. ; border of
dots : —
1
252-9
16-39
^1-15
^ .A.f^^2i^ on 1., upwards;
■^n'^'if^ll^ in ex. ; ^^^^^^jhl
on r., downwards (HTlSfTl
PI. XXIX. 5.
2
252-1
16-34
^1-3
1
inscr. on 1. off the flan
-®.Jl-SS,'^'^[S*tI'=i) in ex.
•■ ' on r., downwards
MIS'
(n^<:)1nn3'^^r^")sn1)
standard has >^ ornament.
PL XXIX. 6.
1. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection ; slightly double-struck on rev. 2. 1856.
Presented by J. G. Lumsden, Bombay Civil Service. Thomas, Num. Chron., 1866, p. 246.
Levy, Z.D.M.G., 1867, pp. 426, 435, Taf. I. 9b; Mordtmann, Z.f.N., IV, p. 163, no. 22;
Cor. Num., p. 89, no. 28. Struck over a tetradracbm of Alexandrine types. This, not Z. D.M. G.,
I. 1, is the re-struck coin mentioned by Thomas, Athenaeum, 1866, p. 4037.
PEBSIS
201
Metal.
No. Wt.
Size.
Obverse.
Reverse,
Axis.
411.25
3 259-7
Similar to preceding;
border,
Fire-temple surmounted by
16-83
\
if any, oft" the flan.
stepped battlements ; above
it, half-figure of Ahuramazda
1., hovering ; on 1., Autophra-
dates with bow as on pre-
ceding coins ; behind him a
Nike r., placing wreath on
his head ; on r. standard with
tassels and ornament of eight-
pointed star ; inscr. ^v^S!S>^1
in ex., vnnM onr. (-nSfl")
^"lirnS)) ; border, if any, oft'
the flan.
PI. XXIX. 7.
Drachm.
4
64.3
JR .9
Similar to no. 1.
Fire-temple with Ahuramazda,
4-17
t
Autophradates, and standard
all as on no. 1 (detail of
standard blurred) ; inscr.
-tsu'?^-. on 1., upwards
*t.*^Tf^'7'^ in ex.
eTlhl °" ^■•> downwards
(x^n^x n K^nnns -ins^ni)
border of dots.
^^
PI. XXIX. 8.
Hemidrachm.
5 28-6
H -55
Similar to no. 1 ; border, if
Similar to preceding : standard
1-85
\
any, off the flan.
adorned with ^ ; inscr. on 1.
off the flan; i -ylfi^^n.' in ex.;
•=t^
^1. °"^--
[connrins (?)i-i: con:)]
border of dots.
PL XXIX. 9.
3. 1874. Rollin and Feuardent. Same rev. die as C(yr. Num., p. 86, no. 18. The other
specimen of this coin in the British Museum published by Levy, Z. D. M. G,, 1867, Taf. I. 10
is a cast. 4. 1854. Jones. Nutn. Chron., 1856, p. 145, fig. 8. Levy, Z. D.M. G., 1867,
Taf. L 3. Mordtmann, Z./. A'., IV, p. 160. 12. Fuye, Co/. .A'zon., p. 86, no. 15. Re-struck on
another coin. 5. 1890. Presented by Col. Miles.
Dd
202
PERSIS
No. Wt.
250-2
16-21
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
■65-0 JR .7
4-21 \
Obverse.
Reverse.
UNCERTAIN RULERS OF THE FIRST SERIES.
Tetradrachm.
Head r. as on coins of Auto-
phradates ; ear-ring not visi-
ble ; on neck, three pellets ;
border of dots nearly obliter-
ated.
Fire-temple surmounted by
altars and figure of Ahura-
mazda ; on 1. figure of Auto-
phradates (?) with bow, on r.
standard with tassels (orna-
ment obliterated) ; border not
struck up ; inscr. entirely ob-
literated or not struck up.
PI XXIX. 10.
Drachms.
Head
on drachms of j Fire-temple surmounted by
Oborzos or Artaxerxes I ; bor-
der of dots.
altars ; on 1. figure of ruler
r., hand raised in adoration ;
on r., standard with ^ orna-
ment ; inscr. on r., down-
wards, n) t^ ; in ex. off the flan ;
on 1., upwards, ^ o iy^^ ; bor-
der of dots.
PL XXIX. 11.
63-0
4-08
M -75
Similar to preceding ; before
head, graffito ^ 'f>:5 (m^l)
Similar fire- temple surmounted
by altars ; above, figure of
Ahuramazda ; on 1. figure of
ruler r., as on preceding ; on
r. similar standard ; inscrip-
tions very obscure, except ^ _y
between ruler and temple.
PL XXIX. 12.
1. 1867. Gen. Cunningham. 2, 3. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. Both
piiljlished by Allotte de la Fuye, op. cit., p. 87, no. 21, and p. 89, no. 25. No. 3 re-struck on
Seleucid (?) drachm.
PERSIS
203
No.
4
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
59-9
3-88
M .64
t
Similar head r. ; border
dots.
of
Similar fire-temple surmounted
by altars ; on 1. figure of ruler
r., hand raised in adoration ;
on r. standard obliterated ;
inscr. and border oft" the flan.
5
■55-.3
3-58
M -7
Similar to preceding.
Similar fire-temple ; on 1.
similar figure of ruler ; on r.
standard with ^ ornament ;
inscr. on 1. off the flan ; in
ex. ft);?i!;:;A; on r. down-
wards, D^ ^ ; border of dots.
PI.
XXIX. 13.
6
53-9
3-49
M .7
Similar to preceding.
Similar type to preceding,
but standard off the flan ;
inscr., on I. downwards,
.;v:fsivsx-. , in ex. a^-^*^^?, on r.
downwards, isi<^'j(»'(|
([^]TN*::nntsj) '
border of dots.
PI.
XXIX. 14.
4. 1874. RoUin and Feuardent.
by Sir E. Grant Duff, K.C.M.G.
5. 1852. Merewether.
6. 1917. Presented
204
PERSIS
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
SECOND SERIES.
about 150-100 B.C.
Dakius (?).
Group A.
With eagle on head-dress.
Uninscribed.
Tetradrachm.
1
254-1
16-47
.11 1-0
Head of ruler r., with close-
cropped beard, wearing circu-
lar ear-ring, and kyrbasia with
neck-piece but without side
lappets, bound with diadem
tied at back ; on top of head-
dress eagle to front, wings
spread ; border of dots.
Fire-temple, with double
panelled doors, podium,
pilasters, and architrave, sur-
mounted by stepped battle-
ments ; above it, Ahuramazda
hovering 1. ; on 1. ruler with
head-dress as on obverse,
stands r., r. raised in adora-
tion ; on r. bird perched 1. on
standard with ^ ornament
and tassels.
V PL XXX. 1.
Drachms.
Head of ruler r., all as on pre-
ceding ; usually border of dots.
Fire-temple with Ahuramaz-
da,i ruler, bird on standard,
all as on preceding.
2
63-8
4-13
M -65
t
neat style.
(horizontal lines of panels
omitted ; Ahuramazda to r.)
PI. XXX. 2.
3
63-3
4-10
M -7
neat style.
(horizontal lines of panels
omitted ; Ahuramazda to r.)
/ PI. XXX. 3.
^ On some specimens the position of the god, whether r. or 1., is not to be made out.
1.1872. Wigan Collection. 2.1882. Presented by Dr. H. Weber. 3.1850.
M. E. Treeve. Same rev. die as no. 2.
PERSIS
205
No.
Wt.
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
63-7
4-13
63-7
4-13
63-3
4-10
63-0
4-08
62-8
4-07
62-5
4-05
62-3
4-04
62-2
4-03
61-9
4-M
61-9
4-01
61-9
4-W
61-0
58-1
0-/0
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
-U -65
>^
M -7
t
iR .7
M -7
-^
.11 -65
i
/R '05
\.
iK .6;
\
M -65
\
M -6
\
iR -65
\
M -05
/
iR .75
t
M -6
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
(Ahuramazda to r. ?)
PL XXX. 4.
(horizontal lines of panels
omitted ; Ahuramazda to 1. ?)
(Ahuramazda to r.)
(Ahuramazda to I.)
PI. XXX. 5.
careful style ; eagle larger
than usual.
PL XXX. 6.
peculiar style ; eye-shaped
mark on cheek ; no border.
PL XXX. 7
(Ahuramazda to 1.; bad work)
4. 1908. Presented by Major Mackenzie Elliot. 5, 6. 1917. Presented by G. F. Hill.
Glendining Sale, 15. iii. 1917, lot 23. 7. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 8. 1866,
Woodhouse Bequest. 9. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 10. 1900. Eollin and
Feuardent. 11. 1853. Col. Claude Steuart Sotheby's Sale, 5. iv. 1853, lot 64). Pierced.
12, 13. 1894. Gen. Cunningham. 14. 1851. Sternschuss (from Hamadan). 15. 1848.
Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 16. 1864. Eastwood. In style and fabric this is closer to Group B.
206
PERSIS
Metal.
No.
Wt.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Hemidraehms.
Similar to drachms.
Similar to drachms.
17
31.8
2-06
M -65
t
18
29-3
M -55
1-90
^
V
PI. XXX. 8.
Obols.
Similar to drachms.
Similar to drachms ; details
19
10-6
/R -35
summary.
0-60
\
V
PI. XXX. 9.
20
9-7
0-62
M -4
21
9-6
M -45
(Ahuramazda absent)
0-62
\
v
PI. XXX. 10.
17. 1913. M, M^Iver (from Persia). Pierced. 18. 1872. Canon Eaton. 19. 1848.
Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart (?). 20, 21. 1851. Sternschuss (from Shiraz).
PERSIS
207
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Group B.
With eagle on top and crescent at back of head-dress.
Uninscribed.
Drachms.
Similar to Group A, but cres-
cent at back of head-dress,
relief comparatively higher ;
no border.
Similar to Group A, but all
details more summary, and
workmanship ruder ; Ahura-
mazda, where distinguishable,
to 1.
1
63-8
4-13
M -65
1
PI. X3i
:x. 11.
2
62-8
4-07
M -6
>7
3
62-8
4-07
M -65
4
62-7
4-OG
M -7
5
62-4
4-04
& .7
PL X>
LX. 12.
6
60-0
3-89
M -6
\
7
59-8
3-88
iR -7
t
PL X3
:x. 13.
8
54-1
3-50
iR -65
1. 184L T. Burgon. 2. 1844. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. Sotheby's Sale, 5. v. 1844,
lot 312. 3. 1841. T. Burgon. 5. 1891. Dr. Lubicz. 6. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude
Steuart. 7. 1900. Lincoln. 8. 1864. Eastwood.
208
PERSIS
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Hemidrachms.
Similar to drachms.
Similar to drachms.
9
32-2
2-09
M -5
t
temple front shows plain
square in middle.
PL XXX. 14.
10
32-0
2-07
M .5
11
24-0
M -5
no divisions to temple front.
1-55
t
V''
PI. XXX. 15.
9. 1906. Presented by Dr. F. Parkes Weber. 10. 1917. Presented by G. F. Hill.
Glendining Sale, 15. iii. 1917, lot 23. 11. 1906. Presented by Dr. F. Parkes Weber.
PEESIS
209
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size. 1
Axis.
Obverae. Reverse.
Group C.
Crescent on top of head-dress.
Inscribed.
(5<r)S^ (?)V"lNn l)arius(?) the king).
Drachms.
Similar
cent on
nothing
to Group B, but ores-
top of head-dress,
at back ; no border.
Similar to Group B ; the fire-
temple shows three vertical
divisions, and stepped battle-
ments ; Ahuramazda, when
distinguishable, to 1., with
branch-like wings ; the bird
stands on an upright rect-
angle; in ex., sometimes ex-
tending up 1. side, inscr. : —
1
G4-5
4-18
M .7
(x:3Sd - - -)
PI. XXX. 16.
2
62-1
4-02
M -75
(K!)Sd - - -)
PI. XXX. 17.
3
59-9
3-88
M -85
t
x/ Pi. XXX. 18.
4
56-2
3-64
M -75
t
1 ^mik'^
y PI. XXX. 19.
5
62-1
4-02
^ -7
l)attlemeuts horn-shaped.
PI. XL VIII. 9.
1. 185i. Capt. Jones, H.E.I.C.S. 2. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 3. 1854.
Dr. J. Bird (Sotheby's, May 1854, lot 468) Coj. iVwm., p. 91, no. 45. 4.1917. Presented
by G. F. Hill. Glendining Sale, 15. iii. 1917, lot 23. 5. 1919. Miss V. D. Galton.
£ 6
210
PEESIS
No.
bis
9
10
11
12
Wt.
61-2
3-97
60-9
3-!)5
55-0
3-56
52-0
3-37
50-8
3-J29
47-4
3-07
64-3
4-77
62-6
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M- 7
M .75
/
iR -75
Al .75
t
iE -7
t
M -7
t
^ -65
t
M -7
f
Obverse.
Reverse.
battlements horn-shaped.
W PI. XXX. 20.
\ battlements horn- shaped.
PI. XXXI. 1.
j battlements horn-shaped.
PI. XXXI. 2.
battlements horn-shaped.
PI. XXXI. 3.
■^VH'^v^ no battlements.
PI. XXXI. 4.
inscr., beginning above on r.,
Jbi.r^M-il^iy-^'^- ; temple re-
presented by two rectangles,
one within the other, with
common upper side ; stepped
battlements.
PI. XLVIII. 10.
inscr., beginning above on r.,
temjile as on preceding.
PI. XXXI. 5.
6. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 7. 1872. Canon Eaton. Cor. Num., p. 91, no. 46.
8. 1851. M. Stern'^chuss (from Hamadan). Twice pierced. 8Us. 1920. Gen. Malcolm
Clerk Collection. 9. 1908. Presented by Miss Newton. 10. 1917. Presented by
G. F. Hill. Glendining Sale, 1.5. iii. 1917, lot 23. 11. 1919. Miss V. D. Galton. A drachm
at Paris (Luynes) is either from the same dies, or (as is suggested by resemblance in shape
and loss of detail) cast from this specimen. 12. 1900. RoUin and Feuardent.
PERSIS
211
Metal.
No.
13
Wt.
62-2
4-03
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
M -7
\
inscr. off the flan ; temple as
on preceding.
PI. XXXI. 6.
Ilemidrachms.
Simihir to
drachms.
Similar to drachms.
14
27-0
1-75
M .6
t
Pi. XXXI. 7.
15
25-1
M -65
1 .ril»4-Vn
1-63
t
PI. XXXI. 8.
Diobol.
Similar to
drachm.
Similar to drachm (battle-
ments horn-shaped).
16
20-5
M -55
-^^hJXF
1-33
PI. XXXI. 9.
Obols.
Similar to
drachms.
Similar to drachms.
17
11-4
0-74
Al -4
a ( <ipp»- details very summary ;
temple has only two vertical
divisions and no battlements.
PI. XXXI. 10.
18
8-9
0-58
tR -4
inscr. illegible; temple as on
no. 11.
PI. XXXI. 11.
13. 1855. Presented by Col. Rawlinson. 14. 1917. Presented by G. F. Hill.
Glendining Sale, 15. iii. 1917, lot 23. 15. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection.
16. 1890. Presented by Col. Miles. 17. 1848. Lt.-Col Claude Steuart. 18. 1917.
Presented by G. F. Hill. Glendining Sale, 15. iii. 1917, lot 23.
212
PERSIS
No. Wt.
62-6
4-06
62-5
1-05
62-3
4-04
59-5
3-S6
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -75
/
Obverse
Reverse.
AUTOPHRADATIS 11.
{i<:hj2 nnnSni, Vatapln-adat the king)
(iroup A. With obverse type of his predecessor.
Drachms.
Head of Darius I (?) r. as on
preceding draclims, with cres-
cent on top of head-dress.
M -7
/
M -75
55-3 M -7
3-58 t
Fire-temple as on preceding
drachms (group C), battle-
ments horn-shaped, with
Ahuraniazda to 1 ; on 1. ruler,
on r. bird on upright rect-
angle ; inscr. in ex. : —
(battlemeuts stepped)
PI. XXXI. 12.
^M5.^ (rrrns)
PI. XXXI. 13.
PL XXXI. 14.
1. 1853. Col. Claude Steuart iSotheby's, 5. iv. 1853, lot 64\ 2. 1872. Canon Eaton.
3. 1908. Presented'by Miss Newton. 4. 1850. Major Rawlinson. Cor. Num., p. 91, no. 51,
5. 18i8. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart.
PEBSIS
213
No.
Wt.
Metal
Size.
Ax^s.
Obverse. Reverse.
Group J J.
Obverse type in Parthian style.
Drachms.
Bust r. of Autophradates, with
long beard, diademed ; cres-
Fire-temple, showing three
vertical divisions,with Ahura-
cent on top of head ; vi-ears
mazda 1. ; on 1. ruler, on r.
torque (?) and cuirass.
bird on upright rectangle, all
as on preceding group ; in ex.
inscr., sometimes continued
on 1.
6
64-4 \M -8
iJXM-
4-17'
1
PI. XXXI. 15.
7
(33-6
Al -75
-J-5ak;HK1W^
4-12 f
([N:)]Sj:n nnnsnv)
PI. XXXI. 16.
iS
63-5 M -75
4-11 f
^^Mh
8
bLs
63-1
4-0!)
iK .85
-^.U..^J|1H~V
9
CS-O
M -75
^-j-^ -^-^nw
i-OS
/
m:bi2 njnnsni)
PL XXXI. 17.
9
62-1
M .75
TJY trnpni^
bft<
4-0;2
\
PI. XL VIII. 11.
10
Gl-5
yB -8
1 *if^f.J^^
.5-y,s'
t
PI. XXXI. 18.
6. 186,5. Presented by Mr. I. G. Taylor, Consul at Diarliekr. 7. 1882. India Office
Collection. 8. 1850. Major Rawlinson. 8 fe/s. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Colloct ion.
9. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 9 his. 1920. Spink i^from the Froeliner
Collection). 10. 1888. Sir Alex. Cunningham. Pierced.
214
PERSIS
No.
Wt.
11
6M
3-96
12
62-8
4-07
13
57-7
3-74
14
30-5
1-98
15
61-8
4-00
16
32-6
^'11
17
25-8
1-67
18
22-7
1-47
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M .75
Obverse.
Be verse.
(N[:3j':'X:nm-isn[i])
Al -7
\
M -75
Al -7
plated
f
A^ -65
M -6
i
M -55
PI. XXXI. 19.
battlements liorn-shaped.
PI. XXXI. 20.
battlements, born-shaped.
battlements horu-sliaped.
no battlements.
PI. XXXI. 21.
Hemidrachms
Similar to drachms.
Similar to drachms (battle-
ments iiorn-shaped).
inscr. battered.
PI. XXXII. 1.
PI. XXXII. 2.
I -mAh^' (mnn)
PI. XXXII. 3.
11. 1866. Hooper & Co. 12. 1882. India Office Collection. 13. 1917.
Prer,ented by Sir E. Grant Duff, K.C.M.G. Pierced. 14. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart.
15. 1866. Hooper & Co. 16. 1900. Rollin and Feuardent. 17. 1917. Presented
by G. F. Hill. Glendining Sale, 15. iii. 1917, lot 23. 18. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart.
PEESIS
215
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Obols.
1
Similar
to lieniiilrachms.
Similar to hemidraclims.
19
13-0
0-84
M -4
t
'"^.j^ik nw
20
9-2
0-60
Ai A
in?cr. (? ) ; only two divisions
to temple front.
PI.
XXXII. 4.
19. 1890. Presented by Col. Miles. Twice pierced. 20. 1900. Rollin and Feuardent.
Twice pierced.
21G
PERSIS
No.
Wt.
M.tal.
bize.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
THIRD SERIES.
First cent. B.C.
Darius II
son of Auto])braflates.
{[^]:hj2 m-isni n"in [Nir^StJ vin-t)
Drachms.
Bust of king 1., with long
beard ; wears Parthian helmet
(adorned with three rows of
flots and a crescent) diadem,
torque, and cuirass ; border of
dots (usually off the i\an).
The king to 1., wearing long '
robe, sceptre in raised hand,
standing 1. before a lighted
altar ; inscr. in square, begin-
ning above on r.'
1
63-4
4-11
JB -75
t
(large bust) s'^'f^ni't- 'csSVii-hryA.|
PI. XXXII. 5.
2
03-3
4-10
t
PI. XXXII. 6.
2
bis
63-1
4-09
Al -75
(large bust) | KiK'hlifini'^^jj- .'^t.-.>i.)
PI. XL VIII. 12.
3
62-8
4-07
^l .7
j(=t.*/'>pp)f^j '5=^ •(fun'J^j
4
61-8
4-00
^ -75
/
PI. XX
XII. 7.
5
60-4
iR -8
t
(large bust; triskeles behind) | lo«^r'Mrhhr=«»«»*a='i!''#
PI. XXXII. 8.
^ The four sections of the inscription are divided, in the facsimiles, by small upright
dashes.
1. 1891. Dr. Lubicz. 2. 1888. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 2bis. 1920. Spink
(from the Froehner Collection). 3. 1856. Presented by J. G. Lumsden, Bombay Civil
Service. 4. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. Num. Chron., 1850, p. 68, no. 5 ; p. 107.
Z. D.M. G., 1867, Taf. II. 2. Z.f. K., IV, p. 169, no. 50. 5. 1917. Presented by G. F. Hill.
Pierced. Glendining Sale, 15. iii. 1917, lot 23.
PERSIS
217
No.
Wt.
59-3
3-84
7 59-3
3-84
8 57.2
3-71
9 56-6
3-67
10 56-2
3-64
11 55-5
3-60
12 55-0
I 5-56'
13 54-8
3-55
14 52-0
3-37
15 50-3
3-J36
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -65
M -65
iR -7
M -8
t
iR -75
M -7
M .8
Ai -65
M. -7
t
Ai .65
t
Obverse.
(large bust)
Reverse.
^"jf^'r-^y-x" '.^I'pn^^
V t Sf > I «»^ f ; • F^-AJ- ■ 'T'*!-*' i
■-r'i>j'l)'*iS-jar
PI. XXXII. 9.
(large bust)
(large bust)
PI. XL VIII. 13.
inscr. much battered.
PI. XXXII. 10.
PI. XXXII. 11.
PI. XXXII. 12.
)l|y' HMh>"
^^/^^\\
PI. XXXII. 13.
6.1918. Presented by Eev. E. Rogers. 7. J 853. Col. Claude Steuart. Sotheby's,
April 4, 1853, lot 6i. 8. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 9. 1919. Miss V. D.
Galton. 10, 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 11. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection.
12. 1882. India Office Collection (from Sir H. Willock's Collection). H. H. Wilson,
Ariana Ant, p. 395. 1, PI. XV. 2. Z. D. M. G., 1867, Taf. II. 5. Z.f. N., IV, p. 170, no. 53.
13. 1900. Lincoln. 14. 1918. Presented by Rev. E. Rogers. 15. Thomas (?\
iVM»M. Chron., 1850, p. 68, no. 7 ; p. 110. Z B.M. G., 1867, Taf. II. 4. Z.f. N., IV, p. 170,
no. 52.
Ff
218
No.
16
17
19
20
21
22
23
24
Wt.
29-3
1-90
25-7
1-66
29-0
1-88
10-3
0-67
9-8
0-63
8-7
8-3
8-2
0-53
7-2
0-i7
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
\
/i; -55
t
M .6
t
/R -35
t
M A
AX -45
M -4
Al -4
\
A\ -4
Olivcrse.
Reverse.
Similar to drachms.
Hemidrachms.
Similar to drachms.
(only two rows of dots on •oK'plU'^'W-c^J^ Y'**"?'^ "^
helmet) '
PI. XXXII. 14.
,, ,, I inscr. much broken down.
PI. XXXII. 15.
(large bust)
PI. XXXII. 16.
Obols.
Similar to drachms, but only
one row of dots on helmet.
Similar to drachms.
(rest off the flan)
PI. XXXII. 17.
I (rest oft' the flan)
PI. XXXII. 18.
PI. XXXII. 19.
inscr. very obscure.
PI. XXXII. 20.
16.1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 17.1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 18.1894.
Sir Alex. Cunningham. Pierced. 19. 1913. M. IVPIver (from Persia). 20. 1900.
rollin and Feuardent. Pierced. 21. 1906. Presented by Dr. F. Parkes Weber.
22. 1900. Rollin and Feuardent. 23. 1851. M. Sternschxiss (from Shiraz). 24. 1900.
Rollin and Feuardent.
PERSIS
219
No. Wt.
62-5
i-05
60-8
3-94
59-1
3-83
55-9
3-63
56-8
3-68
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -8
^ -85
M '75
t
^^i -75
Obverse.
Reverse.
OXATHBES
son of Darius II.
Drachms.
Bust of kino- i. in Par- 1 The king on 1, standing r., with
sceptre in raised hand, before a
lighted altar ; inscr. in square be-
ginning above on r. : —
thian style, bearded,
diademed, with thick
wavy hair ; wears
torque ; l)ehind the
bust, a monogram ;
border of dots some-
times off the llan.
monogram, if any, off (\ k) (r^ jr ' Ji. M -ti ' \.5 %5) (^ ' <^ ^^ M
the tlan. i
PI. XXXII. 21.
PI. XXXII. 22.
monogram obliterated. I (king on r. standing 1.)
PI. XXXIII. 1.
/
M -75
\
j(kii]g on r.. standing 1.)
PI. XXXIII. 2.
monogram, if any, off (king on r., standing 1.)
the tlan ; much worn. inscr. very much broken down.
PI. XLVIII. 14.
1. 1894. Sir .\lex. Cunningham. 2. Double-struck on rev.
Claude Steuart. 4. c 1861. Presented by Count de Salis.
(found at Susa).
3. 1848. Lt.-Col.
5. 1919. H. D. Gill
220
PERSIS
Metal.
No.
wt.
Size.
Axis.
6
30-5
Al .6
1-98
t
7
29-3
M -6
1-90
^~
8
29-1
M -5
1-89
1
9
27-0
M -55
1-75
t
10
26-0
Ai -55
1-68
i
11
5-4
M .45
0-35
Obver.se.
Reverse.
Heraidraehms.
Similar to drachms.
S
Similar to drachms (king on I.,
standing r.).
PI. XXXIII. 3.
monogram off the flan. | odfi o k''^"^' """''DSlK^'ir^ OH P
PI. XXXIII. 4.
inscr, obliterated (struck from
worn die).
(inscr. begins on 1. above)
Ja'T^.=^ "a i)P%« '/^j D (N) 1/
PL XXXIII. 5.
remains of monogram. | WOlb' IT €'-?8t)y liO'J^i 'Ull}
PI. XXXIII. 6.
Hemiobol (?).
Similar to drachms ; border
and monogram, if any, off
the flan.
Similar to drachms (king on r.,
standing 1.) ; traces of inscr.
PI. XXXIII. 7.
6. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 7. 1848, Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart.
8.1917. Presented by Sir E. Grant Duff, K.C.M.C4. 9.1864. Eastwood. 10.1848.
Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 11. 1842. Presented by Rev. J. D. Money.
PBR8IS
221
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
UNCERTAIN RULER.
Drachm.
1
47-4
3-07
M .75
Bust 1., resembling that on a tj surrounded by radiating
preceding drachms. i^ dashes,
PI. XXXIII. 8.
1. 1900. Rollin and Peuardent.
PERSIS
1
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Artaxeexes II
son of Darius II.
^'iit^ vn«n nnn xnS^: nn^nnnx
Draehms-
Biist of king 1., bearded, with
thick waved hair, wearing
Persepolitan crown witli
stepjied battlements, diadem,
torque, and cloak ; behind,
The king, on r., standing 1.,
with raised sceptre, before a
lighted altar ; inscr. in square,
beginning above on r. : —
monogram aL or A ; border
of dots.
1
64-2
4-16
Ai .85
PI. XXXIII. 9.
2
63-0
4-06'
.11 -9
edge bevelled by hammering :
border obliterated.
u dwKi'iiC.y tt -ip-^^'iy c !^ D 'trieiHi }=9» (y
PI. XXXIII. 10.
3
58-2
3-77
& .9
PI. XXXIII. 11.
4
53-8
3-49
& -95
crescent as well as monogram
behind bust.
(king on 1., standing r. ; legend
tends to circular)
5
53-8
3-49
M -95
star as well as monogram
behind bust.
(king on 1., standing r. ; inscr.
obscure)
PI. XXXIII. 12.
1. lVtl5. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 2. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. T^um.
Chron., 1850, p. 68, no. 8. Z. D. M. G., 1867, Taf. II. 9. Z. f. X., IV, p. 174, no. 84. 3. 1866.
Rollin and Feuardent. 4. 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 5. 1894. Sir Alex.
Cunningham. Broken.
PER8IS
223
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
10
11
12
13
31-3
2-03
31-2
20-2
31-0
2-01
30-0
1-94
29-5
1-91
29-0
1-88
28-9
27-9
M .6
LR .65
i
I
1^ -6
Al .7
t
iR .6
M .6
zil
.i; -6
Obverse.
Reverse.
Similar to drachms.
Heraidrachms.
Similar to draclims (king on r,
standing 1.)
inscr. obscure.
1-81 \
(no monogram ; edge
bevelled by hammeri ug)
PI. XXXIII. 13.
PI. XXXIII. 14.
(iuscr. begins on r. below)
PI. XXXIII. 15.
(inscr. begins on r. below)
PI. XXXIII. 16.
I similar to preceding.
PI. XXXIII. 17.
(no monogram?) ] l%!."!^-i> '^^ ^ • -jj^-j f^ '^ 1,=^ (Hm
PI. XXXIII. 18.
Pi. XXXIII. 19.
//////•//,' =3 y^^'ii'?-;?%ir'^ . UfH ITi
,edge bevelled by ham-
mering)
PI. XXXIII. 20.
6.1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 7. 191T. Presented by Sir E. Grant Duff , K.C.M.G.
8. 1855. Presented by Col. Rawlinson. 9. 1888. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 10. c.1861.
Presented by Count de Salis. Same rev. die as no. i». 11. 1882. India Office Collection
(from Sir H. Willock's (. ollection). H. H. Wilson, Ariana Ant., p. 395. 2, PI. XV. 3.
Z.D.M.G., 1867, Taf. II 10. Z.f. A\, IV, p. 174, no. 85. 12. 1917. Presented by
Sir E. Grant Duff, K.C.M.G. Pierced. 13. c. 1861. Presented by Count de Salis.
224
PERSIS
Metal.
No. Wt. Size.
I Axis.
14
27-6
1-79
15 27-4
1-77
M .65
Obverse.
Reverse.
(king on 1., standing r.)
PL XXXIII. 21.
15
27-4
his \ 1-77
16
17
18
19
20
21
M, '55! (edge bevelled by hammering) | a^\^\'ixvi'j"z^' •c^<i\ t:sf^?''f^^%'0.
t j PL XXXIV. 1.
t
Obols.
10-3
0-67
10-3
0-67
Similar to drachms.
M. -5 (no monogram)
/
A\ -4
9-7 M. -5 (no monogram)
0-63
9-1
M -45
0-59 \ t
8-6
0-56
9-4
0-61
M, -4 (no monogram)
M -45
Similar to drachms (king on
r., standing 1.)
iQ'ih^l^)' <«Fi64*' 't*=8^ «»#*'<!; \>4 N b.
PL XXXIV, 2.
I ..JV^,^-
PL XXXIV. 3.
inscr. badly struck.
PL XXXIV. 4.
PL XXXIV. 5.
(king on 1., standing r.) ;
inscr. mostly effaced.
14.1915. Col. W, F. Prideaux Collection. Re-struck. 15.1888. Sir Alex. Cunningham.
15 his. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. The inscription appears to repeat the same
word four times. 16. 1906. Presented by Dr. F. Parkes Weber. 17, 18. 1864.
Eastwood. 19. 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 20. 1888. Sir Alex. Cunningham.
21. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection.
PERSIS
225
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
FOURTH SERIES.
First cent, after Christ to about a.d. 224,
Namopat, son of Artaxerxes.
«
(- - - nnnX nnn N^jSd DSIDI Namopat the king,
son of Artakh )
Drachms.
Bust of king 1., bearded, with
thick waved back hair, wear-
ing Persepolitan crown with
stepped battlements, diadem,
torque, and robe ; border of
dots interrupted by bust.
The king, crowned as on
obverse, standing r., r. hand
extended ; before him, star in
crescent ; circular inscr. : —
1
58-7
3-80
M .75
t
before face, annulet.
(begins on r.)
PI. XXXIV. 6.
2
56-7
3-68
M -85
TO//, / / ////// /////^ u 1 1 K r 9 ^ f.t
(begins on r.)
PI. XXXIV. 7.
3
47-6
3-08
M -75
portion of inscr. : m//^ ^ f J
(begins on r. above)
PI. XXXIV. 8.
Hemidrachms.
Similar to drachms.
Similar to drachms.
4
26-5
M .6
type reversed (king on r.,
standing 1.) ; traces of inscr.
PI. XXXIV. 9.
1. 1893. Dr. C. Macridi. Slightly double-struck on rev. 2. 1908. Presented by
Miss Newton. Re-struck (?). 3. 1917. Presented by G. F. Hill. Glendining Sale,
15. iii. 1917, lot 23. 4. 1864. Eastwood.
226
PERSIS
No.
bh
10
Wt.
23-7
1-54
21-0
1-36
20-1
1-30
19-4
1-26
16-8
1-09
5-9
0-3S
25-6
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -6
M -65
iR -55
M -55
J^ .6
Obverse.
before face, annulet (?) ; border
off the flan.
Reverse.
portion of inscr. :
'"'"/y .^ fi .==^ jo» (begins below)
PL XXXIV. 10.
\
M -4
M
I inscr. much battered.
PI. XXXIV. 11.
type reversed (king on r.,
standing 1.)
(begins on I. above)
PI. XXXIV. 12.
type reversed (king on r.,
standing 1.) ; portion of inscr.
PL XXXIV. 13.
type reversed (king on r.,
standing 1.) ; inscr. fragmen-
tary.
Obol (?).
Similar to drachms (but only
two battlements on crown).
Similar to drachms ; inscr.
(begins above)
PL XXXIV. 14.
Heraidrachni.
Bust as on drachms of pre-
ceding group, but without tie
to diadem ; border, if any, off
the flan.
Star in recumbent crescent ;
circular inscr., beginning
on r, : —
Hnii^ - - - r\^)f2:)
PL XXXIV. 15.
5. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 6. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart.
Pierced. 7. 1882. India Office Collection (from Sir H. Willock's Collection).
H. H. Wilson, Ariana Ant, p. 396. 3, PI. XV. 4. 8. 1851. M. Sternschuss (from
Hillah\ 8 his. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. Chipped. 9. 1906. Presented
by Dr. F. Parkes Weber. 10. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart.
PERSIS
227
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse. Reverse.
Diobols.
Bust as on drachms of pre-
ceding group, but beard
shorter ; no border.
Formal representation of dia-
dem and tie (?) ; inscr, if any,
oft' tlie flan.
11
19-9
M -5
l-:^9
base
PL XXXIV. 16.
12
10-3
0-67
/R .45
base
PI. XXXIV. 17
11. 190G. Presented by Dr. Parkes Weber. 12.1848. Lt.Cul. Claude Steuart.
228
PERSIS
No.
Wt.
47-3
3-06
26-4
1-71
25-0
1-63
10-8
0-70
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -8
i
M -55
21-5 'iR -6
1-39 t
M •4(
Obverse.
Reverse.
Uncertain.
Drachm.
Bust 1., bearded, wearing tiara
(bearing pellet in crescent and
row of dots defining its crown)
and diadem ; bushy hair ;
torque and robe ; behind, un-
certain inscr. ; in front, uncer-
tain letter or symbol ; border
of dots.
PL XXXIV. 18
Hemidrachms .
Bust of king 1., as on obverse,
facing star in crescent; inscr.,
beginning on r.
in field 1., dagger (?)
Similar bust 1. (details vary-
ing) ; border of dots.
details of tiara and dress ob-
literated.
Bust of king 1.. facing star in
crescent ; around, inscr. : —
(type reversed, bust of king
r.): inscr. below, fragmentary
PL XXXIV. 19.
on tiara, pellet in crescent \oi>=,H5'^'«y (begins on 1.)
and two rows of dots ; in field (t< ? j^T) ? S ? ?)
1. ^ (? flaw in die).
PI. XXXIV. 20.
on tiara, pellet in crescent, (type reversed, bust of king
and single row of dots. [ r.) ; inscr. fragmentary.
Obol.
Bust 1., bearded, wearing tiara
(bearing crescent, zigzag orna-
ment, and row of dots), dia-
dem, torque, and robe ; border
of dots.
Bust of king 1., facing star in
crescent ; around, inscr. (be-
gins on r.) a^-\-/--'i J — <: ^
PL XXXIV. 21.
1. 1865. RoUin and Feuardent. 2. 1890. Pres^ented by Col. Miles. 3. 1882.
India Office Collection (from Sir H. Willock's Collection). H. H. Wilson, Ariana Ant.,
p. 396. 4, PI. XV. 5. 4.1906. Presented by Dr. Parkes Weber. 5.1917. Presented
by G. F. Hill. Glendining Sale, 15. iii. 1917, lot 23.
PERSIS
229
No.
Wt.
58-2
3-77
45-3
2-93
0-56
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
61-6
3-99
55-0
3-56
M -i
M -8
M -45
Obverse.
Reverse.
Pakue. son of Oxathres(?).
(PSJTllnl nnin NoS^ ni:]3, Pakur the king, son of
Vahnkh - -?).
Drachms.
Bust of king 1., bearded, dia-
demed, with thick back hair
waved, wearing torque and
robe ; border of dots.
Triskeles ; around, inscr., be-
ginning on 1. above : —
Ml-0
M -7
t
iM'fiJfit±>j^ lib 11 19
PI. XXXV. 1.
border almost rectangular. | o ^ 5 ^ .^ 5 ^ M
PI. XXXV. 2.
Similar to drachms.
Obol.
Triskeles ; around, remains of
inbcr.
PI. XXXV. 3.
Drachms.
Bust of king 1., bearded, with
thick back hair waved, wear-
ing diadem, torque, and robe;
bust interrupts border ; be-
hind head, inscr. : —
end. of torque in large spiral
in front of face ; inscr.
PI. XL VIII. 17.
UC»
Similar bust to obverse.
no spiral end to torque.
inscr. broken doAvn ; ends in
^^
traces of inscr. before and
behind bust ; border of dots.
PI. XXXV. 4.
1. 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 2. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 3. 1913.
M. M'^Iver (from Persia). 4. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. 5. 1902. Noury Bey.
230
PERSIS
No.
10
11
Wt.
40-1
2-60
28-1
1-82
27-5
1-78
23-1
1-50
10-3
0-67
9-7
0-63
Metal.
Size
Axis.
M -7
f
M -55
t
M -6
M -55
M -45
t
iK -5
I
Obverse.
similar to preceding ; remains
of inscr : no trace of border.
Reverse.
Similar bust to that on
drachm, 1.
border and inscr., if any, off
the flan.
similar to preceding ; behind,
inscr. ending X^723 ; in front,
traces of inscr. ; no border
visible.
PL XL VIII. 16.
Hemidrachms .
Similar bust to obverse, 1.
inscr. behind bust
PI. XXXV.
border and inscr., if any, off
the flan.
inscr. behind bust i-''
concave field.
inscr. behind bust
traces of inscr. behind bust ;
concave field.
border interrupted by bust.
PI. XXXV. 5.
Obols.
Similar to hemidrachms.
Similar to hemidrachms ; no
border.
traces of inscr. behind bust ; inscr. behind bust thi'v
border of dots.
no border or inscr.
PI. XXXV. 7.
I no inscr.
PI. XXXV. 8.
6. 1919. Presented by Mr. L. A. Lawrence. 7. 1900. RoUin and Feuardent.
8. 1864. Eastwood. 9. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. 10. 1917.
Presented by G. F. Hill. Glendining Sale, 15. iii. 1917, lot 23. 11. 1906. Presented
by Dr. Parkes Weber^
PERSIS
231
Metal.
No.
Wt.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse. Reverse.
Uncertain.
Drachm.
1
53-8
M -8
Bust of king 1., bearded, -with
Bird (eagle?) flying 1., holding
3-49
t
thick back hair waved, wear-
wreath in beak ; around,
ing diadem, torque, and robe ;
inscr. (beginning below)
before bust, star ; no border.
w^.i ^j^'^Tl >v<U" Hr»=«
PI. XXXV. 9.
1, 1902. Noury Bey.
232
PERSIS
No.
wt.
54-7
3-54
53-0
3-43
52-7
3-41
53-8
3-49
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -75
M -7
M
60-0 M -65
M -65
52-3 vR -65
3-39
Obverse.
Reverse.
Kapat (?), son of Namopat.
{i^^h^ nsi»:j r\'^:l ["ki:]Sd n^^3(?)5, Kapat the king,
son of Namopat the king)
A. With neck-piece to tiara.
Drachms.
Bust 1., bearded, wearing tiara
(with neck-piece round top,
decorated with three rows of
dots, crescent, and pellet),
diadem, torque, and robe ; no
border.
Bust 1., bearded and diademed,
wearing torque (?) and robe ;
around, inscr. tending to
arrangement in square ; be-
ginning above on r. : —
tliick back hair, waved.
PI. XXXV. 10.
two rows of dots and no neck-
piece to tiara ; traces of bor-
der of dots interrupted by bust.
PI. XXXV
thick back hair, waved.
ni>h(-*Aj^\J^ hiurr%f
11.
details of tiara obliterated ;
border of dots interrupted by
bust.
thick back hair, waved.
PI. XXXV. 12.
PL XXXV. 13.
■u-yi M r
"i^hVU^
PL XXXV. 14.
PL XXXV. 15.
1.1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 2.1894. Sir Alex. Ciinningliam. 3. Lt.-Col.
Claude Steuart. Num. Chron., 18Z0, y>. 6S. i and p. 106. Z.D. 3/. G., 1867, Taf. II, 8. Z.f.N.,
IV, p. 179, no. 119. 4, 5. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 6. 1872. Canon Eaton.
PER SIS
233
No.
7
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
1
Reverse.
51.9
M .7
A«J-rtl ^ -;=« .<»« J J li I. a -C «
5.56'
~^
PI. XXXV. 16.
8
51-6
3:34
M .7
1" inscr. fragmentary.
PI. XXXV. 17.
9
48-4
.R -65
j «\V->-— -vr^-MdUH UL
3-14
~^
PL XXXV. 18.
10
47.5
/il -65
1 |.?-ii<l-«-5.. I'* -t -51 8^ -« •3'1<4l
3-08
"
PL XXXV. 19.
11
52.7
.R .65
behind bust, small diadem bust to r., rudely executed.
3-41
-^
-with ties hanging down. «iLC:iV il. t
Hemidraehms.
Similar to drachms ; details of
Similar to drachms.
head-dress often obscure.
12
25-5
^ .5
thick back hair, waved.
1-65
\
PL XXXV. 20.
13
25-2
i.65
M .5
0 1 -4 4"^! f^ 1 iT^w^-t^
13
24-3
M. .55
1 iUU(t«^l^>^d_HJ)n»
bis
i-57
t
PL XXXV. 21.
13
ter
24-0
.fl .5
<&^niLi_»f-M'i-'IMu-
14
23-6
M. .55
- ^\7=4 r 'V----
1-53
~^
Pl. XXXV. 22.
7. 1865. Presented by I. G. Taylor, Consul at Diarbekr. 8. 1844. Lt.-Col. Claude
Steuart. Sotheby's Sale, May 1844. lot 312 (?). 9-11.1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart.
12. 1872. Canon Eaton. 13. 1855. Presented by Col. Rawlinson. 13 bis and ter. 1920.
Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. 14. 1917. Presented by Sir E. Grant Duff, K.C.M.G.
H h
234
PERSIS
No,
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obvei'se.
Reverse.
15
23-5
1-52
M -55
\
srf^•i^^^ ■^- jtiTV''-'-
16
22-1
1-43
Ai. -5
PL XXXV. 23.
17
22-0
M -5
1 inscr. fragmentary.
1-43
/
PL XXXV. 24.
18
21-6
M .5
1 ^ ' (;» 5 1 V w- H
1-40
/
PL XXXV. 25.
19
20-8
M -55
1 if-r «=- ( i= J fr-fi'iu
1-35
*~
PI. XXXVI. 1.
20
20-6
iR -5
tuft of liair at back ; inscr.
1-33
\
very fragmentary.
PL XXXVI. 2.
Hemiobol.
21
5-0
^ -4
Similar to drachms, but two
Bust 1., bearded, diademed ;
0-32
~^
rows of dots and jiellet with-
out crescent on tiara.
traces of inscr. in front.
PL XXXVI. 3.
B. With thick back hair, and no neck-piece to tiara.
Drachms.
Bust 1., bearded, with thick Bust 1., bearded, diademed.
back hair wa-ved, wearing
with thick back hair waved,
tiara (adorned with three rows
as on drachms nos. 1-3 ; inscr.
of dots), torc^ue. and robe ;
border of dots interrupted by
bust.
arranged in square.
22
54-7
^ -7
on tiara, ♦ (?). y^t^v^sw.^-^^im^ll
3-54
/
PL XXXVI. 4.
15. 1855. Presented hy Col. Rawlinson. 16. 1866. Hooper. 17. 185-5.
Presented by Col. Rawlinson, 18. 1908. Presented by Miss Newton. 19. 1855.
Presented by Col. Rawlinson. 20. 1851. M. Sternscliuss (from Hillah). 21. 1902.
Noury Bey, 22, 1900. RoUin and Feuardent.
PERSIS
235
No,
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Wt.
54-6
3-54
52-2
3-38
50-0
3-24
28-4
27-8
1-80
25-9
24-1
23-9
1-55
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -7
M -7
M -7
t
M -55
M -6
t
M -65
M -55
Obverse.
on tiara, crescent ; in field 1.
star in crescent, r. O
Reverse.
FH Ls.1 WU4 Fl-t^ HL^ h-iJ f^ 1
PI. XXXVI. 5.
on tiara, crescent.
tiara covered with pellets
« 1 K 5) » H «.< »"-» -B \l^^t ^"^1
Similar to drachms.
PI. XXXVI. 6.
Hemidraehms.
Similar to drachms.
three rov^s of pellets on tiara.
snv-tTa^' ju. ly p TjW- r
PI. XXXVI. 7.
two rows of pellets and cres-
cent on tiara.
. 1 t. ^H-< "^ii-^ •) J 1 I
PI. XXXVI. 8.
border off the flan ; on tiara,
two rows of dots and ^ ?
«A«i<c MM Vlui'-
Pl. XXXVI. 9.
similar to preceding (^ on
tiara)
i A^Toxi It Ml i^JdOv^ Vs.
PI. XXXVI. 10.
Ai -5 zigzag ornament on tiara.
Aj. vv o-c p^ u hair not waved.
22 bis. 1920. Gen. Malcohn Clerk Collection. 23. 1864. Eastwood. 24, 25. 1915.
Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. The second half of the legend of no. 24, M. de la Fuye
suggests, is to be read from left to right, and outwardly. 26. 1872. Canon Eaton.
27. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection. 28. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. Same
rev. die as no. 27.
236
PERSIS
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
1
Reverse.
Obols.
30
8-1
0-52
ornament of tiara obscure.
inscr. fragmentary.
31
7-9
0-51
M -4
\
row of pellets between lines (?)
on tiara.
V M
PI. XXXVI. 11.
30 and 31. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection.
237
No,
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Unceetain.
Drachms.
Bust 1., with short beard,
wearing tiara (decorated with
(usually) two rows of pellets
and a symbol), diadem, torque,
and robe ; behind head, tris-
keles ; border of dots.
Formal representation of a
double diadem with ties ;
around, inscr. (very frag-
mentary).
1
54-9
3-50
M
•7
triskeles turning to 1. ; border
off the tlan ; pellet in crescent
on tiara.
inscr. mostly truncated.
PI. XXXVI. 12.
2
48-7
3-16
M
•65
triskeles (turning to 1.) in front
of head; crescent on tiara.
n U. If «» V .A!^i.m
Pi. XXXVI. 13.
Heraidrachms.
Similar to drachms : no border. Similar to drachms; slight
remains of inscr.
3
25-2
1-63
M
•5
triskeles turning to r. : on ^jp^u^j^,^
tiara, ,vi/«
PI. XLVIII. 15.
4
23-7
1-54
M
•55
1
PI. XXXVI. 14.
5
23-5
M
•55
1
PI. XXXVI. 15.
6
23-3
1-51
M
•55
no triskeles ; on tiara, cross
on crescent.
PI. XXXVI. 16.
1. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 2. 1882. India Office Collection. 3. 1918.
Presented by Rev. E. Rogers. 4. 1900. Rollin and Feuardent. 5. 1917. Presented
bv G. F. Hill. 6. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart.
238
PERSIS
No.
10
11
12
13
14
15
Wt.
16
23-3
1-51
22-2
1-M
21-9
1-42
21-5
1-39
20-2
1-31
19-6
18-3
17-3
1-12
13-7
0-59
7-3
0-47
Metal.
Size.
It -5
Si -5
Obverse.
Reverse.
triskeles turning to 1. ; on
tiara, crescent. |
PI. XXXVI. 17.
no triskeles ; on tiara, crescent.
Al -5 triskeles blundered ; on tiara,
PI. XXXVI. 19.
^■R -55 triskeles turning to r. ; on
tiara, pellet in crescent.
M -5 triskeles turning to 1. ; on
tiara, pellet in crescent.
PI. XXXVI. 18.
JR -55 triskeles turning to 1. ; on
j tiara, pellet.
M -55 triskeles turning to r. ; on
' tiara, pellet.
-K -5 triskeles (?) ; on tiara, pellet
in crescent.
M •45! triskeles blundered.
base
Obol.
.a -5
Similar to drachms ; two rovi^s
of pellets on tiara ; no tris-
keles.
Diadem represented by two
concentric circles ; ties do not
fall across it ; inscr. frag-
mentary.
PI. XXXVI. 20.
7. 1866. Hooper & Co. 8. 1844. Steuart. Sotheby's Sale, 3. v. 1844, lot 312.
9. 1864. Eastwood. 10. 1906. Presented by Dr. F. Parkes Weber. 11. 1900.
Presented by Mr. W. T. Ready. 12. 1918. Presented by Rev. E. Rogers. 13. Presented
by Count de Salis. 14.1864. Eastwood. 15.1900. Presented by Mr. W. T. Ready.
16. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. Pierced and broken.
PERSIS
239
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Eeverse.
AUTOPHRADATES III (?)
{^:h^ rnnSmi?). Vataphradat(?) the king).
Drachm.
Bust 1., bearded, wearing tiara
(adorned with two rows of
pellets and pellet in crescent),
diadem, and robe ; behind
bust, upwards, inscr. : —
Bust 1., bearded, with thick
back hair, wearing diadem
and robe ; around, inscr., be-
ginning on r. beloAv: —
1
43-5
3-82
M -8
t
[j<:]S]Drnn3[ni?]
PI. xx:3
tVI. 21.
Hemidrachm.
2
22-2
1-44
M -55
1
Similar type ; one row of pel-
lets and crescent in pellet on
tiara; inscr. -iH ^iF"*^-
Inscr. truncated.
PI. XXXVI. 22.
Obol.
3
8-2
0-53
M -85
\
Similar type ; one row of pel-
lets and crescent on tiai-a ;
behind, triskeles ; no inscr.
Similar type ; inscr. fragmen-
tary.
PI. XXXVI. 23.
1. Num. Chron., 1872. p. 42, PI. II. 4. Z.f. N., IV, p. 183, note after no. 147. The
doubts which might attach to this coin are removed since it has been cleaned. 2. 1918.
Presented by Rev. E. Rogere. 3. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. Pierced.
240
PERSIS
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse,
Reverse.
Artaxekxes III, son (?) of Mithri
(N;)Sa nn^ — ntrnnnX, Artakhshat— Mithri the king).
Drachms.
1
50-3
3-J26
JR -7
t
Bust 1., bearded, diademed,
wearing open crown with
stepped battlements, above
which is high fur (?) head-
dress ; wears robe ; border, if
any, off the flan.
Beardless diademed bust 1.,
with rays above head ; in
front, inscr. ^^^„
PI. XXXVI. 24.
Bust 1., bearded, diademed ;
high fur(?) bead-dress on
crown of head ; hair in thick
mass behind ; wears robe ;
behind, triskeles turning r.
Beardless diademed bust I.,
with rays above head ; in
front, downwards, inscr. : —
2
46-4
M -7
triskeles mostly off the flan.
Mbh
3-01
\
PI. XXXVI. 25.
3
44.2
M -7
1 -^\^ ^
2-86
— >
PI. XXXVI. 26,
Hemidrachms.
4
19-5
1-26
M -55
Similar to no. 2, but in front
star in crescent and triskeles
turning 1. ; behind, inscr. : —
Similar type to drachms ; no
inscr. visible.
PI. XXXVII. 1.
5
18-4
1-19
& -55
Similar to no. 2.
Similar type to drachms ;
inscr. on r. upwards, -^rut^/:;,
on 1. downwards, )*Uh
PI. XXXVII. 2.
1. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection.
3. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux Collection.
5. 1864. Eastwood.
4.
2. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart.
1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection.
PERSIS
241
No.
Wt.
47-7
3-09
47-0
3-05
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse,
Reverse.
Manucithe II, son of Manucithr I.
{ii^hb ^nnjitt :\IaDUcithr the king)
Drachms.
Rust 1., bearded, wearing tiara Beardless bust 1., diademed,
(decorated with two rows of hair dressed high (or fur
pellets and pellet in crescent) head-dress) on crown of head ;
diadem, torque, and robe ; hair in thick mass behind,
behind, upwards, inscr. : — j
M
M -7
f
23-3
1-51
20-7
1-34
18-4
1-19
18-2
1-18
17-0
1-10
M -55
\
M -5
M -55
/
t
(- - Dnn: - -)
Similar to drachms.
,vrt..
on 1., upwards, 'vT)s>]t'n>,
PL XXXVII. 3.
I hair low on crown of head.
PI. XXXVII. 4.
Hemidrachms.
Similar to drachms ; inscr.
around, beginning on 1. be-
low : —
PI. XXXVII. 5.
^^-m.vi^-
A^Ct
tJ^Xfv
PI. XXXVII. 6.
PL XXXVII. 7.
i oiii- ^T^n^
PL XXXVII. 8.
PL XXXVII. 9.
1. 1882. India Office Collection. 2. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. Num. Chron.,
1850, p. 68, no. 3, and p. 104. Z.D.M.G., 1867, Taf. II. 1. Z.f.N., IV, p. 181, no. 129.
3. 1864. Eastwood. 4. 1920. Gen. Malcolm Clerk Collection. 5. 1848.
Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 6. 1908. Presented by Miss Newton. 7. 1920. Gen. Malcolm
Clerk Collection.
242
PERSIS
Metal.
No,
Wt.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Unceetaix.
Hemidrachms or diobols (?).
Bust 1., bearded, wearing tiara
Nude male figure standing 1.,
(adorned with rows of pellets
wearing helmet (?), r. extend-
and inverted crescent), dia-
ed, holding short sword, I. on
dem, torque, and robe; thick
hip ; inscr. on r. upwards, and
back hair.
on 1. downwards.
1
16-3
m, -6
TTir 5(13
1-06
i
PI. XXXVII. 10.
2
15-9
/R -5
1 -SiJJ* *l}\lv
1-03
/
PL XXXVII. 11.
1. 1918. Presented by Rev. E. Rogers.
2. 1915. Col. W. F. Prideaux CoUectLon.
PERSIS
243
No.
Wt.
47-8
3-10
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
M -85
47-2
3-06
24-0
1-55
M -85
M .65
-AEanucithr III, son of Manucithr II.
■ n*:d':'/!: '"in::a nnn x^Sd nn:j2: Manucithr the king,
son of Manucithr tlie king).
Drachms.
Bust 1., bearded, diademed, Bust 1., bearded, wearing high
hair in top-knot and in thick diademed tiara adorned with
waved mass behind : torque pellets and a crescent ; thick
and robe; behind, upwards, waved back hair; torque and
inscr. : — robe ; behind, upwards, and
•oU-fr^VtcU in front, downwards, inscr.
(partly double-struck) : —
{i<:hj2 nn3i[Ji:])
{i^^}?b]
nn^:D [n^n])
PI. XXXVII. 12.
Bust 1., bearded, wearing high
diademed tiara, adorned with
rows of pellets and a pellet in
crescent ; torque and robe ;
behind, upwards, inscr. : —
(ND^a nn^^D)
Bust 1., bearded, wearing dia-
demed head-dress, with top
bent forward, and adorned
with row of pellets ; torque
and robe ; in front, down-
wards, and behind, upwards,
inscr. : —
(x:3S^ nn^iJD mn)
PI. XXXVII. 13.
Hemidrachm.
Similar to the drachm no. 2,
but no pellet in the crescent ;
behind head, triskeles.
Similar to obverse of the
drachm no. 1 ; inscr. .^fi ^.
(1. downwards), i)0-(, (r. up-
wards)
(xiSz2 [njnjjD)
PI. XXXVII. 14.
1, 2. 1866. Hooper & Co.
3. 1918. Anonymous donation.
244
PERSIS
No.
Wt.
35-0
2-27
31-3
2-03
29-3
ISO
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
^ -75
& -75
/
M. -55
24-6
1-59
16-7
1-08
Reverse.
Artaxerxes IV, son of Manucitlir.
(«:dSx: nn:iX2 in ^±>t2 ^nnsrnn^ix Artakhshatr the
king, son of Manucitlir the king)
Drachms.
Bust i., bearded, diademed,
hair in top-knot and thick
waved mass behind ; torque
and robe.
trace of a symbol or monogram
behind.
PI. XXXVII. 15
Bust 1., bearded, wearing dia-
demed mural crown with
stepped battlements, above
which rays ; hair in thick
waved mass behind ; robe ;
on 1. downwards, and on r.
upwards, inscr. : —
PI. XXXVII. 16.
& .6
\
M -6
t
in front, pellet in crescent ;
behind, upwards, inscr. : —
(x^dVd nnsj'n - -)
Pi. XXXVII. 17
back hair in bunch
(n:]^^ nn5:i^ -)
in front pellet in crescent and
behind, upwards, inscr,: —
eoct-^t* (- - ^ T\T\^T\ - -)
PI. XXXVII. 18
back hair in bunch ;
^J4fe mirf», (XD/D - -)
Hemidrachm.
Similar to drachms nos. 1 and
2 ; trace of a symbol or mono-
gram behind.
Similar to drachms nos. 1
and 2 ; inscr. yfw ^uH^ii*
Pi. XXXVII. 19.
1. 1866. Hooper & Co. 2. 1902. Major-Gen. M, G. Clerk. 3. 1855. Presented
by Col. Rawlinson. 4. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 'Num. Chron., 1872, PI. II, no. 3 ;
p. 42. no. 1. Z.f. N., IV, p. 184, no. 150. Pierced. 5. 1866. Hooper & Co.
ELYMAIS'
1
; Metal.
[No.
Wt.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
KaMNASKIEES I (NiKEPHOBOS).
circa 150 A. s. = 163-2 B.C.
No coins in Britisli Museum. See Introduction, and
PL LIII. 6.
Kamnaskires 11 and Anzaze.
231 A.s. = 82-1 B.C.
Silver Tetradrachms.
Busts ]., jugate,, of Kamna-
Zeus, seated 1. on throne with
skires and Auzaze ; he is dia-
back nude to waist, with
demed ; his beard is long and
himation over lower limbs ;
pointed ; wears ear-rings and
1. rests on spear, r. holds Nike
torque ; dress decorated with
who extends wreath towards
'
stars (four-pointed on breast,
him.
six-pointed on sleeve) ; she
wears stephane, diadem, neck-
lace, and jewelled dress ; bor-
der of dots.
1
242-1
7R1.05
behind, anchor-shaped symbol.
inscr. above lACIAEii^, on
15-69
t
lower part of which forms
monogram ^.
r. downwards iALKIlOY,
on 1. downwards ^.AIIACIA
ICCHI, in ex. ANZAZHI
aa:^ (baciaehc kam
NACKIPOY KAI BACI
AICCHC ANZAZHCA
AZ) ; on 1., below hand of
Zeus, downwards, in small
letters, traces of uncertain
inscr.
PI. XXXVIII. 1.
^ For an Alexandrine, coin struck by Aspeisas, governor of Siisiana under Antigonus,
see Introduction.
1. 1858. James Whittall Sale, lot 833. Gardner, Parthian Coinage, PL VII. 26. R&:. Num.,
1902, p. 99. Same obv. die as Bev. Num., 1902, p. 99, no. 2, PI. V. 2.
246
ELYMAIS
No.
Wt.
229-1
U'85
60-4
3-91
Metal.
Size,
Axis.
230-3 ^1-1
U'92 \
\Al 1-15
! t
M -7
■ t
Obverse,
Reverse.
details of dress worn away ;
monogram at bottom of symbol
off the flan ; above, mono-
2:ram
PI.
BACIAEnC/KAMNACKI
Poi KAIBACIAICQHC/A
NZAZHC ; date, if any, ob-
j literated ; traces of inscr. in
' small letters very faint.
XXXVIII. 2.
as preceding ; border oblite-
rated.
BACIAEHI KAHNACKIP
Oi/iAIIAIIAli/ ex. ob-
literated ; no traces of inscr.
in small letters.
PL XXXVIII. 3.
Silvex' Drachm.
Busts as on preceding : details
partly obliterated ; anchor and
monogram behind, and border,
if any, obliterated.
Zeus with spear and Nike
seated 1. as on preceding ;
inscr. above IICIIEXC, on r.
downwards KAIIIKll, on 1.
K^ ; the rest off the flan.
PL XXXVIII. 4.
2. 1853. Jos. Olgiiin (found near.Hamadan). Longpiirier, Rois Parthes, p. 34, PI. VI. 66.
Leake, Num. Hell., Kings and Dynasts, p. 66. Num. Chron., 1856, p. 140, PI. at p. 139, fig. 4.
3. 1853. Jos. Olguin (found near Hamadan). Longperier, loc. cit., PI. VI. 65. Leake, loc. cit.
Num. Chron., 1856, p. 139. Same obv. die as no. 2. 4. 1858. J. Whittall Sale, lot 834.
Rev. Num., 1902, p. 102.
247
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse. Reverse.
1
Kamnaskiees III,
son of Kamnaskires II, and successors.
First cent. b. c. to first cent. a.d.
GROUP A
(with Zeus on reverse).
Silver Tetradrachms.
None in British Museum. See Introduction.
Drachms.
Head of Kamnaskires III 1., Zeus with spear and Nike
bearded, diademed ; wears ear- seated 1. as on preceding;
ring, and dress like that of inscr. on four sides ; in field
Kamnaskires II (details ob- 1., letter or monogram,
scure) ; border of dots.
1
60-6
3-93
JR -7
t
beardless. inscr. above off the flan ; on
r. downwards illNACKII,
on 1. downwards ^VBACI
ACIZ, in ex. KAI,UI>I ; in
field, K
PI. XXXVIII. 5.
2
55-0
3-56
M -65
t
with short beard.
iACIAEIlL/KAIINACKlP
i/irriAi/iAMNAiii;
in field, J<
PI. XXXVIII. 6.
1, 2. 1903. Noury Bey.
248
ELYMAIS
No.
Wt.
242-3
15-70
229-9
14-90
53-6
3-47
51-3
3-33
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M 1-0
base
t
.ill-OS
base
t
^ -75
t
M -7
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
GROUP B
(with portrait on reverse).
Silver degenerating to bronze.
Tetradrachms.
Bust of Kamnaskires II(?) 1., Malebust(Kamnaskires III?)
as on nos. 1 ff., p. 245 ; be- 1., diademed, with short
hind, symbol ; border of dots, round beard ; drapery on
shoulders ; inscr. on four sides.
inscr. above ^AIIAlFir, on
r. downwards KAIINAIKli,
on 1. downwards OYIIAIIA
^ in ex. obliterated.
symbol and border obliterated.
PI.
XXXVIII
symbol, star above anchor.
inscr. very barbarous I^AT
Hi/iVKVHri/i\ACIA/
^>IA (double-struck).
PI. XXXVIII. 8.
Drachms.
Bust as on preceding ; behind,
symbol : star above anchor ;
border of dots.
double- struck
11 an.
border off the
Male bust 1. as on preceding;
inscr. on four sides.
on 1. upwards iK|OH(?);
the rest obliterated.
PI. XXXVIII. 9.
on 1. upwards iMSNHi ;
the rest obliterated ; double-
struck.
PL XXXVIII. 10.
3. 1878. Subhi Sale. Rev. Num., 1902, p. 103, no. 6, PI. V. 6. 4. Longperier,
Rois Parthes, p. 35, PI. VI. 67. Num. Chron., 1873, p. 185, PI. VII. 6. Z.f. N., 1881, p. 211,
no. 11. Rev. Num., 1902, p. 103, no. 7, PI. V. 7. 5. 1903. Noury Bey. 6. 1906.
Presented by Miss H. L. Loiimer.
249
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
7
47-7
3-09
M -7
base
t
svmbol and border off the
flan.
above NiM ; on 1. KAi ;
the rest illegible.
Hemidrachms.
Similar bust to preceding ; no
symbol behind.
Similar bust to preceding ;
inscr. on four sides.
8
30-3
1-96
M -5
t
border oft" the flan.
above lAKIAI ; the rest
illegible or oft' the flan.
PL XXXVIII. 11.
9
28-1
1-83
M '5
t
plain border.
above AOQII^, ou r. down-
wards HAIP, the rest illeg-
ible.
PI. XXXVIII. 12.
Obols.
Similar bust to preceding ;
border obscure.
Similar bust to preceding ;
oa r., remains of inscr. mostly
off the flan.
10
9-3
0-60
JR .35
t
PI. XXXVIII. 13.
11
9-0
M -35
1
0-56'
t
PI. XXXVIII. 14.
7. 1913. H, Conway Elliot. 8. 1878. Subhi Sale. Rev. Num., 1902, p. 104, no. 8,
PI. V. 8. 9. 1903. Noury Bey. 10. 1850. Major Henry Rawlinson. Rev. Num.,
loc. ci'., no. 10, PI. V. 10. 11. Rev. Num., loc. cit , no. 9, PI. V. 9. Same rev. die as
no. 10.
Kk
250
ELYMAIS
No.
12
13
14
15
16
17
Wt.
216-9
14-05
209-4
13-57
225-6
U-62
209-4
13-57
213-0
162-0
10-50
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
GROUP C.
Tetradrachms.
Very degraded copy of bust
and inscr. as on previous
series ; the whole type gradu-
ally becomiog a collection of
Bust 1., diademed, Avith long
beard ; wide fringe of hair
below diadem ; dress as be-
fore ; behind, symbol : anchor
haying double cross-bar at j dashes
top, usually with pellet above j
or beside it, and with star in
crescent above ; border of dots.
JEi\-Qb small bust; upper part of inscr. illegible.
\ I symbol obscure ; oval border, i pj XXXIX 1
M 1-05 similar to preceding,
t PI. XXXIX. 2.
inscr. illegible.
^1-15
t
^1-2 ! no pellet.
M\-\ no pellet.
t ,
231-7 M\.2
15-01
tEMS
above, AIAI ; on 1., upwards
and inwards, ^IfiriAri; the
rest disfigured l)y bad striking.
PL XXXIX. 3.
I bust just discernible; inscr.
I wholly disfigured.
PI XXXIX. 4.
I bust in rude outline ; inscr.
I wholly disfigured.
PI. XXXIX. 5.
I bust and inscr. wholly dis-
! figured.
PI. XXXIX. 6.
no pellet beside symbol ; pellet
instead of star.
type obliterated ; inscr. illeg-
ible.
12. 1918. Glendining Sale, 19. ix. 1918, lot 121. 13. 1844. Devonshire Sale, I,
lot 4. 14. 1909. Presented by Capt. D. L. Loriiner. 15. 1894. Gen. Sir Alex.
Cunningham. 16. 1918. Presented by Prof. C. Oman. 17. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude
Steuart. Num. Chron., 18-56, p. 141, fig. 5 (according to Vaux, from J. R. Steuart). Longperier,
Rois Parthes, p. 35, PI. VI. 72. 18. 1918. Presented by Prof. C. Oman.
251
No.
Wt.
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
59-7
59-2
3-84
58-8
58-6
3-80
57-4
ao*b
55-6
3-60
54-3
51-4
3-33
Metal.
Size.
Obverse.
58-3 1^ .7
5-76'
^ -65
M -65
^ -65
JE -65
M -65
^ -65
M -65
^ -65
^ -6
Reverse.
Drachms.
Bust, symbol (with single bar,
and no pellet) and border as
on preceding.
Type and inscr. wholly de-
graded into collection of
dashes, or smoothed away.
PI. XXXIX. 8.
PL XXXIX. 7.
PI. XXXIX. 9.
19. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful). 20-6. 1909.
Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 27. 1862. Count de Salis (from Richard
Collection . 28. 1856. W. K. Loftus.
252
ELYMAIS
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Obverse.
Reverse.
29
48-1
3-12
M -7
30
46-8
3-03
JE .6
PI. XXXIX. 10.
GROUP D
•
(parallel to Group C).
Tetradrachm.
31
232-3
M M5
Bust 1., diademed, with long
Remains of type (bust (?)) and
15-05
pointed beard and bushy back-
hair ; wears torque ; behind,
anchor-symbol with double
cross-bar, and four-pointed
star in crescent.
inscription indecipherable.
PI. XXXIX. 11.
29. 1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham.
Presented by Prof. C. Oman.
30. 1856. W. K, Loftus.
31. 1918.
ELYMAIS
253
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Oeodes I.
Second half of first cent. a. d.
Type Aa (bust 1. with tiara adorned with anchor).
1. With Greek inscription.
Drachms.
Bust I., bearded, wearing dia-
demed tiara adorned with
anchor ; behind, anchor and
crescent with pellet ; border of
dots.
Turreted and radiate female
bustr.(Artemis-Tyche); wears
necklace ; around, broken-
down Greek inscription, in-
tended for VPCJAHC BAC
IA€VC : border of dots.
1
60-2
3-90
jE -6
t
king's name on 1. upwards,
title on r. upwards, thus :
PL XXXIX. 12.
2
59-3
3-84
^ .65
t
PI. XXXIX. 13.
3
59-2
3-84
JE .6
t
>> j>
*i
58-7
3-80
JE .65
t
9} »
5
57-1
3-70
.E -6
t
>> »
6
56-5
3-66
JE S
t
it J>
1-4. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful).
Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa;. 6. 1920. As nos. 1-4.
5. 1909.
254
ELYHAIS
No.
7
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -6
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
56-1
3-64
As on preceding.
8
55-9
3-G2
M -65
t
)j jt
9
54-4
3-52
M -6
t
" ■■>
10
49-9
3-23
M -6
t
PL XXXIX. 14.
11
59-5
3-86
^ -6
t
king's name on r. upwards,
title retrograde on 1. up-
wards, thus :
t 3
12
58-6
3-80
M .55
t
PI. XXXIX. 15.
13
48-9
3-17
M -55
t
>> >>
14
54-6
3-54
.E -6
t
)» )>
15
51-6
3-34
M -55
t
)i V
16
55-2
3-58
^ -55
t
king's name on r. upwards
retrograde, title on 1. up-
wards retrograde, thus :
7. 1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 8. 1908. Lincoln. 9, 10. 1920. As
nos. 1-4, 11. 1900. Lincoln. 12. 1920. As nos. 1-4. 13. 1909. Presented by
Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 14. 1920. As nos. 1-4. 15. 1909. As no. IS.
16. 1920. As nos. 1-4.
ELYMAIS
25;
Metal.
No.
Wt.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
17
55-2
3-58
JE -55
t
As on preceding.
18
55-0
JE .(5
3-56
t
PI. XXXIX. 16.
19
54-2
^ .6
.3-5i
t
}> }}
20
52-2
JE -oo
5-58
\
f9 >)
21
51-9
3-36
JE .6
t
J> >)
22
51-3
5-55
JE -6
t
5J »
23
51-2
5-5-2
JE -6
t
>» J>
24
50-7
3-30
^ -6
t
3> })
25
44-5
,2.6'S
JE -6
t
J> ))
26
59-8
JE -6
king's name on 1. upwards
3-88
t
retrograde, title on r. up-
wards, thus :
27
50-3
3-26
^ .6
t
» >»
28
56-5
5-e6'
JE -6
t
»J »
17. 1920. As nos. 1-4.
28. 1909. As no. 13.
18. 1909. As no. 13. 19-27. 1920. As nos. 1-4.
256
ELYMAIS
No.
29
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
JE -55
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
54-5
3-53
As on preceding.
.30
50-3
3-26
^ -7
t
>> >>
31
50-2
3-35
^ -6
t
>' >j
32
48-5
3-14
JE -55
t
)» »
33
43-0
2-79
JE -6
t
»> >5
34
42-9
J2'78
JE .5
t
5» >>
2. With Aramaic legend.
Tetradrachm.
None in British Museum. For the only known specimen see
Allotte de la Fuye, p. 56. 17 ^here PI. LIII. 13).
3. Uninscribed.
Drachms.
35
59-7
3-87
JE -55
t
Bust 1., bearded ; anchor with
crescent and pellet ; border of
dots ; all as on group 1.
PI. xx:
Bust of Artemis-Tyche 1.,
draped, wearing modius ; be-
hind, cornucupiae ; border of
dots.
SIX. 17.
29. 1920. As nos. 1-4. 30. 1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham.
As nos. 1-4. 32, 33. 1909. As no. 13. 34, 35. 1920. As nos. 14.
31. 1920.
257
No.
36
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M- 6
Obverse.
Reverse.
53-3
3-45
t
37
520
3-37
M -6
38
50-7
3-2'J
M -6
39
44-1
2-86
^ .6
t
PI. XXXIX. 18.
40
58-6
3-80
M .6
t
41
54.2
3-51
M .6
42
52-2
3-38
^ .55
t
PI. XXXIX. 19.
43
50-5
3-27
M -65
t
44
46-6
3-02
.E .6
t
45
39-7
2-57
M -6
1
PI. XXXIX. 20.
46
37-2
2-41
M -55
t
(bust r.)
47
31-4
2-03
xE -55
(bust r.)
48
o2-5
M .6
small star between anchor and
3-40
t
head.
36-9. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful). 40-4, 46, 47. 1909.
Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson. 40, 41, 43, 44 and 47. Found at Susa ; also probablj'
nos. 42 and 46. 45. 1900. Rollin. 48. 1916. Presented by Rev. Edgar Rogers (from
Telieran\
L-l
258
ELYMAIS
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
49
61-5
3-98
.E -55
t
50
58-6
3-80
t
51
55-7
3-61
JE -65
t
52
55-3
3-58
M -6
t
53
55-0
3-56
jE -6
54
52-5
3-40
iE -6
55
49-6
3-21
^ .6
t
56
48-5
3-14
JE .65
t
57
48-4
3-14
M -55
t
58
46-1
J2-99
.E -6
t
59
40-6
^■03
JE -6
t
60
59-0
3-82
^ -6
t
61
52-0
337
^ -65
t
Obverse.
Bust 1. bearded ; anchor with
crescent and pellet ; border of
dots : all as on group 1.
Reverse.
Anchor, on a field covered
with vertical dashes.
PI. XL. 1.
PI. XL. 2.
PI. XL. 3.
PI. XL. 4.
49-59. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson. All found at Susa, except perhaps no. 53.
60. 1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham. 61. 1900. Rollin and Feuardent.
ELYMAIS
259
No.
62
Wt.
45-3
2-93
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
M .6
t
63
50-6
3-38
M .55
t
64
48-3
3-13
M .6
t
65
47-6
3-08
^ .6
t
66
52-8
3-43
M -6
t
small star between anchor and
head.
PL XL. 5.
67
43-9
3-84
M -6
t
•..
68
5o-3
3-58
M -65
Similar to preceding (but
without star).
Field filled with dashes ar-
ranged so as to suggest three
ears of corn.
69
46-2
3-99
M -6
PL X
L. 6.
70
58-1
3-76
^ 6
71
56-2
3-64
M -6
72
47-4
3-07
iE -55
73
48-5
3-14
M -6
PL XL. 7.
62. 1908. Lincoln. 63-5. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at
Dizful;. 66-72. 1909. As nos. 49-59. 73. 1894. Sir Alex. Cunningham.
260
El.YMAIS
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Orodks II
(Kamxaskiees Oeodes).
Late lirst cent. a.d.
Type Ae. Bust facing in tiara with crest.
With Aramaic inscription (URUD :\rALKA).
Tetradrachms.
Bust facing, bearded, wearing
Field filled with dashes.
tiara, with line of dots down
front, and transYerse crest : in
field r., anchor with double
cross-bar at top, and crescent
containing star ; on 1., down-
wards, inscr. ; border of dots.
1
228-8
U-83
M 1-05
PI. XL. 8.
2
222-2
M\\
jf^j^Vli
U-40
PI. XL. 9.
3
217-3
14-08
M\-\
v5 ^J7»f Pi/
1. 185C. W. K. Loftus. 2. 1020. Pre-ented hy M. J. de Morgan (from a find at
Dizful). 3. ia56. W. K. Loftus.
ELYMAIS
261
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Type Ae or Ad. Bust facing in tiara.
1. With Aramaic inscription (URUD MALE A
BAR! URUD).
Drachms.
Bust facing, bearded, wearing
tiara, -vvitli line of dots down
front ; in field r., anchor and
crescent containing jiellet
aboYB ; border of dots.
Bust of deity (Artemis?) facing,
with two large lateral tufts of
hair, from which and from top
of head project rays ; around,
inscr., usually beginning on 1.
above, nnvnn x:]'?^ nnv,
border of dots.
4
55-4
3-59
JE -6
tiara with transverse crest ;
double cross-bar at top of
anchor.
5
54-9
3-56
jE -6
similar to preceding.
inscr. begins on r., below.
6
55-8
3-62
^ -55
no crest, but double cross-bar.
PI. X
L. 10.
7
62-6
4-06
JE -6
1
8
60-8
3-94
JE -6
inscr. begins on 1., middle.
9
60-8
3-94
jE -65
10
57-7
3-74
jE -55
t
inscr. begins on r., middle.
4. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa).
7-10. 1909. As no. 4.
5, 6. 1920. As no. 2.
262
No.
11
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
55-5
3-GO
JE .6
1
inscr. begins on r.
PI. XL. 12.
, below.
12
55-4
3-59
JE -6
t
13
58-3
.5.76'
M -6
14
54-1
3-50
JE .6
PI. XL. 11.
15
49-6
3-M
jE .6
inscr. begins on 1.
middle.
16
48-9
3-17
JE -6
inscr. begins on r.,
below.
1^
59-9
3-88
JE -65
1
18
56-4
3-66
^ -6
t
2. Uuinscribed.
Drachms.
Bust facing, bearded, wearing
tiara, with line of dots down
front (usually without sign
of crest) ; in field r., anchor
(usually with single cross-bar)
and crescent containing pellet
above ; border of dots.
Field filled with dashes.
19
61-7
4-00
JE -6
tiara has transverse crest ;
double cross-bar to anchor.
PL XL. 13.
11, 12. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 13-16. 1920.
Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful. 17.1909. Rollin. 18.1898.
Benlian. 19. As. nos. 11, 12.
ELYMAIS
26J
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Obvei-se.
Reverse.
20
59-2
3-84
JEj -55
tiava has transverse crest ;
double cross-bar to anchor.
21
58-1
3-?6
M -6
.
1
22
5G-2
3-64
.E -6
>' 5>
23
55-1
3-57'
JE -6
tiara has no crest (?) ; double
cross-bar to anchor.
PI. XL. 14.
24
61-0
3-95
^ -65
tiara has transverse crest.
25
60-4
3-91
M -6
)5 J)
PI. X
L. 15.
26
GO-1
3-89
^ -65
)• yi
27
5G-1
3-64
^ -6
J' I)
28
54-2
3-51
M .6
>> )>
29
G5-7
4-26
JE -G
30
58-6
3-80
M -65
31
58-5
3-79
^ -65
PI. X
L. 16.
32
58-5
3-79
.E -65
20, 21. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 22. 1909. Presented
by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa?). 23. 1916. Presented by Rev. Edgar Rogers
(from Teheran). 24. 1920. Presented by M. -J. de Morgan (from a tind at Dizful).
25.1900. Lincoln. 26, 27. As nos. 20, 21. 28.1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham.
29-32. As nos. 20, 21.
264
ELYMAIS
I No.i Wt.
33
34
35
36
37
58-4
3-78
58-1
3-76
57-6
3-73
57-2
3-71
Metal.
Size.
Obverse.
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
55'6
3-60
55-3
3-58
JE -6
JE -55
M .6
M -6
JE -6
^ -6
55-0
JE
•65
3-56
54-3
JE
•6
5-5^
53-9
JE
•65
3-49
j
53-0
JE
•65
5-45
51-5
JE
•6 '
51-0
3-30
50-2
3-35
49-7
3-J23
JE -6
JE -Q
JE -6
Reverse.
PI. XL. 17.
PI. XL. 18.
33-43. As nos. 20, 21. 44. 45. As. no. 22. 46. As nos. 20, 21.
ELYMAIS
265
No.
47
48
49
50
Wt.
53
54
55
56
57
58
49-1
3-18
47-3
3-06
54-4
3-52
52-3
3-39
51 I 60-7
3-93
52 60-3
3-91
55-4
3-59
53-2
.5-45
52-8
51-7
3-35
50-9
3-30
50-6
3-38
Metal.
Size.
M -6
JEi -Go
.E -6
^ -65
M -65
.^ -65
M -6
^ -65
.E -6
M -6
^ -6
M -55
Obverse.
Reverse.
PI. XL. 19.
double cross-bar to anchor.
47, 48. As nos. 20, 21. 49, 50. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find
at Dizful), 51. 1853. W. K. Loftus (found at Susa). 52, 53. 1856. W. K. Loftiis.
Presented by Major Mackenzie Elliot. 55. 1894. Gen. Sir Alex. Cunningham.
Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson. 57. 1856. W. K. Loftus. 58. 1898.
54. 1908.
56. 1911.
Benlian.
M m
266
ELYMAIS
No. Wt.
60
61
62
63
Metal.
Size.
231-6 .EM5
15-01 i
209-7 ,.El-l
13-59
Obverse.
Reverse.
Type Bb. Bust facing, with tut'ts of hair at sides
1. With Aramaic inscription (KABNAH(Z)KIR URUD
MALKA BAR URUD MALKA).
i Tetradraehms.
Bust facing, bearded, with Field filled with dashes,
large lateral tufts of hair ;
diadem and low head-dress ;
on r., anchor with double
cross-bar, and above it cres-
cent containing star ; on 1.,
downwards, inscr. ; border of
dots.
.-^JdOT^f^S (--^rinn:))
PI. XL. 20.
Similar to preceding.
PI. XL. 23.
225-9 JE 1 -2 i'Ji ^/^fJi^n J'^^
u-64 (- - - -n-i*i n^^n^i::)
PI. XL. 21.
219-8
U-24
_M\-\ (iiiscr. begins above on r.)
213-8 ^1-2
13-85
PI, XL. 22.
Similar inscr., many letters
obscure ; lateral tufts smaller.
PI. XL. 24.
59. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful). 60. 1856.
W. K. Loftus. Same obv. die as no. 59. 61. 1856. W. K. Loftus. 62. 1919.
H. D. Gill (found at Susa). 63. 1856. W. K. Loftus.
267
No.
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Wt.
57-4
3-72
55-0
3-56
57-4
3-72
62-8
4-07
55-0
3-56
51-4
5-55
47-4
3-07
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
M -65
t
M .6
t
M -65
t
M -65
t
M -6
t
M -6
\
M -6
Drachms
(KAMNaSkIR URUD MALKA or URUD MALKA
BARI URUD).
Similar bust and symbols
(pellet instead of star), but no
inscription ; border of dots.
double cross-bar to anchor. (X57/b Till 1*
PI. XLI. 1.
Bust of deity (Artemis ?) facing,
with two large lateral tufts of
hair, from which and from top
of head project rays ; around,
inscr. beginning usually on 1.
above ; border of dots.
-)
inscr. begins on r. below
(--Sto-inu':') n---)
inscr. obliterated.
(--DConinv--)
inscr. begins on r. below
(nm n!i N^Sib nni)
PL XLI. 2.
double cross-bar to anchor. j Similar to no 69, but inscr.
I begins on 1.
PI. XLI. 3.
64-6. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 67. 1920. Presented
by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful). 68. 1824. R. Payne-Knight Bequest.
69. 1900. Lincoln. 70. As no. 67.
268
ELYMAIS
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Obverse.
Reverse.
2. Uninscribed.
Drachms.
Similar bust and symbols to
Field filled with
irregular
preceding ; double cross-bar
dashes.
to anchor : border of dots.
71
65-1
4-22
JE -G
72
61-3
3-97
M -6
73
60-4
3-91
^ .65
74
60-0
3-89
^ -65
PI. XLI. 4.
75
59-9
3-88
JE -65
76
58-2
3-77
^ -6
PI. XLI. 5.
76
58-2
JE S
bis
3-77
•
77
58-1
3-76
JE -65
78
58-0
3-76
^ -6
79
57-6
3-73
JE -6
PI. X
LI. 6.
80
57-6
5-75
^ -65
81
57-2
3-71
JE -6
71-81. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa\
ELYMAIS
269
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
M -6
Obverse.
Reverse.
82
■
570
3-69
83
56-8
3-68
M -6
84
56-6
3-67
M -6
85
56-7
3- 68
M .65
PI. XLI. 7.
86
54-4
M -6
■
3-53
87
54-2
3-51
M -6
.
88
48-9
3-17
M -6
89
48-6
3-15
M .65
-
90
62-0
4-02
M .6
PI. XLI. 8.
91
50-8
3-29
M .6
92
46-2
2-99
M .6
93
58-8
3-81
M -6
94
58-4
3-78
^ .6
95
56-2
3-64
M -65
82-5. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson ;found at Susa). 83 and 84 are from
same obv. die. 86, 87. 1909. Presented hy Lt. A. T. Wilson found at Susa?).
88. 89. As nos. 82-5. 90-2. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful).
93. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 94. 1900. Lincoln. 95. 1856. W. K. Loftus.
270
ELYMAIS
3Ietal.
No.
Wt.
Size.
Obverse.
Reverse.
96
520
Axis.
JE -65
.5-57
97
53-3
S-4o
^ -6
Similar to preceding, but an-
chor has single cross-bar.
Field tilled with irregular
dashes.
98
63-7
4-13
iE -65
99
62-9
4-08
.E -65
100
62'8
4-07
JE -7
101
GO-9
.E -65
102
60-5
3-93
^ .6
103
59-9
3-88
^ -65
PL XLI. 9.
104
59-3
3-84
^ .6
105
59-2
3-84
JS -65
106
54-3
3-53
JE -6
107
52-0
3-37
^ -6
108
50-4
M .55 i
3-J27
96.1856. W. K. Loftus. 97.1902. Presented by Mr. A. P. Ready. 98-108.1909.
Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa).
ELYMAIS
271
No.
109
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Obverse.
Reverse.
48-2
M .6
3-12
110
53-7
3-48
M -G
111
52-8
3-42
M -6
112
49-3
3-m
M -7
113
52-9
3-43
M -6
109. 1909. Presented bj- Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa\
W. K. Loftus. 113. 1908. Lincoln.
110-12. 1856.
272
ELYMAIS
Metal.
No.
vvt.
Size.
Axis.
Obvei-se.
Reverse,
Pheaates
son of Orodes.
Early second cent. a.d.
Type Ab. Bust 1. in tiara adorned with crescent
containino- pellet.
1. With Greek inscription.
Bust 1., bearded, wearing dia-
Artemis, wearing short chit-
demed tiara adorned with
on, standing r., holding bow
crescent containing pellet ; on
in 1., plucking arrow with r.
1., when not off the flan, TTPA
from quiver at her back ;
upwards ; behind, anchor and
on r. upwards, retrograde,
crescent containing pellet ;
3HTAASTT; on 1., retro-
border of dots.
grade, DV9AO>6a: border
of dots.
1
70-3
4-56
.E -6
t
PL XLI. 10.
2
63-(5
.E .6
t
3
63- 1
4-00
M .6
t
PI. XLI. 11.
4
60-3 .E -6
3-01 t
5
56-9 ^E -6
3-69 f
G
56-1 ^ -65
3-64 f
7
53-5
M -6
5-47
t
PI. XI
il. 12.
1-7. 1920. Presented by M. .J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful).
273
No.
10
11
12
13
14
16
17
19
20
Wt.
52-9
3-43
64-3
4-17
60-5
3-92
59-2
58-5
3-7!)
53-2
5-4.5
53-0
3-43
5M
5-5i
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
^ -65
t
t
JE -6
t
jE -6
t
^ -6
t
.E -6
t
^ -65
t
^ -6
t
Obverse.
51-6 1^ .55
'i-34 \
JE .6
t
.E -55
t
JE -55
t
JE -6
t
61-5
5-5S
59-5
3-86
59-3
58-3
3-78
Reverse.
PL XLI. 13.
PI. XLI. 14.
8. 1920. Presented by M. J. do Morgan (from a find at Dizful). 9. 1911. Presented
by Lt. A. T. Wilson. 10-15. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson cfound at Susa\
16. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa?). 17. 1900. Lincoln.
18, 19. 1900. Rollin. 20. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart.
N n
274
ELYMAIS
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
JE -6
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
21
52-5
3-40
PI. XLI. 15.
22
54-9
3-56
M -65
t
2. With Aramaic Inscription
Tetradrachm.
(PRAHAT(?) MALKA BAR URUD MALKA).
23
226-0
14-64
iEM5
Bust I., bearded, wearing dia-
demed tiara adoi'ned witli
crescent containing pellet ;
garment fastened witli brooch
on breast ; behind, anchor and
crescent containing pellet ; on
1., in two lines downwards,
inscr. : —
m±>f2 n^<[^ns(:^)]
border of dots.
PI. XI
Field filled with dashes.
jI. 16.
3. Uninscribed.
Drachms.
24
59-6
JE -G
Bust 1., bearded, with symbol,
all as on drachms nos. 1 tt'.
Field filled with dashes ar-
ranged so as to suggest three
ears of corn.
PL XLI. 17.
21. 1848. Lt.-Col. Claude Steuart. 22. 1916. Presented by Rev. Edgar Rogers
(from Teheran). 23. 1911. G. H. Judd. Bev. Num., 1919, p. 67, and PI. I. 9.
24. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa).
ELYMAIS
275
No.
25
Metal.
^*- i Size.
Obverse,
Reverse.
57-9
M -6
3-75
26
45-0 \JE -6
2-92
Similar to preceding.
Field filled with
usually parallel.
dashes,
27
63-4
4-11
^ -6
28
61-8 1^ .6
4-00
1
PI. XLI. 18.
29
61-6 Le -65
5-9^
30
58-6
.3-80
JE .6
31
56-9 '^ -7
3-69
32
56-0 1^ -6
•
33
55-9 JE -6
34
53-7 \JE -7
3-48
35
52-1 \JE .55
1) iTy
36
50-8
^ -6
3-29
25-36. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa).
276
No.
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
49-1
M
•55
3-18
46-3
M
•6
3-00
54-4
M
•6
3-52
53-7
M
•6
3-48
53-0
M
•6
3-43
56-9
M
•65
3-69
54-5
M
•55
5-55
49-6
M
•6
5-^i
48-3
M
•65
3-13
56-7
M
•6
5-68
63-6
M
•6
412
Obverse.
Reverse.
dashes crescent-shaped.
PL XLI. 19.
PI. XLI. 20.
double cross-bar to anchor.
dashes irregular.
PL XLI. 21.
37, 38. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa;. 39-41, 1909.
Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa ?). 42.1900. Rollin. 43.1900.
Lincoln. 44.1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizfui;. 45.1894.
Gen. .Sir Alex. Cunningham. 46. 1908. Lincoln. 47. 1919. H. D. Gill (found at Susa).
ELYMAIS
277
No.
48
49
50
51
52
53
Wt.
50-3
3-26
48-8
316
56-5
3-66
53-4
3-46
50-4
3-27
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M -65
t
M -65
t
^ .6
t
M -65
t
M -6
t
52-7 ^ -6
3-4:1 f
Obverse.
Eeverse.
Type Ac. Bust i'acin|j;- in tiara adorned with two
crescents.
Drachms.
1. With Greek inscription.
Bust facing, left shoulder pro-
minent, bearded, wearing dia-
demed tiara, adorned witli two
crescents containing pellets ;
on 1., TTPA ; on r., anchor and
crescent containing pellet ;
border of dots.
Artemis standing, and inscrip-
tion, as on series Ab. 1,
usually beginning on r. above.
iPAATHCB ACIA€VC
♦ PA
PL XLI. 22.
ACIA€V
double cross-bar to anchor (?).
<l> - - - CB ACIA€ - -
" ' OX)8 on 1., outwards ;
on r., - - AASTT inwards.
PI. Xlil. 23.
" ■ 0/)8 on 1., outwards :
inscr. on r. obliterated.
2. Without inscription.
Bust facing, &c., as on pre-
ceding (decoration of tiara
obscure) ; border of dots.
Eagle standing 1. ; wings dis-
played ; border of dots.
PI. XLI. 24.
48, 49. 1920. Presented by M. J. de Morgan (from a find at Dizful). 50. 1909.
Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 52. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson
(found at Susa?). 53. 1900. Rollin and Feuardent.
278
ELYMAIS
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
54
49-9
3-28
M -6
t
55
40-9
2-65
M -55
t
56
35-1
2-27
.E -6
t
57
47-6
3-08
M -55
t
border o^al.
Eagle has wings closed and
holds in beak diadem, ends
of which fly behind ; border
oval.
PI. XLI. 25.
58
41-8
2-71
.E -55
Similar to preceding.
Double diadem ; on either
side a crescent, horns upward,
containing a pellet ; border
of dots.
59
41-2
2-67
.E -6
crescents visible in decoration
of tiara.
60
40-4
2-62
.E -55
t
PI. Xl
LI. 26.
61
33-4
2-16
M -55
7
crescent in field, if any
flan.
off the
62
37-8
M -55
no crescent in field.
no crescents.
2-45
"^
PI. XLI. 27.
63
33-0
214
ja -55
no crescent in field.
crescents with horns out-
ward.
54. 1916. Presented by Rev. Edgar Rogers (from Teheran). 55, 56. 1909. Presented
by Lt. A.T. Wilson found at Susa?). 57. 1900. Rollin and Feuardent. 58, 59. 1909.
As nos. 55, 56. 60. 1900. Rollin and Feuardent. 61-3. 1909. As nos. 55, 56.
279
No
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Obverse.
Reverse.
64
36-2
2-35
M
•6
Similar bust, &c.,to preceding ;
border of dots.
PI. XLI. 28.
Field filled with parallel
crescents (?).
65
36-1
2-34
M
•55
Similar to preceding ; tiara
adorned with vertical row of
pellets ; border of dots.
Pattern of crescents : centre
of three crescents back to
back, surrounded by a border
of six crescents with horns
outward (?).
64, 65. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa?j. In spite of the
decoration of the tiara on no. 65, usually associated, according to Allotte de la Fuye's
classification, with Orodes II. the style and weight of these coins connect them with those
attributed to Phraates.
280
ELYMAIS
No.
Metal.
Wt. 1 Size.
i Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Oeodes III.
(URUD MALKA)
Second cent. A. d.
Drachms.
Type Be. Bust facing.
1
38-9 jE .55
3-53 • t
Bust facing (1. shoulder pro-
minent), with long moustache
and pointed beard ; hair dressed
high on head ; double diadem ;
small lateral tufts : border of
dots.
In a formal wreath, anchor,
flanked at top by crescents
containing pellets.
PI. XLII. 1.
Bust facing, all as on preceding,
but with larger lateral tufts ;
border of dots.
Female bust (Artemis?) 1.,
wearing a head-dress with a
crest of rays terminating in
pellets, and ties falling to
shoulders ; necklace and
pearled dress ; behind head,
anchor ; border of dots.
2
54-8
.E .6
o-oo
t
PL XLII. 2.
3
•15-0
J2-9J2
.E -55
/
4
44-2
J2-86
t
in field 1., crescent surmounted
by a star.
5
40-3
2-Gl
M -6
t
6
39-0
M -6
7
33-2
M -6
t
1. 1900,
at Susa ?).
Rollin and Feuardent.
2-7. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found
ELYMAIS
281
No.
10
11
12
13
Wt.
47-0
3-05
9 i 45-9
2-97
42-9
3-78
37-4
2-4:2
43-9
2-84:
29-3
1-90
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
M .6
^ -6
t
M -6
/
M .6
tE -55
t
M -55
t
PI. XLII. 3.
PI. XLII. 4.
Type B i'. Bust 1. ; Aramaic inscr.
Bust 1., -with pointed beard,
large tufts of hair on top of
bead and nape of neck ; double
diadem ; in front, traces of
Aramaic inscr. (URUD MAL-
KA) ; border of dots.
Female bust (Queen Ulfan?)
I., draped ; wears diadem with
long ties, and necklace ; [in
front, inscr.].
PI. XLII. 5.
Similar
anchor ;
bust I. ; in front,
border off the flan.
Similar bust 1. ; details of
head-dress oif the flan : on 1.,
PI.
inscr. J^Q (? tNS['?1],
ULFAN) ; border of dots.
XLII. 6.
8, 9. 1900. RoUin and Feuardent.
11. 1877. Feuardent. 12. 1900.
by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa).
10. 1894. Gen,
Rollin and Feuardent.
Sir Alex. Cunningbam.
13. 1909. Presented
o o
282
ELYMAIS
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
•
Orodes IV.
(URITD MALKA)
Second century a.d.
Drachms.
Type B g. Bust 1.
Bust 1., ^vith small beard in
two points ; large tuft of hair
on top of head ; double
diadem ; on 1. downwards.
sometimes inscr. J07^ 1111 ;
border of dots.
Female bust 1. (Artemis ?) ;
wears head-dress with crest
of rays terminating in pellets,
and ties ; necklace and pearled
dress ; border of dots.
1
47-5
■ 3-08
JE .7
f
^li^py-' [k]:dS^"iiii
behind head, anchor.
2
47-4
3-07
JE -5
inscr. (if any) off the flan ; in
front of head, anchor.
3
46-0
^■98
JE .6
tyi^e mis-struck ; inscr. (if any)
off the flan.
behind head, anchor.
PI. XLII. 7.
4
38-6
;2-50
JE .55
/
inscr. (if any) off the tlan. „ „
PI. XLII. 8.
5
45-0
^•93
M -65
)) )j
6
40-0
3-59
JE -G
no inscr.
7
40-0
3-59
^ -6
traces of inscr.
behind head, anchor.
8
34-9
M -65
no inscr.
1, 2. 1920. Presented by Mr. G. P. Churchill (from Persia). 3-6. 1909. Presented
by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa?). 7. 1920. Presented by Mr. G. P. Churchill (from
Persia). 8. 1916. Presented by Rev. Edgar Rogers (from Teheran).
283
No.
Wt.
9
33-9
2-20
10
45-0
2-U2
11
37-0
3-40
12
35-0
2-27
13
37-4
2-42
14
32-6
2-11
15
32-2
2-OV
16
30-0
1-94
17
28-1
1-82
Metal,
Size.
Axis.
M -6
t
M -55
/
M -55
t
JE -55
t
Obverse.
inscr. (if any) off the flan.
Reverse.
no. inscr.
inscr. (if any) off the flan.
behind head, trace of an-
chor (?).
behind head, crescent (?).
behind head, crescent.
PI. XLII. 9.
M .55 Similar type, &c., in lower ' Similar type, in lower relief.
t
M .5
\
M .55
t
M .5
t
M .5
t
relief ; behind head, anchor ;
no. inscr.
PI. XLII. 10.
in front of head, crescent (?).
PI. XLII. 11.
PI. XLII. 12.
9-11. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa).
13-16. 1909. Asnos. 9-11. 17. 1909. As nos. 3-6.
12. 1909. As nos. 3-6.
284
ELYMAIS
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse. Reverse.
Uncertain Kings.
Late second century to 226 a.d.
Drachms.
Type B h. Bust 1. ; rev. Artemis.
1
27-8
1-80
JE -5
t
Bust 1., with beard in two
points ; small tuft on top of
head ; double diadem ; no an-
chor behind (?) ; borderof dots.
Artemis, wearing short chiton,
standing r. ; in extended 1.,
bow, r. draws arrow from
quiver at her shoulder; bor-
der of dots.
PI. XLII. 13.
1. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (from Susa?).
ELYMAIS
285
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Siz
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Type B i. Bust 1. ; rev. Artemis.
1
' Bust I., with beard in two
Artemis, wearing short chiton,
points ; small tuft at back of
standing r. ; in extended 1.
1 head and sometimes also on
bow, r. draws arrow from
top ; diadem (usually double) ;
sometimes,^ behind head, an-
quiver at her shoulder ; bor-
der of dots.
chor, and above it a crescent
and star, separated ; border of
dots.
1
47-3
.E .55
3-06
t
2
41-2
M 55
3
34-0
M -5
2-20
t
PI. XLII. 14.
4
35-1
M -5
t
5
31-5
3-04
M .5
t
6
28-5
1-85
M .5
t
7
26-8
1-71
.E -55
t
8
26-7
1-73
.E -45
t
9
22-5
1-M
.E -45
t
^ Some of those coins on which the anchor, &c., are not described may be only faulty
specimens.
1. 1900, Lincoln. 2. 1920. Presented by Mr. G. P. Churchill i,from Persia).
3. 1900. Lincoln. 4-9. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa).
286
ELVMAIS
No.
10
Wt.
Metal
Size.
Axis.
22-2
1-44
JE -5
t
11
21-3
1-38
M -45
t
12
20-0
1-30
M -55
t
13
31-5
2-04
JE .5
t
14
31-2
2-02
JE -45
t
15
25-1
1-63
JE -4
t
16
31-0
2-01
^ -55
t
17
27-8
1-80
JE .5
t
18
31-5
2-04
^ -5
t
19
40-4
2-62
^ -5
t
20
38-8
2-51
JE -55
t
21
38-.-)
2-4'J
^ -55
t
22
28-7
1-86
JE .45
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
PI. XLII. 15.
PL XLII. 17.
behind head, traces of anchor,
crescent, and star.
behind head, anchor [also
crescent and star?].
behind head, anchor, crescent,
and star.
PI. XLII. 16.
in field 1., crescent (horns up-
ward).
in front of head, anchor.
PI. XLII. 18.
10-12. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 13-15. 1909. Presented
by Lt. A. T. Wilson (from Susa ?). 16. 1916. Presented by Rev. Edgar Rogers (from
Teheran). 17. 1905. Presented by Mr. F. A. Harrison. 18. 1909. As nos. 13-15.
19. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa). 20, 21. 1909. As nos. 13-15.
22. 1909. As no. 19.
ELYMAIS
287
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Keverse.
Type Bj. Bust 1. ; rev. Athena.
Bust 1., with pointed beard ;
large tufts of hair on head
and nape of neck ; double
diadem ; behind, anchor and
crescent containing pellet ;
border of dots.
Athena, wearing helmet and
long chiton, r. resting on
spear, 1. on shield which is
on the ground ; border of
dots.
1
50-7
3-^9
t
PI. XL
Athena stands r.
II. 19.
2
40-3
2-61
M .5
t
anchor off the flan. | „ „
PL XLII. 20.
3
36-1
2-34
M .5
t
4
46-4
3-01
M .55
t
J) '>
,, stands 1.
5
46-3
3-00
M -55
t
>j '»
6
44-0
2-85
M -55
t
•1 >)
1, 2. 1900. Kollin and Feuardent. 3. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson
(found at Susa?). 4. 1916. Presented by Eev. Edgar Rogers (from Teheran).
5. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa), 6. 1909. As no. 3.
288
ELYMAIS
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Type C. Bust r. ; rev. crescent in wreath.
Bust r., bearded, diademed,
with small tuft of hair at
back.
Within a formal wreath, tied
at bottom, crescent with horns
upward containing pellet.
1
38-0
2-46
M -5
t
PI. XLII. 22.
2
26-5
1-72
M .45
t
no pellet in crescent, but two
below.
PI. XLII. 23.
3
30-3
1-96
.E .45
t
details obscure (no crescent
or pellet?).
4
28-4
1-84
M .45
t
PI. XL
no crescent or pellet ?
IL 24.
5
28-4
1-84
M .45
t
1 no crescent or pellet.
PI. XLII. 25.
6
24-4
1-58
M .45
t
bust I.
no pellet in orescent.
1, 2. 1909. Presented by Lt. A. T. Wilson (from Susa?).
by Lt. A. T. Wilson (found at Susa).
3-6. 1909. Presented
CHARACENE
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
241-6
15-66
Al 1-2
t
Obveise.
Reverse.
T. GREEK SERIES.
Hyspaosines.
reigning 188 A.s. = 125/4 B.C.
No coins in tlie British Museum. See Introduction.
Apodakos
reigning 203-207 A.s. = 110/9-106/5 B.C.
Silver tetradraehm.
Head of Apodakos r., dia-
demed ; traces of fillet
border.
Herakles, nude, seated 1.
on anvil-shaped seat, 1.
resting on seat, r. holding
clul) which rests on r.
knee ; on r. downwards,
BAZIAEflZ, on 1. down-
wards, ATTOAAKOY; in
/\J, in ex. rZ
Date.
field
PL XLIII. 1.
TiRAios I Euergetes
reigning 223 a.s. = 90/89 B.C.
No coins in the British Museum. See Introduction.
203
A. S. =
110/9
B.C.
1. 1853. Jos. Olgiiin (found near Hamadan). Arch. Zeitung, 1853, 383. Nam. Chron.,
1856, p. 139. Waddington, lie!. II, p. 85, PL VI. 3 ; Babelon, Mel. Ill, PI. VI. 3.
Pp
290
C'HARACENE
No.
Wt.
210-2
13-62
57-0
3-69
Metal,
Size.
Axis.
t
M '7
Obverse.
Reverse.
TiRAios II Soter Euergetes
reigning 252-261 or 264 A.s. = 61/0-52/1 or
49/8 B.C.
Silver tetradraehm.
Head r.. diademed, beard-
ed, hair in curls ; border
of dots.
Herakles seated 1. with
club as on previous coin ;
on r. downwards, BAZI
AEfi:^ I TIPAIDY. on
I.downwards.JinTHPD
Xlill-lVEPri; infiehl,
above r. arm
■l^'^'^
PL XLIII. 2.
Bronze.
Similar head r. ; border, 1 Nike walking 1., r. ex-
if any, off the flan ;! tended holding wreath (?) ;
bevelled edge. ; on r^ downwards, [B]AC
lAE^, on 1. downwards,
JTIPA
PI. XLIII. 3.
Date.
261
A.s.
(52/1
B.C.)
or 264
A. S.
(49/8
B.C.)
1. 1824. R. Payne-Knight. Num. Vet., p. 193. 1. Visconti, Icon. Ch\ III, PL IX. 9.
Lauglois, PL II. 2. Waddington, p. 87, PL VL 4. Babelon, PL VI. 5. 2. 1897.
Presented by Mr. H. F. Amedroz. Num. Chron., 1899, p. 107, no. 34, PL IX. 13.
CHARACENE
291
No
Wt.
1B2-2
10-51
209-6
13-58
211-5
13-70
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
M 1-2
t
Jil-15
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
Attambelos I Soter Euergetes
reigning 269 (or earlier)-273 (?) A. s. = 44/3
to 40/39 B.C.
Silver tetradraehms.
Head r., diademed, beard-
ed, hair in curls ; border
of dots.
Herakles seated 1. with
club, as on preceding tetra-
draehms ; on r. down-
wards and on 1. down-
wards, inscr. ; above r.
arm, monogram ; in ex.,
date.
BAZIAEn[Z] I ATTA
MBHAa[Y] on r., ZH
THPD[ZJ I [KAIJEYE
- - - on 1. ; monogram
^ ; in ex. B1:X
PI. LV. 10.
[B]AZIAE[nZ I A]TT
AMBHAD[Y]onr., [Z]
nTHPDZ I [KAIJEYE
Pr -- on 1.,
^ ; in ex. OSi
monogram
PI. LV. 11.
[B]AZIAE[nZ] I ATT
AMBHAD[Y] on r., Z
nTHPD[Z I KjAIEYE
Pr - - on 1. ; monogram
y ; in ex. BDZ
PI. LV. 12.
Date.
269
A. S. ==
44/3
B.C.
?270
A. S. =
43/2
B.C.
272
A.S.=
41/0
B.C.
1-3. 1920. D. B. Davies (from Mesopotamia).
292
CHARACENE
No.
4
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Date.
187-7
13-16
Ail-1
t
[BAZJIAE[nZ ATJT
AMBHAa[Y] on r., Z
HTHPaZ 1 [KAJIEYE
PrET - on 1. ; monogram
y ; in ex. PDZ
PI. LV. 13.
273 (?)
A.S.=
40/39
B.C.
5
165.7
10-74
yRl-7
t
[B]AZIA[EnZ] ATT
AMBH[AaY] on r., Z
nTHPD[Z 1 KJAIEYE
P - - on 1. ; monogram
5»J ; under arm of Hera-
cles, letter ^; ex. oft' the
flan.
PL LV. 14.
?
Theonesios I
reigniDg 273 A.s. = 40/39 b.c.
No coins in the British Museum. See Introduction.
4, 5. 1920. D. B. Davies (from Mesopotamia).
CHARACENE
293
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse. Reverse.
Date.
Attambelos II Soter Euergetes
reigning 283-317 A.s. = 30/29 b.c,-5/6 a.d.
Base tetradrachms.
Head r.,
diademed, beard-
Herakles with club seated
ed, hair
of dots.
in curls ; border
1. as on preceding tetra-
drachms ; on r. down-
wards and on 1. down-
wards, inscr. ; above r.
arm, monogram u)J ; be-
low arm, a letter: in ex.,
date.
1
211-5
13-70
base
1-05
t
BAClAi 1 ATTAMB
on r., cnxHP 1 iii
on 1. ; underarm, ^j (i'O'
in ex. n T"
313(?)
A.S. =
1/2
A.D.
2
225-1
U-59
base
1-0
t
iiZli 1 iTTAMBon
r., iriTHPDjiAIEYE
on 1. ; under arm, jT ; in
ex. c;iT
316
A.S.=
4/5
A.D.
PI. XLIII. 4.
3
214-9
13-93
base
1-05
t
BAir.i 1 ATTAMB on
r.; iiTi 1 iii on 1 ;
under arm, ^ Q) ; in ex.
.TIT
PL XLIII. 5.
317
A. S.=
5/6
A.D.
2. 1840. R. Steuart. Waddington, p. 89. 4, PI. VI. 9.
3. Waddington, p. 89. 5.
294
CHARACENE
No.
4
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Date.
219-3
14-21
base
1-05
BACli 1 ATTAMi on
r., CnTHi 1 ¥m. on
?
t
1. ; under arm, J (^ ?) :
date off the flan.
PI. XLIII. 6.
5
211-7
13-72
base
1-05
t
3AZIAEni 1 iTTA
MB HA on r. ; inscr. on
1. obliterated ; monogram
f^^, no letter under arm ;
date off' the flan.
?
CHARACENE
295
wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
221-2
14-33
base
1-05
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
Date.
Adinekglos Soter
reigning 321 or 324-333 A.s. (9/10 or
12/13-21 '22 A.D.)
Base tetradraehm.
Bust r., diademed, bearded,
liair in curls ; traces of
border.
Herakles seated 1. with
club as on preceding coins:
on r. downwards, :^ACIA
Ei I i.4INHPrAO, on
1 downwards, ^.Q.THP
M (rest, if any, off the
flan) ; above arm, remains
of monogram ; in ex.
PL XLIII. 7.
Theonesios II Soter
reigning 363 a.s. = 51/2 A.D.
No coins in British Museum. See Introduction.
321
A.S,(=:
9/10
A. D.)
or 324
A.S.( =
12/13
A.D.)
1. Waddiugton, p. 91, PI. VII. 10. Babelon, p. 231, PI. VI. 8.
296
CHABACENE
No.
vvt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Date.
Attambelos III Soter Euergetes
reigning 365-383 A.s. (53/4-71/2 a.d).
Bronze tetradrachms.
Head r., diademed ; hair
Herakles seated 1. with
in curls; border (when
club, as on preceding
visible) of dots.
coins ; inscr. on r. and 1.
downwards ; above arm
of Herakles, monogram ;
below it, a letter ; in ex.,
date.
1
200-4
^1-05
no beard.
m'$, 1 iTAMBi onr.,
365
12-99
t
Cu)THP 1 MM on 1. ;
monogram and letter il-
legible ; date Tlif;
A.S.=
53/4
A.D.
PI. XLIII. 8.
2
231-4
^1-05
no beard ; on neck, coun-
i.-VCIAiiiiTAMBH
369
1
14-99
t
termark, obscure.
onr., CCOTHPlKAIon
1. ; monogram hj , letter
illegible ; in ex., date
Tze
A.s. =
57/8
A.D.
3
236-'
^1-0
no beard ; on neck, coun-
MMM 1 ATTAMBonr.,
V
15-30
t
termark, HH
CWTHP 1 GY€ oa 1.;
monogram rrj, letter \/
(i) ; date off the flan.
PI. XLIII. 9.
1. Waddington, p. 100, no. 2. 2. 1920. Spink (from Hermann WeVjer Collection).
3. 1854. Cnpt. .Tones, H.RI.C.S. Waddington, p. 100, no. 1, PI. VII. 12.
CHARACENE
297
No.
Wt.
238-1
15-43
228-8
14-83
231-3
14-99
228-4
14-80
223-5
14-48
191-4
12-40
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
^1-05
t
Obverse.
^1-05
\
I t
^1-05
t
M 1-0
t
^1-0
t
no beard ; on neck, coun-
termark J\jfL
Reverse.
slight beard.
iiCIAffli I ATTAM
B on r., COJTHi I iK
A on 1. ; monogram ob-
scure, letter ^ ; date
PL XLIII. 10.
^^3. I ATT A MB on r.,
CWTHP i iAi on 1.;
monogram obscure, letter
X ; date TO A
PL XLIV. 1.
slight beard; in front of
neck, countermark Itji
if I ATTAMB on r,
CWTHP I iAi on L;
monogram ^|5j , letter
O (^<) : date TOB
PL XLIV. 2.
slight beard ; behind head,
D ; on neck, countermark
'm. I ATTAMB
CWTHP I 't%
on r.,
on 1. ;
BH (upside down). \ monogram ^ (?), letter
obscure ; date TO?- (?)
PL XLIV. 3.
slight beard ; in front of
face, countermark IXJ
slight beard.
BACi I ATTAMB on
r., CCJTi I ii on 1.;
monogram and letter ob-
scure ; date i"^i
%% I ATTAMi on r.,
COJTi I ii on 1.; mo-
nogram and letter ob-
scure : date off the flan.
Date.
371
A. S.=
59/60
A. D.
372
A. S.=
60/1
A. D.
375
A. S.=
63/4
A.D.
5. 1850. Major Ravrlinson. This is not the Woodhouse specimen mentioned by
Waddington, p. 101, no. 5 ; the Woodhouse Collection, when acquired by the British Museum,
contained no such coin. 6. 1908. Lincoln. 8. 1900. Lincoln. 9. 1852.
Merewether.
Q q
298
CHARACENE
No.
10
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Date.
176-0
11-41
^1-0
fuller beard ; on neck,
countermark HH
ii 1 ATTAMi on r.,
iOJTHi 1 '^3, on 1.;
monogram and letter ob-
literated ; date T^ ::=::(?)
377
A. S.=
65/6
A D.
PI. XLIV. 4.
11
229-2
U-85
^1-0
t
fuller beard ; on neck,
countermark j^ri
'$M I ATTAi on r.,
COJTHi 1 iKA on 1.;
monogram J4J, letter ^ ;
?
date off the flan.
PI. XLIV. 5.
10. 1874. Rollin and Fenardent.
CHARACENE
299
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Date.
Aetabazos.
No coins known.
Attambelos IV Soter Euergetes
reigning 412-416 A.s. (100/1-104/5 a.d.).
Bronze tetradrachm.
1
221-3
14-34
JEl-0
t
Head r., diademed, beard-
ed, hair iu curls ; in front,
six-pointed star; traces of
border of dots.
Herakles seated 1. with
club as on preceding
coins ; on r. downwards,
iACi 1 iTTAMBli,
on 1. downwards, CCJT
HP 1 KAI€Y; no mono-
gram or letter ; in ex.,
date YIG
415
A. 8.=
103/4
A.D.
PI. XLIV. 6.
1. 1840. R. Steuart. Longperier, I, p. 310, PI. V. 1.
(where the date is misread as YIB)-
Waddington, p. 101, PI. VII. 14
300
CHABACENE
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis. ■
Obverse.
Reverse.
Date.
Theones(i)os III Soter Euergetes
reigning 421-423 A. s. {= 109/10-111/12 a.d.).
Bronze tetradraehms.
Bust r., with sliort beard,
diademed, hair in curls ;
in front, a palm -branch ;
border (?).
Herakles with club, seated
1. as on i^receding coins ;
on r. and 1. downwards,
inscr. ; above arm, mono-
gram ; below, a letter ; in
ex., date.
1
228-0
14-77
^1-0
t
ii 1 icONHIO on r.,
iCJTHPO j ii on 1.;
monogram obscure, letter
yy {t2) ; date VKr
423
A. S.=
111 2
A.D.
PI. XLIV. 7.
2
227-7
14-75
^1-0
t
on neck, countermark
M
BACli 1 e€ONHCi
on r., iojTHP 1 'rm
on 1. ; monogram ? jMt,
letter uncertain ; date il-
legible.
?
PL XLIV. 8.
Attambelos V
reigning a.d. 116.
No coins known
1. 1874. Rollin and Feuardent. 2. 1882. India Office Collection. Waddington,
p. 103. 3, PI. VII. 16 Babelon, p. 238 f. The date, which Waddington read as YAA or
YA At and Babelon thinks may bo YKA- is quite indecipherable.
CHARACENE
301
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Uncertain Kings.
(2nd cent, after Christ).
Bronze tetradrachms.
1
216-9
14-05
JEl-05
t
Bust r., bearded, diademed;
liair dressed in two rows of
curls on top and tuft behind ;
bust draped ; border of dots.
Herakles seated 1. with club,
as on preceding coins ; remains
of inscr. (Greek?) on r. and
1. ; above r. arm, monogram
1^' ; below arm, a letter (?) :
ex. obscure.
PI. XLIV. 9.
2
179-9
11-66
^1-0
t
Bust r., bearded, diadomed ;
hair dressed in three rows of
curls, flat-topped, on top of
head, and tuft behind ; bust
draped ; border of dots.
Similar type ; remains of inscr.
(Greek ?) ; all very much worn.
PI. XLIV. 10.
1. Perhaps from C. J. Rich.
2. 1858. Whittall of Smyrna.
302
CHARACENE
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse. Reverse.
II. ARAMAIC SERIES.
A. Banaga or Binaga (?).
(2nd cent, after Christ).
Bronze tetradraehms.
Bust r., diademed, with
pointed beard ; hair dressed
in two rows of curls, flat-
topped, on top of head, and
tuft behind ; bust draped ;
traces of letters in field (?)
and of border of dots.
Herakles seated 1., with club,
as on preceding coins ; on 1.
and r. downwards, inscr. ;
above r. arm, monogram ; be-
low arm letter or letters ;
border of dots.
1
290-9
18-85
^1-05
t
Oj_f^y <^ii ^'i inscr. on 1. ob-
literated ; monogram J/r (?) :
letters obscure.
PL XLIV. 11.
2
234-6
15-20
iEl-05
t
on r. ; monogram /n ; letters
;?!0
PI. XLIV. 12.
1. From C. J. Rich(?). Num. Chron., 1856, no. 7 (obv.) on Plate at p. 1. 2. From
C. J. Rich(?). Num. Chron., 1856, no. 8 (rev.) on Plate at p. 1. Lenormant, Prop, de I'Alph.
Phen., II, PI. XII. 2. Rev. Num., 1889, p. 216, no. 1, PI. V. 1. This is not the Tochon
d'Annecy-Gurt coin as Drouin, loc. cit,, supposes.
CHARACENE
303
No.
Wt.
259-4
16-81
255-0
10-52
237-1
15-36
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
B. Nameless King.
{2nd cent, after Christ).
Bronze tetradrachms.
Bust r., diademed, beardless,
hair dressed in two rows of
curls, flat-topped, on top of
head, and in tuft behind ;
bust draped ; border of dots.
^1-1
^1-1
t
^1-05
t
Bust r,, not diademed, with
short pointed beard (hardly
indicated), hair in curls ;
bust draped ; on r. and 1.
monograms and letter ; border
of dots.
P^ and ^
n or J
Ion 1.
PI. XLV. 1.
traces of s-ame monograms
letter on I. obliterated.
traces of same monograms ;
A or' "Xi on 1.
PI. XLV. 2.
1. From C. J. Rich(?). Num. Chron., 1856, Plate at p. 1, no. 9. Lenormant, op. cit.,
PI. XII. 3. Eev.Num.,lSS9,Pl.Y.o. 2.1844, R. Stenart. 3. From C. J. Rich (?).
304
CHARACENE
No
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
C. Maga son of Athabiaos(?)
(2nd cent, after Christ).
Bronze tetradrachm.
1
256-7
16-63
t
Bust r. , diademed, with pointed
beard, hair in two rows of
curls, flat-topped, on tojD of
head, and tuft behind ; bust
draped ; in front, in two lines
downwards, inscr. ' ' #—■
and, lower, remains of mono-
gram l/^ ; border of dots.
Head r., undiademed, with
pointed beard, hair in six
large rolls and a long plait
on top ; in front, monograms
y^i and A| ; inscr. begin-
ning below on r.
PL XLV. 3.
1. From C. J. Rich (?). Num. Chron., 1856, Plate at p„ 1, no. 10. Drouin, Rev. Num.,
1889, PI. V. 6. This is not, as Drouin supposes, the coin engraved by Lenormant, Prop, de
VAlph. Phen., II, PI. XII. 6 ; nor is Drouin's facsimile of the inscr., op. cit., PI. VII. 6, made
from this coin. This coin is re-struck ; on the reverse, in the hair, are visible the pellets
rei^resenting the curls of the hair of the previous type, which was probably like the head on
the rev. of group B. Perhaps the two monograms in the field also belong to the earlier type.
CHARACENE
305
No.
Wt.
254-7
16-50
252-8
16-38
247-4
246-5
15-97
245-7
15-92
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
^1-05
t
t
^1-1
16-03 I t
iEl-1
^1-05
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
D. Maga son of Athabiaos (?)
(2nd cent, after Christ.)
Bronze tetradrachms.^
Bust r., witli pointed
beard, wearing round-
topped tiara diademed ;
bust draped ; in front,
monogram lA and,
downwards, inscr. in two
lines ^.\ behind.
downwards, /T^^ ' b^ 5
border of dots.
Head r. as on rev. of preceding
coins, undiademed, with pointed
beard, hair in six large rolls
with long plait on top of head ;
around, beginning above on r.,
and outside this inscr., on r.,
differential letters ; border of dots.
Differentia. : T^Q
PI. XLV. 4.
(M^^ behind)
PI. XLV. 5.
,^-/Z> coy . f . .
^.<i^„ in front
PI. XLV. 6.
PL XLV. 7.
^ A few of the more interesting variations of the inscriptions on these coins are given
in rough facsimile in the text, but it has not been possible to represent them all in tliis
manner.
1-5. All probably from C. J. Rich, 1825.
1. Rev. Num., 1889, p. 232, PI. V. 9.
E r
306
CHARACENE
I ! Metal.
No. I Wt. : Size.
! , Axis.
240-1 'JEl-05
15-56 i t
239-1 \JEl-\
15-49 j t
236-6 ^1-0
15-33 t
9 j 236-5 ^1-0
! 15-32 i t
10
11
12
13
14
251-0
16-36
244-4
15-84
^1-05
t
tEI-Oo
t
15
240-8 ItEI-OS
15-60 I t
240-1 ^1-05
15-56 t
237-6 ^1-1
15-40 t
271-4 JEl-Oo
17-59 t
Obverse.
Reverse.
PI. XLV. 8.
Differentia : T^
PI. XLV. 9.
PI. XLV. 10.
Differentia : Qi
16 252-3 ^1-05
I 16-35 I t
(monogram much broken
ilowu)
PI. XLV. 11.
Differentia : i
PI. XLV. 12.
6-16. All probably, and nos. 6-8, 10, 11, 13, 15 certainly, from C. J. Rich, 18f!5.
14. Rev. Num., 1889, p. 233, PI. VI. IS. 16. Rev. Xum., 1889, p. 231, PI. V. 8.
CHAEACEXE
307
17
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
1
250-8
16-25
^1-05
t
(hair in seven rolls)
PL XLV. 13.
18
250-1
16-21
^1-05
t
iyy^J^ 1 ^ behind)
19
239-0
^1-0
.
15-49
t
1
Differeniia : 1 (? ^)
20
244-0
M\-Qb
15-81
t
PL XLVI. L
Differentia : "^
21
251-7
^1-0
16-31
t
PL XLVI. 2.
22
250-0
16-20
Mi-Qb
t
Differentia absent or off the tlan.
23
271-1
.El-0
17-57
t
PI. XLVI. 3.
24
265-8
.^1-05
17-22
t
PI. XLVI. 4.
25
259-1
.El-0
16-79
t
PL XLVI. 5.
26
256-4
16-61
^1-1
t
(WTl/^" behind)
( Aa n -C«w//> r\ o Wo/^)
PI. XLVI. 6.
27
256-2
^1-1
1
16-60
t
PL XLVI. 7.
17-27. All probably, and nos. 18, 19, 22, 25, 27 certainlj-, from C. J. Rich, 1825.
17. Rev. Nian., 1889, p. 233, PI. V. 15 (the reverse ; the illustration of the obverse is from
some other specimen).
308
CHARACENE
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
28 257-6
I 16-69
I
29 I 254-8
16-51
30
31
32
33
34
35
252-7
16-37
252-7
16-37
251-7
16-31
249-2
16-15
238-3
15-44
243-8
15-80
.El-0
t
JEl-0
t
.El-0 (7-^/^ beLin.l)
t '
Keverse.
(//////////////©/.€? e cAO OVM o-^')
PL XLVI. 8.
PI. XLVI. 9.
iEl-0
t
Ml-Oo
t
.El-1
t
ir\/A behind)
^1-1 (n /A behind)
t i PI. XLVI. 11.
.^1-05
t
36 240-9 !^M ; (//^TIO^ ^^^^^^^'^)
37
15-61
231-8
15-0J2
t
M\-0
t
PI. XLVI. 12.
38 : 249-2 .El-0
39
16-15
239-6
15-53
PI. XLVI. 10.
PI. XLVI. 13.
t
M 1-0 ('>'-^ \^ behind)
\ PI. XLVI. 15.
PI. XLVI. 14.
28-39. All probably, and nos. 28, 36 certainly, from C. .J. Rich, 1825.
from same obv. die. 39. Rev. Num., 1889, p. 253, PI. VI. 35.
33 and 34 are
CHARACENE
309
No.
40
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
237-1
15-36
^1-05
t
(^^g behind)
41
236-6
15-33
^1-05
t
42
230-0
U-90
.El-05
t
PI. XLVI. 16.
43
161-0
10-43
.■El-0
t
("YNV^ behind)
40-3. All probably, and no, 40 certainly, from C. J. Rich, 1S25.
SUB-CHARACENIAN
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Unceetain King
(2nd cent, after Christ).
Bronze tetradrachms.
Head r., diademed and
bearded ; border of dots, out-
side which, broad margin, as
on coins of Meredates.
Herakles seated 1. with club,
as on preceding coins ; above
and on either side, inscr. ; in
ex., date(?).
1
236-8
15-34
^1-2
t
traces of overstruck type.
above, traces of letters ; on r.
downwards, ^^ o^^CT^t^;
on 1. downwards, ^^ ^ ^ ; \
in ex., traces of letters ; be-
fore his face, ^ ; under his
r. arm, ><^
PI. XLVII. 1.
2
182-7
11-84
tEMS
t
traces of overstruck type.
above, traces of letters ; on r.
downwards,
-_ ^_r ^i__, on 1. down-
wards, f ^ ; ^^ 6^> traces
of letters. 1
PI. XLVII. 2. !
1. 1891. Lubicz.
2. 1901. W. T. Ready.
SUB-CHARACENIAN
311
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Meeedates, son of Phobas(?)
reigning A. s. 454 {= A. D. 142-3)
(M€P€AATHC BACIAeYC YIOC <l>OBA
BACIAenC).
Bronze tetradrachms.
Bust of king r., bearded ; he
wears diademed tiara deco-
rated -with crest of hooked
ornaments and three upright
bands, of which the outer con-
tain star in crescent, the inner
star and ? ; decorated robe ;
border of dots, with broad
outer margin.
Bust of City-goddess r.. wear-
ing turreted crown, hair tied
with fillet ; inscr. (a) behind
bust, in two lines down-
wards ; {h) beginning in front
of face and curving over
head ; (c) date below bust ;
{d) in second line in front of
face.
1
227-5
14-74
.^1-2
t
(a) iP€AAT|iACI.A AC
(6) obliterated,
(c) VM.4
{d) obliterated.
2
225-7
14-62
^M5
t
{a) MGP€Ai 1 off the flan.
(6) IKPOBABAC
(c, d) off the flan.
PL XLVII. 3.
3
217-3
14-08
^1-05
t
{a) M€P€AAT 1 BAClAi
(//) VI<I)OBABACIA
(c) YNA
(tZ) obliterated.
PL XLVII. 4.
4
210-6
13-65
^1-15
PL XL
(a) obliterated.
(6) V-KDii
(c) YNA
(f?) OHAli
VII. 5.
2. 1891. Lubicz.
3. 1839. Millingen. Sylloge, p. 85.
312
SUBCHARACENIAN
No.
10
Wt.
5 j 209-3
13-56
201-8
13-08
200-3
13-98
198-7
13-88
198-2
13-84
193-0
13-51
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
^1-2
t
.El-2
t
JE 1 • 1 5
t
t
^1-15
t
t
Obverse.
Reverse.
(a) illegible.
lb) VI<l)OBAS - - -
(c) YN.A
{d) xQMi
PI. XLVII. 6.
(a) M€P€A-- i BACIAe-
(6, c, d) illegible.
(a) M€P€AATiACIAYC
(6) VIOOBA---
(c) YNi
J) illegible.
PI. XLVII. 7.
(a) MGP€AAi I ii
(6) VI<t>OBAii
(c) YNA
((?) remains of tops of letters.
PL XLVII. 8.
(«) AA I i
(6) VKPOii
(c) YN.A
(rf) off the flan (all confuseil
by re-striking)
PI. XLVII. 9.
(a) M€P6AAT BACIAe
VC
(6) illegible.
(c) YNz:.
{d) illegible.
PI. XLVII. 10.
6, 9. Presented by Aug. Huttley.
SUB-CHARACENIAN
313
No.
11
12
Wt.
192-0
12-44
186-9
12-11
13
14
15
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
^1-2
t
^1-1
t
177-3 .El-1
11-49 t
170-0
11-02
153-9
9-97
t
M\-Qb
t
Obverse.
PI. XLVII. 15.
Reverse.
(a)
M€P€AA I ilA€VG
Vl<|)
iNi
(?) illegible.
restruck on a coin of Attam-
belos; seated Herakles and
parts of inscr. ATT
&c., visible.
PL XLVII
11.
(a)
i€P€AAi 1
m
VI<1>0----
VNA
id)
illegible.
behind head, ^
PI. XLVII
12
[a) N€P€Ai 1 M
[b) Vl4)0BAii
{c) YNA
Pi. XLVII. 13.
(a) illegible.
(b) VI<l>OBA - -
(c) KNA
(cZ) OIIAK
PL XLVII. 14.
a) W^, I BAIlAi
,6) iiiCIA
'^c) illegible.
(fZ) off the flau (all confused
by re-striking i).
11. 1909.
Asia Minor.
Lincoln.
13. 1829.
12. 184:7 (?). James Priusep. Procured by Dr. Martin in
Youns
314
ADDENDA
No.
Wt.
Metal.
Size.
Axis.
Obverse.
Reverse.
Date.
ObODAS II OF Nabataea
Silver didraehm.
1
102-9
6-67
M -8
t
Bust X-. diademed, draped ;
border of dots.
Eagle with closed wings
standing 1. ; inscr. around,
on 1. downwards fniS?
[Xl^b^; on r. upwards
"IDli "]*722; across field,
nSn nj^; border of
dots.
PL XLIX. 3.
3
1. 1921. VambtTv (from the Windischgratz Collection). See Dussaud, p. 210, no. 7.
INDEXES
I. Geographical.
II. Types.
III. Symbols and Adjuncts.
IV. Countermarks.
V. Kings and Rulers (other than Roman)
VI. Eoman Emperors and their Relatives.
VII. Inscriptions.
VIII. Eras.
IX. General.
317
INDEX 1
GEOGRAPHICAI.
el-'Abda, xxxii.
Abyssinia, Ixxii u., Ixxxi.
Acanthus, cxlix.
Aden, Ixiv, Ixxx, 46 n., 53 n., 65 u.
Adraa, xxiii f., xxviii, xxx f., 15.
Adri' at, xxiii.
Aegiua. cxxxvi.
Aelia Capitolina, xcii n.
Alejjpo, xci n.
Alexandria = Charax, q.v.
'Amman, xxxix.
Auemurium, Ixxxvii n.
Anthemusias (Anthemusia, Anthe-
mus), Ixxxvii, 81.
AntioL'hia = Charax, q. v.
Antiochia ad Calliirhoen, xciv, 91.
Autiochia ad Chrytorrhoam, xxxiv.
Antiochia in Mvgdouia, cviii, 1 1 9.
Antiochia Syr., xlii, xciii, xcviii.
Ar, xlii f.
Arabia, xxii-lxxxvi, ccv n., ccxiii,
14-80.
Aradus, cxxiv.
Areopolis, xlii f.
Ariel, xlii.
Armenia, xcix, civil, clxvi n.
Ascalon, xxxviii.
Assyria, cxviii f., 147.
Astarte, xxxix.
Asteria, xxxix.
Athens, cxlix.
Athos, Mt., Canal of, cxxix.
Atumia (?), cxviii.
Atusia (?) ad Caprum, cxviii, 147.
Auranitis, xxiv n.
Avola (Sicily), exxxi.
Axum, liii, Ixvii n.
Azara in Elymais, clxxxiii.
B
clvi f.
Babylon, Ixxvii. cxiii, cxli ff ,
140, 176 ff., 181 ff
Babylonia, cxiii ff., 140-6.
Baghdad, 195 n.
Baihan el Qasab,^W., Ixxiv.
Basrah, ccxii.
Batnai, Ixxxvii.
Beraqish, Ixxxiv.
Birket Ibrahim, xcv.
Bokhara, 191 n.
Bosra, xxiv.
Bostra, xx, xxiii u., xxiv-xxxi, 14,
16-26.
Byzantium, cxlix.
C [see also K)
Caesarea Samariae, xxxviii.
Canatha, xxii, xli.
Carchemish, 106 n.
Caripeta, Ixxv.
Carrhae, xxv, Ivii, Ixxxvii-xciv,
xcviif., cxf., cxiii, 82-90, 137.
Celenderis, cxxxvi.
318
INDEX I
Chababa, xli u.
Chabatanon, xliv.
Chaboias, R., cviii, ex f.
Characene, cxciv-ccxiv, 289-313.
Cliarachmoba, xxx f., 27.
Charax Spasinu, cxciv-ccxiv.
Chatramotites, xliv, Ixxxiii.
Choaspes, R., clxxxiii.
Chrysorrhoas, River, of Damascus,
xxxiv u.
Chrysorrhoas, River, of Gerasa (W.
Jerash), xxxiv.
Coele-Syria, xxxix.
Ctesipboii, cxiv, cxv n., cxvii.
Cyprus, cxxxviii.
Cyrene, li ii.
Cyzicus, cxxxi f.
D
Daisaii, xcv.
Damascus, xi, xii, xix, xxxiv n.
Decapolis, xxii, xxxi, xxxix.
Denietrias-Damascus, xi.
Demetrias ad Tigrini, cxix.
Dium, xxii, xxxi f., 28.
Dizful, clxxxv 11., 253-76 passim.
Dora xxxvii n.
E
Eboda, xxii f., 28.
Edessa, xci, xciv-cvii, cix, cxi f., 91-
118, 137.
Edre'i, xxiii.
Edun, xxxi.
Elusa, xxxii.
Elymais, clxxxii-cxciv, 244-88.
Emesa, xl n., Ixxxix.
Esbus, xxxiii, 29 f.
Eski-Seruj, Ixxxvii.
Eucarpeia, Ixxxviii ii.
Eulaeus, JR., clxxxiii.
Fons Cavoiae, cxi.
Forat, ccxi n.
G
Gaba, xxxiii, xxxv.
Gaza, xxxii.
Gerasa, xxii, xxxiii-xxxv, 31 f.
H
Hadramaut, liv, Ix n., Ixxiv, Ixxvii,
Hadur, xlix, Ixi f.
Hamadan, 199 u., 205 n., 210 n.,
246 11., 289 n.
Harb (Harib), lii, Ixiv-lxix, 52, 75.
Hauran, xxiii, xxx.
Heraclea Pontica, cliii.
Hermocapelia, xxxvii.
Hermos plain, Ixx n., 70 n.
Hesban, xxxiii.
Heshbon, xxxiii.
Hieropolis Ciliciae, xcviii
Hieropolis Phrygiae, Ixxxviii n.
Hieropolis Syriae, xcii, xciii u.
Hillab, 226 n., 234 a.
Himyarites, xliv— Ixxxiv, 45—74.
Homeritae. See Himyarites.
Hyrcania, clviii f.
India, cxxxix f., cxcvi.
Istakhar, clx.
Jauf, Ixxxiv.
Jerash, xxxiii.
Jerash, W.. xxxiv n.
K (ire also C and Q)
Kabadian, clx.
Kallirrhoe. xciv f.
GEOGRAPHICAL
310
Kapi'os, E., cxviii.
Kama, Karnaua, xliv, Ixxxiv.
Karrha, E., Ixxxvii, xciii.
Katabaniaus, xliv, lii, Ixv, Ixviii n.
Ixxiv-lxxvii, 52, 75.
Kaukebau, xlix, Ixi.
Kefr-Abil, xxxi.
el-Kerak, xxx, 3 n.
Kerioth, xlii.
Khamir, xlix.
Kharibat Sa'ud, Ixxiv f.
Kharibat Sirwah, Ixxv n.
Khiva, 190 11.
Kliulluni, Bokhara, 191 n.
Laodicea ad Mare, Ixxxix.
Leucas Syr., xxxiv n.
Locri Epizephyrii, cl.
Lycia, cxxxvi, cxxxviii f., 155 n.,
169 n., 170 n.
M
Macna, Ixxxv, 78.
Madaba, xxxv f.
Madar, lix.
Ma'in, xliv n., Ixxxiii.
Maiozomalcha, cviii.
Maisan (Characene), ccv.
Mallus, cviii.
Mammanelli (Sicily), cxxxii.
Mariaba, xliv f., Ixv, Ixxv. See also
Marib.
Marib (Ma'rib), xlv, Iviii, Ixii, Ixiv.
Ixvi, Ixviii n., Ixxii n., Ixxiv f..
46 n., 52 11., 64 n., 65 n., 66 u.,
67 11. See also Mariaba.
Marsyabae, Ixv, Ixxv n.
Massyra, liv.
Medaba, xxxv f., 33.
Medr, Ixix.
Mesabatene, ccvi.
Mesene (Characene), ccii.
Mesopotamia, Ixxvi-cxiii, 81-139.
Metapontuni, cl.
Midian, Ixxxv, 78.
Miletopolis, cxxxiii.
Minaeaiis, xliv, Ixxiii, Ixxxii-lxxxiv,
76.
Moca, xxxsi f.
Mohammerah, cxcv.
Mopsus, xxxvii.
Muqna', Ixxxv.
Muscat, Ixxxvi.
Mygdoiiia, cviii.
Mygdonius, R., cviii f.
N
Na'am, Ixxvii f.
Nabataea, xi-xxiv, xxxvii, Ivi. Ixvii,
Ixix, Ixxxv, 1-13, 314.
Nahr el Qut, xcv ii.
Natumia (?), cxviii.
Negrana, xlvii.
Nejran, xlvii.
Nesibi, cv, cviii-cx, 119-24.
Nesibin, c\iii n.
Nicej)horium, cix.
Ninirud Dagh, xcv.
Niiiica Claudiopolis, cxx.
Niniva cxx.
Nisab, Ixxv.
Nisibis, cviii.
O
Oboda, xxxii.
Omani, ccxi-ccxiv,
Opis, cxiv.
Orrhoe, xciv.
Orthosia Phoeii., xxviii.
Osrhoene, xciv, cii, cvi.
Oxus, E., cxxii, cxlviii fF., 158 u.,
193 11.
320
INDEX I
Paphos, xxviii.
Parsistan, clx.
Parthia, clvii f.
Pasargadae, clx.
Pella Decap., xxxviii u.
Peltae, Ixxxviii n.
Perinthus, civ n.
Persepolis, clx.
Persia, cxx-clx, 148-75, 193 f.
Persis, clx-clxxxii, 195-244.
Petra, xii, xxiii n., xxix, xxx u.,
xxxvii-xxxix, 34-6.
Philadelphia Arabiae, xxii, xxxix-
xli, 37-41.
Philadelphia Ciliciae, xli.
Philadelphia Lydiae, xl n., xli.
Philippopolis, xxii, xli-xlii, 42 f.
Q
Qal'at el-Husn, xxxi.
Qara Qoyun, xcv n.
Qania'u, xliv, Ixxxiv.
Qeriyyoth, xlii.
Qir-M6ab, xxx.
K
er-Eabba, xlii.
Eabbali, xxxix.
Eabbath-bene-'AmmoD, xxxix.
Eabbathmoba, xxxv, xlii-xliv, 44.
Eabbathmoma, xliv.
Eaidau, liii n., Ix f., Ixiv f., Ixviii,
Ixx f., Ixxiii-lxxv, Ixxvii f., 68-
74.
Eaphanea, xxxii.
Eaqqa, cix.
Eas el 'Ain, ex.
Ehesaena, cvi, cx-cxii, 125.
Ehosus, xxxii.
S
Saba, liii, Ix f., Ixiv f., Ixviii, Ixxviii.
Sabaeans, xliv-lv, Ixxxiv, 45-73.
Sabata, xliv.
Safar, xlv.
Salt, Ixxi.
Salamis Cypii, cliii.
Salhin, Ixii, Ixxi.
Sana (San'a), xlvi-lxiii, Ixv, Ixix,
Ixxv, Ixxix f., 54.
Sapphar regia, xlv, liii, Ixiv n., Ixviii,
Ixxv.
Sarapidis insula, liv.
Sardes, cxxxv.
Sebaste Samariae, xxxiii.
Seleucia ad Tigrim, xxxi n., Ixvii,
cxiv-cxvii, cxix, 140-6.
Shabwat, Ixxiv.
Shehba, xli.
Shiraz, 206 n., 218 u.
Shuhba, xli.
Side, cliii.
Sidon, cxxiv, cxlii, cl, civ.
Singara, cix, cxi f., 134-6.
Singaras, ^I., cxii.
Sinjar, cxii.
Skirtos, E., ixxxvii, xciii f.. cvii.
Spasinu Charax. See Charax.
Stectorium, Ixxxviii.
Stratonicea Lj'diae, cxiii n.
es-Sud, Ixxxiv.
Susa, cxlvi, clxxxiii, clxxxiv n.,
219 n., 253-88 passim.
Susiana. See Elymais.
Syracuse, cxxxii.
Syi'ia, 167 n.
T
Tamna (Tamna'), Ixviii n., Ixxiv f.
Tartar, W., cxii.
Teheran, 257n., 263u., 274n., 278u.,
282 u., 286 n., 287 n.
GEOGRAPHICAL
321
Tell-el-Ash'ari, xxxi.
Tello, clxxxix, cxcv, cxcvi n.
Theodosioupolis, ex.
Thessalonica, xxv n.
Thomna (Thnmna), Ixxiv.
Tigris, E., cxiv, cxviii f.
Tiwgis, Ixxxviii.
Tyre, xxxix u,, cxlii.
IT
Urfa, xciv.
Y
Yarim, Ixxiii.
Yathil, Ixxxiv n.
Ya'ub, Ixxvii f.
Yemen. See Arabia.
Yerim, xlv, Ixxiii.
Yuhabir, Ixxvii f.
Z
Zaaba, Ixiv.
Zaiitha. cxiii, 83 ii.
Zeidi, W., xxiv.
Zeitha, cxiii.
T t
INDEX II
TYPES
A
Agonistic wreath. See Wreath.
Ahuramazdaover fire-temple — Persis
200-15.
Alexander the Great : witli thunder-
bolt and spear — Alex. Enij). of
the Hast 191 ; head of, in
elephant-scalp — cxlv, clvi f.,
191 f. ; Cassander cxlix n.
Altar: baetyl on — Adraa 15; king
before— Persis 216-20, 222-4.
See also Fire-temple.
Amnion. See Zeus Ammon.
Anchor : on field covered with
dashes — Elymais 258 f.; and
crescents in wreatli — Elymais
280.
Aphrodite. See Venus.
Apollo seated on omphalos, holding
arrows — Elymais clxxxvii.
Arabia, bust of, holding two chil-
dren— Arabia 14.
Ares. See Mnrs.
Ariel. See War-god.
Aries, sign of, in wreath — Xesihi cix,
123.
Armenia seated on ground, with
shield and standard — Mesopo-
tamia xcix, 137.
Arrow and palm branch — Atusia{X)
cxviii, 147.
Artemis Braurouia — Laodicea ad
At are Ixxxix.
Artemis huntress — Gerasa xxxiv n. ;
Chosroes of Parthia cxcii f. ;
holding bow and drawing
arrow — Elymais 272-4, 277,
284-6.
Artemis, bust of: radiate — Elymais
280, 282-3 ; radiate, facing —
Elymais 261 f., 267.
Artemis-Tyche, bust of: with bow —
Gerasa xxxv, 31 f . ; turreted
and radiate — Elymais 253-6 ;
wearing modius, cornucopiae
behind — Elymais 256 f.
Asteria, bust of, veiled, star above —
Philadeljihia xl, 39-41.
Athena standing : with spear and
shield — Elymais cxciv, 287 ;
with spear, shield, and owl —
Andragoras 193.
Athena, head of, helmeted : imitated
from Alexander — X. E. Persia
194 ; imitated from Athens —
Arabia xlvi, Ixxxv f., 45-53,
77-80.
Athena-Tyche, with spear and shield,
323
pouring libation, in temple —
Bostra xxx, 17.
Atliena. See also Minerva.
B
Ba'al (Ba'al-Tars) seated, with sceptre
— Alex. Emjp. of the East cxli,
181-91 ; with sceptre and
eagle— 182 f.
Baetyl : on altar — Adraa 15; coni-
cal, flanked by signa in temple
— Carrhae xcii, 82 ; decorated
with eagle, on basis — Laodicea
ad Mare Ixxxviii ; of Dusares,
on basis — Adraa xxiii.
Baetyls, two columns between, figure
seated before — Charachmoba
xxxi.
three, on platform — Bostra
xxiii n., xxvii, 26 ; Charach-
moba 27.
Basket containing ears of corn be-
tween serpents — Pliiladeljihia
37.
Bird flying — Persis clxxvii, 231. Sec
also Eagle.
Bucranium : surmounted by two
stars and crescent — Stectorium
Ixxxviii ; with antelope-like
horns and plume — Arabia Ixiii,
64-7.
Bust. See Head.
C
Camel — Bostra xxviii, 16, 18.
Camels, two, with one rider — Bostra
xxviii.
Camel-rider — Bostra xxviii.
Car with domed canopy, drawn by
four horses — Philadelphia 39,
41.
Centaur Sagittarius —Rhesaena cxi,
125; with banner of vexillum
before him — Rheso,ena, cxi, 126;
with vexillum in backgi'ound —
Carrhae {V) cxi n.
Ceres seated with sceptre and ears
of corn — Edessa 93.
Chariot, four-horse ; driven by Nike
— Seleucus I cliii ; driven by
Nike, containing armed figure —
Andragoras c\, 193; driven by
male figure — N.E. Persia 194.
City-goddess, figure of, seated : hold-
ing cornucopiae and Nike —
Characene cxcvii ; Seleucia ad
Tigrim 141 ; holding wreath —
Seleucia ad Tigrim cxvi, 143;
liolding trophy — Petra xxxvii f.,
34-6 ; holding trophy and stele,
within temple — Petra xxxviii,
36.
figure of, seated, river-god at
feet : Dium xxxii ; altar before
her — Carrhae 88 ; Edessa 101,
1 03-10 ; holding branch, fruits,
S:c.— Edessa cvii, 99 f., 103-9;
holding branch, fruits, &c.,
crowned by Nike — Edessa cvii,
101 ; holding corn-ears — Gerasa
xxxiv ; holding corn-ears, Aries
above her — Nesibi 121 ; holding
cornucopiae — Nabataea 1 ; eagle
above her — Rhesaena 129;
holding eagle — Rhesaena, 126;
holding fruits, seipeiit before
her — Edessa cvii, 101 ; holding-
Nike — Seleucia ad Tigrim cxv,
142; holding palm-branch —
Seleucia ad Tigrim 141; Sagit-
tarius above her — Singara cxii,
1 35 ; holding temple — Edessa
cvii ; holding temple, Aquarius
al)Ove her — Edessa cvii, 109 f.
324
INDEX II
City-goddess, figure of, seated to front,
river-god at feet, iu temple —
Nesihi cix, 122-4.
figure of, standiug : hold-
ing eornucopiae and rudder —
Charachmoba 27 ; foot on animal
or crouching figure, holding
eornucopiae and trophy — Bostra
xxix, 16; do. holding spear —
Bostra 1 7 ; do. in temple —
Bostra 1 9 ; do. holding spear
or standard and hust, in temple
— Eshus xxxiii, 29; do. with
' Marsyas ' at her feet — Bostra
26 ; do., flanked h\ bulls, in
temple — Bostra 22 ; foot on
prow, holding eornucopiae and
hust — Medaba xxxvi, 33 ; foot
on prow, holding eornucopiae
and sceptre — FJdladeljyhia 38;
foot on river-god, holding
spear and hust — Rabbathmoba
xliii; holding palm-hranch, r.
raised — Nabataea xviii ; hold-
ing spear and eornucopiae, in
temple — Moca(i) xxxvii; hold-
ing spear or sceptre and
hust — Adraa xxiii ; sacrificing,
eagle before her — Rhesaena
129, 132; sacrificing at altar,
holding troph}' — Petra xxxviii,
36.
two figures of, standing :
grasping hands over tripod —
Seleucia ad Tiyrim cxv ; altar
between them, Aquaiius and \
Sagittarius at sides — Rhesaena
cxi, 130.
figure of, standing : and
Emperor — Gerasa xxxiv ; and
seated king — Seleucia ad Ti-
grim cxvi, 143; Persis clxxiii ;
and seated Eonia — Edcssa Mac.
cvii ; and Zous Amnion — Bostra
xxix, 25.
City- goddess : Athena as — .seeAthena-
Tyche ; Nike as — see Nike,
Imst or head of, tun-eted
Adraa xxiii ; Bostra 1 6, 1 8, 25
Petra 35 ; Philadelphia 38, 40
Anthemusio. Ixxxvii, 81 ; Car-
rhae 85-9; Edessa 97-9, 102,
112 ; Mesopotamia xcviii, 139 ;
Seleucia ad Tigrrirn^xy^., 140-
6 ; Demetrias ad Tigrrni (?)
cxix; Atusia{V) 147; Sub-
Characenian ccxiii, 311-13;
altar in front — Edessa 117 f.;
Aquarius (?) in front — Carrhae
xciii, 89; Edessa cvi, 111 f. ;
Aries above — Nesibi cix, 119-
21 ; eornucopiae in front —
Carrhae xciii, 86 f.; Nesibi 119 ;
eornucopiae over shoulder —
Bostra 20-2 ; crescent on globe
in front — Carrhae 83 ; Sagit-
tarius above — Singaraciai, 134,
136 ; serpent in front — Carrhae
8 7 ; two stars flanking — Carrhae
89. See also Artemis-Tyche ;
Goddess, bust of.
two busts of, confronted :
temple between — Edessa cvii,
101 f . : eagle and altar between
— Rhesaena 131.
Column between two baetyls, figure
seatf d before — Charachmoba
xxxi.
Corn, ears of: three — Tingis
Ixxxviii ; five — Philadelphia
xl n.
Cornuacopiae, two — Xabataea xix,
8f., 11, 13 ; and pahu-branch —
Nabataea xviii.
Cornucopiae — Seleucia ad 2'igrim
140.
TYPES
325
Crab — Carrhae Ixxxix.
Crescent : on base, star betweeu
horns — Carrhae 84 ; on globe —
(.'arrhae 84 ; on globe, rosette
or star between horns — Carrhae
Ixxxix, xcii, 82, 84 ; king before
— see King ; and pellet, in -wreath
— Elymais 288 ; star between
horns — Carrhae Ixxxix, xcii,
82, 84, 87, 90; Persis clxxv,
226 ; two stars between horns
— Carrhae xcii, 90.
Crescents, pattern of — Elymais 276,
279.
Cubic cult-object in temple seen in
perspective — Edessa xcvi, 91 f.
D
Dashes, field covered with — Elymais
250 f., 259 f., 262-6, 268-71,
274-6.
Demeter, bust of, veiled — Phila-
delphia xl n., 37. See also
Ceres.
Diadem, formal rejDresentatiou of —
Persis 227, 237 f.; between
crescents — Elymais 278.
Dionysos seated, with ears of corn,
grapes and thyrsos — Carrhae
83.
Dionysos (' Bacchus '), head of —
Philadelph ia x 1.
Dioscuri, standing, resting on spears
— Philadelphia xl, 39.
Dolphin — Seleucia ad Tigrim cxvii.
Dusares, baetyl of, on basis — Adraa
xxiii ; bust of — Bostra xxvi,
23.
E
Eagle: flying — Persis clxxvi, 231;
standing, wings closed — Naha-
taea xviii, 3 f., 314; Seleucia
ad Tigrim cxvii ; Elymais cxc,
278 ; standing, wings closed,
in temple — Rhesaena cxi, 128,
133; standing, wings spread —
Elymais 277 f . ; on vexillum —
Rhesaena 131 ; supporting bust
— Philippopolis xli, 42 ; Car-
rhae (V) cxi n. ; Nesibi cviii ;
Rhesaena 125.
Elephant, walking — Alex. Emp. of
the East 192.
head of — Seleucia ad Tigrim
145.
Elephant-rider attacked by horse-
man— Alex. Emp. of the East
191.
Empei'or : seated, receiving king —
Edessa cvi, 113; standing, re-
ceiving king — Edessa cvi, 114;
standing with Tyche — Gerasa
xxxiv.
bust of, supported by eagle
— Carrhae {1) cxi n. ; Nesibi
cviii.
Emperor. See also Index YI.
Eshmun — xxxiii n.
F
Fecunditas, with four children —
Mesopotamia xcix.
Figure, female, seated : on ground,
with shield and standard —
2Iesopotamia xcix, 137; on
rock(1) — Rhesaena cxi, 125 ; at
foot of vexillum — ibid.
female, standing : r. raised —
Xabataea xx, 9 ; holding globe
or apple and cornucojiiae —
Mesopotamia yicix, 137 f. ; hold-
ing phiale and cornucopiae —
yicephoritim(V) cix ; restiiig on
sceptre, r. extended — Nabataea
326
INDEX II
i ; resting on sceptre or spear,
in temple — Adraa 15; with
sceptre and cornucopiae —
Mesopotamia xcix, 137; with
sceptre and ears of corn
over altar — Mesopotamia xcix,
138 ; with sceptie and patera —
ibid.
Figure, male, seated: holding corn-
ear or palm — Seleucia adTigrini
cxv ; on altar-seat, lyre behind
— Seleucia ad Tigrim 141 ; be-
fore altar-platform supporting
baetyls — Charachmoba 27.
male, riding in four-horse
chariot — aV. E. Persia 194.
male, standing, nude, holdins"
sword — Persis clxxxii, 242.
Fire-temple — Persis clxvii, clxix,
196-215.
Fortuna standing, with rudder and
cornucopiae — Meso2)otamiaxcix.
See also City-goddess.
Founder ploughing with oxen —
Bostra xxvi n., 20 ; Uncertain
xxxviii ; Rliesaena cxi, 127,
132.
Fountain nymph (?) — Rliesaena cxi.
G
Gazelle-bucranium. See Bvicrauium.
God : in Phrygian cap, foot on bull's
head (?), holding serpent-en-
twined spear and cone (?) —
Esbus xxxiii, 30 ; with sword,
&c., on basis — see War-god.
Goddess : armed, on basis, with
round shield and axe — Laodicea
ad Mare Ixxxviii ; to front in
temple of four columns — Edessa
Goddess, bust of, in turreted crown —
Andragoras cliii f., 193 — see
also City-goddess. Veiled, star
aliove — see Asteria.
H
Hadad, cultus-figure between bulls,
holding Nike and sceptre —
Dium xxxii, 28.
Head (or bust), female : diademed —
Elymais 281 ; radiate, profile
or facing — see Artemis; tur-
reted — see Arabia ; City-
goddess; veiled — Xabataea
5-7, 11 f . ; veiled, wearing
kalathos — Seleucia ad Tigrim
145 ; veiled, star above — see
Asteria.
janiform, beardless — Arabia
72.
male, bearded : Arabia lii,
52; :7^m(/?s Ixxxviii; Seleucia ad
Tigrim cxvi ; Elymais cxcii ;
Characene ccvii, 303-9 ; wear-
ing kyrbasia — X.E. Persia
cliv, 194. See also King,
head of
male, beardless : Nabataea
xviii f., 1-7, 9-12; Arabia
li-liii, 52 f . ; diademed or fil-
leted (laureate V) — Bostra xxvi,
23 ; helmeted — Philadelj^hia xl,
37, 40; resembling Augus-
tus, in wreath — Arabia 60-3 ;
ringleted and laureate — Arabia
Iv, Ixvii, 54-60, 64-75 ; wear-
ing lion-skin round neck —
Arabia Ixxxiv. See also King,
head of.
Heads (or busts) of king and queen,
jugate — Nabataea xvi, xx n.,
4, 6, 8, 11, 13.
TYPES
327
Helios: arms extended, in distyle
temjile — Philadelphia xl n. ; in
quadriga to front — Medaha
xxxvi; head of, with torch —
Stectorium Ixxxviii.
Hera. See Juno.
Herakles: seated, with chib : Adraa
xxiv ; Characene cxcvii, cciv,
289,291-302; Sub-Characenian
310; standing, resting on club,
holding lion-skin — PJiiladelphia
xxxix n.
head (or bust) of: beard-
less, wearing lion-skin — Arabia
Ixxxii, 76 ; lion-skin round
neck — Philadelphia 38-40 ;
bearded, with likeness of
Emperor — Philadel2)hia 38 f. ;
facing, club over shoulder —
Philadelphia xl.
car of — Philadelphia xl, 39,
41.
Horseman — Cassander xlix n. ; fight-
ing enemy on elephant — Alex.
Emp. of the East 191.
Inscription: in Estranghelo — Edessa
c, 92; in Greek — Edessa -s.c\'ni;
Seleucia ad Tigritn 143-5; in
Himyarite — ^raSmlxxix. Sur-
rounded by wreatli — see Wreath.
Juno standing, with sceptre and
peacock — Edessa 92 f.
Jupiter seated, holding Victory —
Meso2)otamia xcix. See also
Zeus.
K
King, the Great, kneeling-running :
with bow and dagger — Persia
cxxii n., cxxvi, 163-72; Alex.
Emp. of the East 176; with
bow and spear — Persia cxxvi,
148-62; Alex. Emp. of the
East 176-9; shooting with
bow — Persia cxxvi, 173 f.
the Great, half-figure of,
with bow and arrows — Persia
cxxvi, 175.
ridino- on horseltack — Edessa
114.
seated : holdinff Nike-
Seleucia ad Tigrim cxvi, 143;
holding sceptre, standard before
him — Persis 195 ; receiving
palm from City — Persis clxxiii ;
receiving wreath from City —
Seleucia ad Tigrim cxvi, 143.
standing : before altar, hold-
ing sceptre — Persis 216-20,
222-4 ; before crescent — Persis
225 f. ; before Emperor — Edessa
cvi, 113 f.
— - head (or bust) of: Nabataea
1-13, 314; Arabia 54-60, 64-
75; ^Jma 91, 93-6, 114-17;
Persia cxxi n. ; Persis 219-21,
229-36, 239, 241, 243; El>/.
mais 247-59, 281-8; Characene
289-95,297-309; Sub-Chara-
cenian 310-13; wearing battle-
mented crown — Per.sis clxxxi.
222-7, 240, 244; with crescent
on top — Persis 213-15 ; facing,
with large side-tufts of hair —
Elymais 266-71, 280; facing,
wearing tiara — Elymais 260—
5, 277-9 ; in kyrbasia— iV^. E.
Persia cliv, 194 ; Persis clxx.
328
INDEX II
195-203 ; in kyrbasia sur-
mounted Ly crescent — Persis
209-12 ; in kyi-basia sur-
mounted by eagle — Persis 204-
8 ; radiate — Persis 240 ; star
in crescent before — Persis c\\-s.y,
228 ; in tall head-dress — Persis
240 ; in tiara or helmet — Persis
clxxi, 216-18, 228, 232-9,
241-3; Eli/mai.^ 253-6, 272-
6; Sub-Characenian 311-13;
wearing top-kiiot— Pe?"m" 243,
244.
King, See also Index V.
King and queen, busts of, jugate —
Nabataea xvi, xxn., 4, 6, 8, 11,
13. '
Lectisternium — Mesopotamia xcix.
Legionary standards. See Standard.
Letter surrounded by radiating
dashes — Persis 221.
Lion — Alex. Emp. of the East cxli—
cxliv, 180-91.
M
Mars resting, with spear and shield
— Edessa xcvii, 92.
Marsyas of the Forum. See Silenus.
Men. See God in Phrygian cap.
Minerva standing, with javelin and
shield — Mesopotamia xcix.
Monogram : Iliiayarite Ixxix ; Se-
leucia ad Tigrim cxvi.
Moon-god, bust of, crescent at
shoulders — Carrhae 83.
Moon-goddess, bust of, on crescent —
Carrhae xciii.
N
Nike : driving four-horse chariot —
Seleucus I cliii ; Andragoras
193 ; on globe, holding circlet —
Mesopjotamia xcix, 137 ; hold-
ing palm-branch — Seleucia ad
IHgrim 145 f . ; holding wreath
— Characene cxcvii, cxcix, 290 ;
holding wreath and naval stan-
dard— Alex. Emp. of the East
191 f. ; holding wreath and
palm-branch — Stratonicea Lyd.
cxiii ; Alex. Emp. of the East
clvii ; holding wreath and
wand — N.E. Persia 194; tur-
reted, holding wreath and
palm-bi'anch — Nahataea 1 ;
wingless, holding wreath and
palm-branch — Ehoda xxxii.
O
Owl : imitated from Attic coins —
Arabia xlvi, Ixxxv i'., 45-63,
77-80.
Palm-branch and arrow — Atusia {>.)
cxviii, 147.
Platform supporting three baetyls —
Bostra 26 ; Charachmoba 27.
Ploughing scene. See Founder.
Poseidon, foot on rock, with trident
and dolphin — Pcabbathnoba
xliii, 44.
bust of — Seleucus I cliii.
Prow of ship — Persia cxxviii
Quadriga.
Q
See Chariot.
329
R
River-god reclining andTyche seated
— Adraa xxiv.
Roma seated, holding eagle support-
ing two figures — PhilippopoUs
xli, 42 f. ; standing, with spear
and shield, holding phiale —
PhilippopoUs 42 ; seated,
crowned by City-goddess —
Edessa Mac. cvii.
Sagittarius. See Centaur.
Satrap's head — Persia cxxii n., 194.
Shrine. See Temple.
Signa. See Standard.
Silenus with wine-skin (' Marsyas')
— Bostra 21.
Standard, legionary, in temple —
Hierofolis Syr. xcii ; Garrliae
xcii, 82. See also Vexillum.
Star: and crescent— Persis clxxv;
in crescent — Persis 226 ; king's
bust before — Persis clxxv, 228.
Symbol O — Edessa xcvi.
T
Temple of two columns, containing :
City-goddess holding bust —
Adraa xiii ; City-goddess seated,
holding trophy — Petra 36
shrine of City-goddess — Nesihi
123 ; female figure resting oi
sceptre or spear — Adraa 15
Athena-Tyche — Bostra 1 7 ;
Zeus- Amnion — Bostra20; figure
with extended arms — Phila-
delphia xl n. ; hexastyle shrine
in antis — Edessa cvii.
Temple of four columns, containing :
City-goddess, with trophy and
cornucopiae — Bostra 19, 22 ;
City-goddess with spear or
standard and bust — ^sftwsxxxiii,
29 ; City-goddess — Nesihi cv,
cix, 122-4; baetyl and signa —
Carrhae — xcii, 82 ; goddess
standing to front — Edessa cvii.
of six columns 'in antis-,
within a larger building —
Edessa cvii.
— ' seen in perspective, con-
taining : cubic cult object —
Edessa xcvi, 91 f . ; eagle —
Rhesaena cxi, 128, 133.
• small, between two busts of
City-goddess — Edessa 101 f.
Temple. See also Fire-temple.
Tripod — Demetr'ias ad Tigrim (1)
cxix; Seleucia ad Tigrim 140.
Triskeles— Persw clxxv, 229.
Tyche seated and river-god reclining
— Adraa xxiv.
Tyche. See also Artemis-Tyche,
Athena-Tyche, City-goddess,
Fortuna. .
V
Venus with apple and sceptre —
Mesopotamia xcix, 138 f.
Vexillum — Rhesaena cxi, 125; fe-
male figure seated at foot of —
ihid. ; surmounted by eagle —
Rhesaena 131.
Victory. See Nike.
W
War-god on basis, with sword, spear,
and shield, between altars —
Rahhathmoha xliii, 44.
T.T u
330
INDEX II
Wreath containing : anchor — Ely-
mais 280; crescent and pellet
— Elymais 2 SS ; head — Arabia
54-63; inscription (agonistic,
etc.)— ^os^ra 24 ; Fetra 35 ;
Philadelphia 37 ; sign of Aries
— JVesibi 123.
Zeus seated : holding eagle — Arabia
Ixxxii, 76; Alex. Emp. of the
East cxliii ; holding flower —
Arabia Ixxxii ; holding Nike —
Nicephorium (?) cix ; Elymais
245-7 ; holding phiale — Esbus
xxxiii, 29.
Zeus, head or bust of — Alex. Emp.
of the East 192; Andragoras
cl, 193.
Zeus-Ammon — Bostra xxix, 25 ; in
temple — Bostra 20; with City-
goddess — Bostra xxix. 25 ; bust
oi— Bostra 18, 21, 23.
Zeus. See also Jupiter.
331
INDEX III
SYMBOLS AND ADJUNCTS
Altai- — Rhesaena 131. See also
Index II, under City-goddess.
Amulet — Persis 225, 235.
Anchor — Alex. Emp. of the East
cxiiii, cxlviii, 188-91 ; Elymais
clxxxiii, 245 f., 248, 250-79,
281-3, 285-7.
Aquarius ('?) — Carrhae xciii, 89 ;
Edessa cvii, 109-12 ; Rhesaena
130.
Aries — Nesibi cix, 119-24.
Arrow — Atusiai^) cxviii f., 147.
B
Bee — Alex. Emp. of the East, 184,
187.
Bird : on rectangle — Persis 209-1 5 ;
on standard — Persis 204-8.
Bust, helmeted, beardless — Phila-
delphia xl, 38 f.
C
Club — Alex. Emp. of the East cxlviii,
178, 180.
Corn-ear — Arabia Ixxi.
Cornucopiae — Carrhae, xciii, 86 f. ;
Edessa 100; Nesibi 119.
Crescent — Arabia 45-51 ; Persis
222 ; Elymais 283, 286.
Crescent on Globe — Carrhae 83.
Crescent, pellet in — Persis 244.
Crescent, pellet in, above anchor —
Elymais c\-s.yixv\n, 253 fF., 256-
9, 261-5, 267-79, 287.
Crescent and star — Elymais 280.
Crescent and star above anchor —
Elymais 285 f.
Crescent, star in — Persis 235.
Crescent, star in, above anchor —
Elymais clxxxviii, 250, 252,
260, 266.
Crux ansata — Persia cxxviii n.
D
Diadem — Persis 233.
E
Eagle — Rhesaena ex, 127, 129-32.
Figure on pedestal, holding skin.
See Aquarius.
Fork C?) — Alex. Emp. of the East
187.
G
Grapes — Alex. Emp. of the East
cxlvii.
332
INDEX III
H
Hammer — Ahx. Emp. of the East
187.
Head of animal (?) — Persian Empire
152.
Horse's head — Alex. Emp. of the
East cxliii, cxlvi, cxlviii, 189-
92.
Lion's head — Persian Emjnre cxxxv,
163 f.
Lion's scalp — Persian Empire cxxxv,
164 f.
Lyre — Selencia ad Tigrim 141.
O
Olive-spray — Arabia Ixxxvi, 45-51,
77.
Palm-branch — Characene 300 ; and
river-god — Rhesaena 133.
Palm-branches, two — Rhesaena 129,
132; and rivei'-god — Rhesaena
128 ; and wreath — Rhesaena
127.
Pan, mask of — Persian Empire cxxx,
156.
Pellet beside anchor — Elymais 250.
Pellet increscent — Persis 244 ; above
anchor — Elymais clxxxviii,
253-79, 287.
Pentalpha — Alex. Emp. of the East
cxliii, 187.
R
Piiver-god— ^/iesama 127 f., 132 f.
See also Index II, under City-
goddess.
Rose in wreath — Alex. Emp. of the
East cxlviii, 185.
Rosette above anchor — Elymais
clxxxviii.
Sagittarius — Rhesaena cxi, 130;
Singara cxii, 134-6.
Scorpion — Alex. Em-p. of the East
cxliii.
Serpent — Carrhae xciii, 87 ; Edessa
101.
Shell — Alex. Emp. of the East, cxlvii.
Spear-head — Alex. Emj). of the East
181-3, 192.
Standard— Persis clxxi, 193-208 ;
bird on, clxxi, 204-8.
Star — Bostra 1 7 ; Philadel2)hia xl,
39-41; Edessa 112, 114-16;
Nesibi 119 f. ; Persis 222, 231 ;
Elymais 257, 259 ; Characene
clxxxviii, ccii, 299 ; above an-
chor— Elymais 248 ; above
crescent — Elymais 280; and
crescent aboveauchor — Elymais
285 f. ; in crescent — Persis 235 ;
in crescent above anchor —
Elymais clxxxviii, 250, 252,
260, 266.
Stars, two — Carrhae 89 ; Edessa
105-8, 110; Nesibi 120.
Stars, four — Edessa 109 f.
T
Temple containing cult-object —
Edessa xcvi, cvii, 101.
Thunderbolt — Alex. Emp. of the East
177.
Thymiaterion — Seleucia ad Tigrim
141.
SYMBOLS AND ADJUNCTS
333
Tiara, satrapal — Alex. Emf. of the
East cxlvii, 177.
Torch — Alex. Emp. of the East cxlviii.
Triskeles — Persis clxxviii f., 216,
237-40, 243.
W
Wreath — Alex. Emp. of tlie East
cxlvii, 178, 180; between palm-
branches — Rhesaena 127.
T (various forms) — Arabia 1, Ixxix,
50, 53-6.
^ a/ (various forms) — Arabia, li,
Ivii f., 62, 64-7.
7 "t (various forms) — Arabia Ivii f.,
54-64.
X (various forms) — Arabia Ixiii,
64-7.
CO — Arabia 'ob.
(p — Arabia Ixx, 70.
d> (various iovra^)— Arabia Ixviii f.,
Ixxvii ff., 68-74.
i — Arabia Ixxi, 71.
X — Edessa 95.
'^— Persian Empire 165.
-n (fork?) — Alex. Emp. of the East
187.
-^ — Alex. Emp. of the East cxliii,
187.
334
INDEX lY
COUNTERMARKS
For punch-marks on Persian coins, see Introduction, pp. exxxvi f.
Bust (or head) : Edessa 100 ; bearded, laureate (Ant. Pius 1) — Philadelphia
37 ; of Elagabalus (?) — Rahhathmoha 44 ; of City-goddess — Edessa 107.
Uncertain — Characene 296.
A — Petra xxxviii n.
€ — Petra xxxviii n.
"fiR— Characene cciii, 297, 300.
jXJ — Characene 296-8.
^ — Arabia 74.
335
INDEX V
KINGS AND RULERS
(Other than Roman)
Abennerigos, cxcix f.
Abgar (VIII), son of Wael [1), xcvi.
Abgar VIII (IX) the Great, son of
Manu VIII, xcvi, c-cii, 93-6.
Abgar IX (X), Severns, xcvi, ci-ciii,
cvi, 96.
Abgar, son of Abgar IX (X), ciii.
Abgar X (XI), Phrahates, xcvi, ciii,
cv f., 113-17.
Abinnerglos (Abinerglos) cxcix &.,
cciv.
Adinerglos (Adinergaos?), cxcix ff.,
295.
Alexander the Great, cxiii, cxlv f.,
clvi f., cxciv, 176, 181.
Alexander Jannaeus, xxxiv.
Am dan. Ixviii.
'Amdan Bajjan Juhakbidb (T), Ixix n,
Amdan Bayyin (Yanaf ), liii n., Ixi,
Ixx-lxxii, Ixxviii, 70-2.
Amdan Yehuqbid, Ixix f., 69.
Andragoras, cxlviii-clx, 193.
Antigonus I, cxliii, clxxxiv, 181,
245 n.
Antiochufc III of Syria, clxxxiii.
Antiochus IV of Syria, xxxiv, xciv,
cviii, clxxxiii, clxxxvii n.,
cxciv, 91, 119.
Antiochus V of Syria, clxxxvii n.
Antoninus, son of Abgar, cii.
Anzaze, clxxxv-clxxxvii, 245.
Apodakos, cxcvii, 289.
Ardashir I, Sassanian, cxvii n.,
clxxiv, cxciii, ccv.
Aretas III, Philhellen, xi f., xiv,
Ixxxv, 1, 2.
Aretas IV, Philopatris, xiii f., xvii-
xix, xxi, 5-10.
Arsaces of Parthia, clix.
Arsakas, cxx.
Arses, cxx, cxxviii, 169, 171.
Artabanus II of Parthia, clxxii.
Artabazos of Characene, cc ff., ccix.
Artaxerxes I of Persia, cxx, cxxvii,
cxxxi f., 153.
Artaxerxes II of Persia, cxx, cxxvii,
cxxxi f., 156.
Artaxerxes III of Persia, cxx, cxxviii,
173, 175.
Artaxerxes I of Persis, clxviii, 198 f.,
202.
Artaxerxes II, son of Darius II, of
Persis, clxxii f., clxxv, clxxxii,
222-4.
Artaxerxes III, son of Mithri, of
Persis, clxxx, 240.
Artaxerxes IV, son of Manucithr, of
Persis, clxxxi, 244.
Aryandes, cxxiii.
Aryu, xcv.
336
Aspeisas, cxlvi, clxxxiv, 245 n.
Astab'iaz(?), ccix, 304 ff.
Atambiaz, ccviii.
Athabelos, ccix.
Athambilos, ccix.
Attambelos I, cxcviii, 291-2.
Attambelos II, cxcviii &., 293-4.
Attambelos III, clxxxvi, cci, cciii,
ccv n., 296-8.
Attambelos IV, clxxxvi, clxxxviii,
cci f., 299.
Attambelos V, ccii f.
Autophradates I of Persis, clxviii f.,
200-2.
Autopbradates II of Pei'sis, clxxi,
212-15.
Autopbradates III of Persis, clxxix,
239.
B
Baga'a (?), cciv.
Bagadates, clxiv-clxvi, 195-6, 202
(no. 3).
Bagakert, clxiv, clxvi n.
Bagarat, clxv.
Bagaraz, clxiv.
Bagawarat, clxv f.
Babman, ccix.
Bauaga('?), cciv, 302.
Bandu, ccv, ccx.
Biga'a(?), cciv.
Binaga(?), cciv f., 303.
Blnega (?), ccv, ccx.
Biurat, clxv f.
C (see also K)
Charibael, Ixiv. See Karib'il.
Chosroes of Partbia, clxxxvi, cxc-
cxciii.
Cyrus the Younger, cxx, cxxv,cxxvii,
cxxix f., cxxxiii, 156.
D
Darius I of Persia, cxx f., cxxv,
cxxvii, cxxix, cxxxi, 1 48.
Darius II of Persia, cxx, cxxvii,
cxxxii; 155, 157.
Darius III of Persia, cxx, cxxviii,
cxxx, 159, 171.
Darius I of Persis, clxxi, 204-11.
Darius II, son of Autopbradates, of
Persis, clxxii fF., 216-18.
Demetrius III of Syria, xi f., 1, 2.
Dhamar'ali Bayyin, Ixiv n., Ixviii.
Dhamar'ali Yubabir, Ixxii, Ixxviii.
E
Euagoras II, cliii.
Euthydemus I of Bactria, cxcvii.
F
Fara' Yaubub, Ixv.
G
Gamilatb, xx, 12 f.
Gositbres of Persis, clxxii.
Gotarzes of Partbia, clxxiv.
H
Hagiru, xvii u.
Hodda, wife of Abgar, cvi.
Huldu, xvii, 5 f.
Huvisbka, cxcvi.
Hyspaosines, cxciv, cxcvi f.
Iabina(?), cciv.
Ibia'na (?), cciv.
Ibignai, ccxv.
IbilnaC?), cciv.
'Ib'inga'i (?), cciv.
Ilasaros, Ixv.
Ilsbarh Yahdib, Ixv.
Ilsbarh Yabm . . ., Ixvi n.
KINGS AND RULERS
337
J (see also Y)
Jahmal, Ixvi n.
K (see also C)
Karanaskires dj'iiasty, clxxxiv fF.
Kamnaskires I Nikephoros, olxxxvi,
245.
Kamnaskires II, clxxxvii, 245.
Kamnaskires III, clxxxvii, 247 ff.
Kamnaskires V, cxciv.
Kamnaskires VI, clxxxix, cxci.
Kamnaskires-Orodes, cxci f., 260-
71.
Kanishka, cxcvi.
Kapat, sou of Namopat, clxxvii-
clxxix, 232.
Karib'il Yehun'im Wattar, Ixiv-lxvi,
Ixviii f., Ixxviii f., 68.
Kodomannos, cxx.
Kumaskires. See Kamnaskires-
Orodes.
M
Ma'ga, son of Athabiaos(l), ccviii f.,
304 ff.
Malichus I, xii-xv, 3.
Malichus II, xix-xxi, 11.
Ma'n, ccviii.
Mani, ccxv.
Mannos. See Ma'nu.
Ma'nu VIII Philoromaios, xcvi f.,
xcix f., 92.
Ma'nu IX, son of Abgar VIII (IX),
xcvi, ci-ciii, 96.
Ma'nu Antoninus, son of Abgar IX
(X), ciii.
Manucithr I, clxxx,
Manucithr II, son of Manucithr I,
clxxix f., 241.
Manucithr III, son of Manucithr 11,
clxxx f., 243.
Manusci^ra. See Manucithr.
Mazaeus, cxli f., 180 f.
Meredates, son of Phobas, ccxi if.,
311 ff.
Minutscheher. See INIanucithr.
Mithradates the Great of Pontus,
clxxxiii.
Mithradates I of Parthia, cxiv,
clxxi f.
Mithradates II of Parthia, cxvi,
clxxi f.
Mithradates (1) of Pei'sis, clxxix n.,
clxxx.
Mithri, clxxx.
Monobazos of Adiabene, cc.
N
Namopat, son of Artaxerxes, clxxivf.,
clxxviif., 225.
Namopat, father of Kapat, clxxvii f.
Napat ('?), son of Namopat, clxxvii.
Narseh, clxx.
Nemopat. See NamOpat.
Nicocreon of Salamis, cliii.
0
ObadasC?), cciii, ccx.
Obadias (?), ccx.
Obodas II, xiif., xv, 3, 314.
Obodas III, xii, xiv-xvii, xxi,
Ivi, 4.
Oborzos, clxvii, 197, 202.
Ochos, Artaxerxes, cxx.
Ochos, Darius, cxx.
Orab(a)zes (1), cciii, ccv n., ccx.
Orodes I of Parthia, clxxii f., clxxxiii,
clxxxvi.
Orodes I of Elymais, clxxxix-cxci,
253 fi;
Orodes II of Elymais, cxc-cxcii,
260-71, 279 n.
X X
;38
Orodes III of Elymais, cxciii f.,
280 f.
Orodes IV of Elymais, cxciii f.,
282 f.
Oxathres, son of Darius II, of Persis,
clxxii flp., clxxvi, 219 f.
Oxyares, clix.
Pakur, son of Oxatlives, clxxv f.,
229.
Peithon, cxliii, 181.
Philip III, cxliii, 181.
Phobas, ccxiii, 311 ff.
Phraates, son of Orodes, of Elymais,
cxc-cxciii, 272-9.
Phraates III of Parthia, clxxxiii.
Phraates IV of Partliia, cxvi f.
Phrataphernes, clviii, clx.
Piruz {1) of Persis, clxxvi.
Pnytagoras, cliii.
Ptolemy II Philadelphus, xxxix.
K
Rabbel II, xix-xxi, 12 f.
S
Samah'ali, liii.
Seleucus I, xciv, cxliii, cxliv n., clii,
181, 187-92.
Severus Abgar, xcvi, cii f.
Shahar (Shahir) Hilal Yuhargib,
Ixxvi.
Shamdar Yehun'im. See Shamnar
Yehun'im.
Shammar Yuhar'ish, Ix.
Shamnar Yehun'im, Ixxiii, Ixxviii.
74.
Shaqilath I, xviii, 6-8.
Shaqilath II, xix f., 1 1 f.
Stamenes, cxliv n., 181.
Stasanor, satrap of Bactria, cxliv n.
T
Tha'ran Ya'ub, Ixxii f., Ixxviii, 73.
Theonesios I, cxcviii.
Theonesios II, cc f.
Theonesios III, clxxxvi, cci, cciii,
ccv n., 300.
Theouneses. See Theonesios.
Thionesios. See Theonesios.
Tiraios I, cxcvii.
Tiraios II, cxcvii, 290.
Tiridates (?) of Persis, clxxxi.
U
Ulfan, cxciii, 281.
'Umdan. See 'Amdan.
Y
Vahaman, ccix.
Vahshuvar, clix, 194.
Vahuberz, clxvii, 197.
Vardanes of Parthia, cxvii.
Vatafradat. See Autophradates.
Vima Kadphises, cxcvi.
Volagases II of Parthia, cxciv.
Volagases III of Parthia, xcvi, cxvi,
91.
W
Wael, son of Sahru, xcvi, 91 f.
Waraw'il Ghailan, Ixxvi.
Wattar, Ixviii, Ixxix.
Xerxes I of Persia, exx, cxxv, cxxvii,
cxxix, cxxxi, 150.
Xerxes II of Persia, cxx.
KINGS AND KULEES
339
Y (see also J)
Yabilaua(l), cciv.
Yada'il, Ix.
Yakina(i), cciv.
Yarim Aiman, Ixxiii.
Yasar Yuhasdiq, Ixxii.
Yatha''amar "Wattar, Ixxix n.
Ya'ub, Ixxviii.
Yeda'ab Bayyin, Ixxiv.
Yeda'ab Dbubayyin, Ixxiv.
Yeda'ab Ghailan, Ixxiv.
Yeda'ab Yanaf, Ixxiv f., Ixxviii f.,
75.
Yehun'im, Ixxviii.
Yehuqbid, Ixxviii.
Yerim Aimau, Ixxiii.
Yuhamin, Ixxix n.
Zaturdat, clxvii.
340
INDEX YI
ROMAN EMPERORS
and their relatives.
Augustus : iv f. ; Arabia 60-3.
Agrippina Junior : Philadelphia
Lyd. xli.
Nero : Ehoda xxxii.
Titus : Philadelphia 37.
Domitiau : Anemuriutn Ixxxvii n. :
Philadelphia 37.
Trajan : ccii ; Bostra xxiv, xxvi ;
Edessa ci ; Nesibi cviii ; Strato-
nicea Lyd. cxiii.
Hadrian: Arabia -Ksiv, 14; Gerasa
xxxiv f., 31 ; Petra xxxvii,
34 f. ; Philadelphia xl, 38 ;
Edessa ci.
Antoninus Pius: Bostra xxiv, 16 f.;
J/oca(?) xxxvif.; Petra xxxviii,
35 f. ; Philadelphia xl, 37-9 ;
liahhathmoba xliii ; Carrhae
Ixxxviii n.
Faustina I : Bostra 1 7 f.
Marcus Aurelius: Adraaxxiii; Bostra
18 ; Gerasa xxxiv ; Phila-
delphia xl, 39 f. ; Carrhae
Ixxxviii-xc, xciii, 82 ; Edessa
xcv, xcvii— xcix, civ n., 92 ;
Singara cxii ; Mesopotamia
137.
Faustina II : Edessa xcvii f., 92 ;
3Iesop)otamia 138.
Lucius Verus : Gerasa xxxiv ; Phila-
delphia xl, 40; Edessa xcvii f..
c f. ; Singara cxii ; Mesopo-
tamia 138.
Lucilla : Adraayixui; Edessa xcxuL,
93; Mesopotamia 139.
Commodus : Adraa xxiii f. ; Bostra
xxv-xxvii, 18 f. ; Gerasa xxxiv,
32 ; Philadelphia 40 f. ; Car-
r/iae Ixxxixf., 82; ^fZessaxcviii,
ci, 93 f. ; Mesopjotamia 139.
Crispina : Gerasa 32.
Septimius Severus : Bostra xxv,
xxvi n., 19 ; Dium xxxi ;
Medaba xxxvi ; Moca (1) xxxvi ;
Petra xxxviii n., xxxix, 36;
Pabbathnoba xliii, 44 ; Car-
rhae Ixxxix-xcii, 82 f. ; Edessa
xcvii n., c-cii, 94-6 ; Xesibi
cviii ; Rhesaena ex ; Singara
cxii.
Julia Domna : Bostra xxv, 19 ;
Petra 36 ; Rabbathmoba 44.
Caracalla : Bostra xxv, xxviii ; Dium
xxxi ; Medaba xxxv f., 33 ;
Philadelphia xxxix n. ; Rabbath-
moba xliii, 44 ; Antliemusia
Ixxxvii, 81 ; Carrhae xc f.,
xciii, 83-7; Edessa ci-cv, 96-9 ;
Nesibi cviii ; Rhesaena ex, cxi n.
Plautilla : Carrhae xci.
Geta : Z)i»?>i xxxi, 28; Pe<?rt xxxviii,
36; Carrhae 87.
ROMAN EMPERORS
341
Macriuus : Edessa ciiif., 98 ; Nesibi
cviii f., 119.
Diaduineiiian : Edessa ciiif., 99-103.
Elagabalus : Adraa or Bostra xxiiin.;
Boslra xxv-xxix, 20 ; Cha-
rachmoba x\x, 27 ; Esbus xxxiii,
29 f. ; Medaba xxxv f., 33 ;
Uncertain xxxviii ; Philadelphia
xxxixu., xli, 41 ; liabbatlnnoba
xliii ; Carrhae Ixxxix n., xci n.;
Edessa ciii-cv, 97, 99 ; RJik-
satna ex f., 125.
Severus Alexander : Bostra xxv f. ,
20-2; Gerasa xxxiv; Phila-
delphia xli ; Carrhae xc f., 88 ;
Edessa ciii-cv, cvii, 103-10;
Nesibi cix, 119 f . ; Rhesaena
ex n., cxi, 126; Singara cxii.
Julia Mamaea : Bostra xxix, 22 f. ;
Edessa ciii, 109 f.; Nesibi 120.
Maximinus : Thessalonica xxv n. ;
Carrhae xcii ; Edessa cv.
Gordian III : cxiii ; Rabbathnioba
xliii ; Carrhae Ixxxviii, xcii f.,
89 f. ; Edessa ciii, cv-cvii n.,
111-17; Nesibi cix, 1 21 ; Nice-
phorium(V) cix; Sinyara cxii,
134 f.
Tranquilliua : Carrhae Ixxxviii ;
Edessa ciii, 112 ; Nesibi 121 ;
Singara 135 f.
Philip Senior: Bostra xxv f., 23;
Philippopolis xli f., 42 f. ; Edessa
cv, cvii; Nesibi cv, cix, 122 f.;
Singara cxii n.
Otacilia Severa : Philip2)opolis xli,
43; Nesibi 123 f.
Philip Junior : Bostra 24 ; Philip-
popolis 43; Nesibi 122 u.
Julius Marinus : PldUppoi^olis xli,
42.
Trojan Decius : Bostra xxvi f., 25 f. ;
Edessa cvi, 117 f . ; Rhesaeim
ex f., 127-32.
Hereunia Etruscilla : Rhesaena cxii,
132 f.
Herennius Etruscus: Bostra 26; Rhe-
saena 132.
Trebonianus Gallus : Bostra xxvi.
Valerian: Adraa xxiii, 15.
Gallienus : Adraa xxiii, 15; Nice-
phorium (?) cix.
342
INDEX VII
INSCRIPTIONS
(A) GREEK
ABAfPOC BACIA€YC Edessa 115.
ABFAPOC BACA€YC Edessa 115.
ABrAPOC BACIA€YC (various forms) ^r?ma ci, 93-6, 113-17.
AAPIANH n€TPA MHTPonoAIC Petra 35 f.
AGE Arabia xlvi, Ixix, 45-56, 77-80.
AITPWCKIAAA Rhesaena cxii.
AKTIA AOYCAPIA Bostra 24.
ANAPAfOpOY N. E. Persia, cxlviii ff., 192.
ANTIOXEHN THN EN THI AAYFAONIAI Nesihi cvVn.
ANTIOXEflN TUN ETTI KAAAIPOH Edessa^].
AN Tn nP XP TH nP re Oerasa xxxlv.
AP Nahataea xi, 1 f,
APABIA Arabia 14.
APM(evta) Jlesojwtamia xcix, 137.
APT€/VMC TYXH r€PACWN Gerasa 31 f.
APT€AM TY r€PA Gerasa 31.
APT€/^I TYXH rePACCJN Gerasa 31.
APT€ TY rePACWN Gerasa 31.
APT TY r€ Gerasa 32.
ATOYAAPEHN T. nPOQ T. KAHPON Afusia{^), cxviii, 147.
ATOYZIEHN Atusia{l), cxviii.
AY €CBOYC Esbiis 29.
AYP AN €A€CCA Pdessa civ, 97.
AYP €CBOYC Psbus 29 i.
AYPHAIA 6'«rr/iae Ixxxix.
AYPHAIO KAPHNO) Carrhae xdi.
AYP C€n KOA CINrAPA Singara 134-6.
BACIA€YC ABfAPOC (various forms) Edessa 95 f.
BACIAGYC AIA. AYPHA. C€n. ABfAPOC Edessa ci.
BACIA€YC ^^ANNOC <l>IAOPCJMAIOC Edessa 92 i.
BAClAEnC AAlNHPfAO CflTHPOC Characene 295.
INSCRIPTIONS 343
BAZIAEHZ ATTOAAKOY Characene 289.
BAZIAEHZ ATTAMBHAOY ZHTHPOZ KAI EYEPfETOY
f'haracene 291-4, 296-9.
BACIAenC eCONHClOY CWTHPOC Characene 300.
BACIAEHC KAMNACKIPOY KAI BACIAICCHC ANZAZHC
Elymais 245 f.
BAZIAEHZ KAMNAZKIPOY TOYEF (TOYAEP) BAZIAEflZ
KA/^NAZKIPOY Ehjmais clxxxvii.
BAZIAEnZ KA/^NIZKIPOY NIKH<l>0P0Y ^Z^mcws clxxxvii.
BAZlAEnZ TIPAIOY ZHTHPOZ Characene 2^0.
BAC A AIA Cerr ABFAPOC Edessaci.
BACA€Y XOCPOI cxcii
BO YAH Seleucia ad Tigrim cxvii.
BOYAHC Seleucia ad Tigrim cxvii.
r = C Bostra xxvi \^.
roPTTIAlOY Seleucia ad Tigrim cxvi, 145.
AH^\HTP[l]EnN THN HPOC TH TIPPEI Demetrius ad Tigrim
cxix.
AKZ AIOY A Seleucia ad Tigrim cx\i, 143-5.
AOYCAPHC ylf^rrtaxxiv; Bostra xxxl
^OYCAPHC e€OC Adraa xxiii f . ; Bostra xxiii n. (?), xxvii n.
AOYCAPIA(.0 .4(/maxxiv.
^ = erovs Bostra. xxv, 16.
€A€CC KOA Edessa civ.
eP€NNIAN CJTPACKAAA Bhesaena cxil 133.
€CAeCCA (MAP AYP ANT) Edessa 104.
S"KT fOPTTIAlOY Seleucia ad Tigrim cx\i, 145.
ZAY0HC NIAC (false reading) cxiii.
HAI Medaha xxxvi.
H N€IKH PflMAIflN Mesopotamia xc\x, \Z7 .
HPAKA€ION APr«AA Philadelphia x\, Z^.
H P A K A H C Philadelphia xl .
HPAKAION [APMA] Philadelphia 41.
96 A ACT€PIA Philadelphia Zd I
eCA <|)AYCT€INA Bostra 17 f.
9€0KANI (?) ^os^ra xxviii.
0€H ^^APIN^ PhmppopoHs xu, 4^2.
e€CJ C€OYHPW TTATTTTCO Carrhae xci.
IANAA<I> Je^/«op?a liii.
lEP. ACYA. AYTO J/oca(?) xxxvi f.
344 INDEX VII
IKC Xahutuea xiii f., 3.
|0A Cen KOA N€CIBI MHT Xesihi c\yi, 123.
|0Y cen KOAH N€CIBI /^HT Nesibi c\^, 122-4.
|0Y CGTT KOAHN CINPAPA Singara cyiVi n.
KAIKOAaJN€IAC Loodkm ad Mare Ixxxviii.
KA KOA /^H AA€CO Carrhae xc, 88.
KAP KO MHTPOTTOAIC (various forms) Carrhae 83 f.
KAPCJN Carrhae Ixxxix.
KAa)N€IA MHTPOTTO KAPP Carrhae 87.
KOIAHC CYPIAC (<|)|AAA€A<I>€CJN) Philadelphia xxxix, 38-40.
KOA ANT AYP €A€CCA Edessa civ, 100.
KOA eAGCCA Edessa 117 f.
KOA M eA€CCA ^\Zessa 101 f.
KOA N€CIBI Xesibicvin, 119.
KOAGl) /**AAP €A€CCA ^Je*sa civ, 99 f., 102.
KOAWNIAC . . . /^H KAPCJN Carrhae xc, 83.
KOAflNIAC (<l>IAITTTTOTTOAITnN) Philippojwlis xlii, 42 f.
KOM/V\OAIANaJN(0 ^-IfZraa xxiv.
AOYKIA Carrhae xc.
M A ANTCJ GA€CCA Fdessa 98.
/^AAABflN J/e(^a6« xxxvi.
MAK AYP €A€CC(A) ^rf^.^sa civ f., 103 f.
tAAK AYP KO €A€CCA Edessa civ, 101.
/^^ A N N O C 2W«.*sr( ci, 9 6 .
/VAANNOC TTAIC Edessa d
MAP AYP ANT GA6CCA Edessa cv, 104.
MAP AYP ANTOJ KOA 6A6CCA, &c. Edessa civ, 100.
M6P€AATHC BACIAGYC YI0C <1>0BA BACIA€nC Sub-
Characenian 3 1 1 f.
MHT KO AY C CG CINFAPA Simjaracxnu.
MHT KOA €A€CCHNaJN Edessa ci^ U 103, 105-12.
MHTP KOA KAPPHNCJN (various forms) (7arr/iae xc, 88-90.
MHTPOnOAIC (nCTPA) Pei!m 34 f.
MYfAONIAI, ANTIoXEflN THN EN TH! Xesibi cy\n.
N€ TP BOCTPA Bostra 18 f.
NIKH4>0PinN {]) yicephorlum cix.
OGOKANI(0 L'os^ra xxviii.
OMANO<|)|A Sub-Gharaceniaa ccxi.
O M 6A€CCA Edessa civ, 98 f.
INSCRIPTIONS 345
T70AIZ! Seleucia ad Tiyrim cxv i'., 142.
TTPA Elijmais 272-4.
TTPAATHC BACIA€YC Elymais 272 f., 277.
ZEAEYKEHN THN nPOZ TH TlfPEI Seleucia cxiv f., 140 f.
CEAEYKIA[C] THE [HPOE Tfll TlfPEIJ Seleucia cxv.
C€OYH ABrAPOC Edessa ciii n.
C€TT KOA NeCIBI t^HT ?., &c. Nesibi cix, 119-21.
C€n KOA PHCAINHCICJN L III P /?Aesama 127, 129-32.
C€TT PHCAINHCICON L III P Ehesaena \2St, Ud.
ZZTA AANA Alex. Emp. of the East cxliv n., 179.
ZHTHPOZ KAI EYEPfETOY CAaracme cxcvii n.
THE TTPOQ Tni TirPEI Seleucia cxv.
TYXH Adraa xxiii f.
TYXH BOCTPCJN Bostra 20.
TYXH (/VAHAABUN) Medaha xxxvi, 33.
TYXH N€AC TPAIANHC BOCTPAC Bostra 16 f.
TYXHC €A€CC KO . . Edessa cvi, 102.
TYXH <I)IAAA€A<|)eiAC Fhiladelphia xl, 38.
TYXH <i>IAAA€A<l>€nN K C Philadelphia 38.
TYX N€ TPAI BOC Bostra 18.
THN EN THI MYfAONIAI, ANTIOXEHN Nesibi c^■ui.
TUN Eni KAAAIPOH, ANTIOXEHN Edessadl.
THN nPOZ THI TirPEI, ... AHMHTPIEHN, ZEAEYKEflN.
Tn TTP xp ra np re, an Gerasa xxxiv.
YAPIANH nCTPA /v\HTPOnonOAIC Petra 36.
YI<t>OBA BACIA Sub-Characenian ccxi.
YTT€PB€P€TAIOY ,SeZe^fc^•rt «(/ 7Y^W?Jt cxvi.
YTT€P NIKHC PHMAIHN Mesopotamia xcwni f., 137-9.
Yn€P NIKHC THN KYPIHN (CeB) 3fesopotaviia xcix, 138
YTT€P NIKHC THN C€BAC JI esopotamia xcix.
YPCJAHC BACIA6YC Elymais, 253 ft'.
<J)|AA KOI CYPIAC Philadelphia 37, 4:1.
<t)|AA K C Philadelphia AO.
<J>IA KOI CYPIAC Philadel2>hia 37, 39, 41.
4>IA K C Philadelphia 40 f.
<t>IAOPa)/vA€WN, KAPHNGJN 6Wr/i«e Ixxxix, 82.
<|)PAATHC BACIA€YC ^Zymaf*, 277.
XOCPOj, BACA€Y cxcii.
CJTPACKAAAA Ehesaenu cxii.
346
INDEX VII
(B) SEMITIC
Eclessa c .
«::':'» "i:nx
A rahia Ixxxii .
,. . i^fi^px
Edessa xcvi, 91 f.
Si^.^ n\s*
Persis 198
(^T) nSx
Persis clxv, 195, 200 f. .
OT) K^nSx
Edessa xcvi, 91 f.
hh^
Characene ccviii
Txnxnnx
Characene ccviii
ti<nwsnnj<
Fersis 240
ntrnmvS
Persis 244
- - ni x!:Sto nntrnniN
Per6?6' 222-4 .
. ^:h^ vnj<n n-in x^Sx: nn^j^nnnx
Persrs 198
nS« n ^<:)"^nns nnti^nnnx
Persis clxxxi
nnnnx
Persis 202
m*^1
Persis clxiv ff., 195 .
x^nSx n x!)nnns rn:i
Perns clxiv ff., 196 .
--mnnnvn
Persis clxiv ff., 196 .
- - n :r\rT\^ nnvn
Characene cciv, 302 .
(0x^:1:1
.4Zfcc. Emp. of the East 180,
182 . . _. . nnS'i?n
Persis clxxx, 243
NoS^ nnj^a nni
Persis 244
x:)S^ nn^D^ nn
Nabataea 12 .
it3:3:i n^S^ nnnx nS^:!
Per62s clxxi, 209
. . . . xisSdv-ixt
Pers?;* clxxii, 216-8 .
. x:d7^: mnsn^ nnn xr^Sa inxn
Edessa 91 f. .
x:)SdSni
Persis clxvii, 197
- - :r\Tr\^ T-in^m
Persis clxxii, 2 1 9 f. .
. x^Stt inxn n-in xnS^ ntrnim
Characene ccix
pni
Characene ccix
pnm
i\^. E. Persia 194
i^m
i\". ^. Persia civ, 194
niitrni
Elymais 281 .
t^sSi
INSCRIPTIONS
347
Arabia Ixxvi
Elymais cxc, 282
Elymais cxci, 261, 267
iV. E. Persia, civ, 194
Per sis 201
Per sis 201
Per sis 200
Persis clxxi, clxxix, 212 f
Persis clxix f., 200
Persis 213 f. .
Arabia Ixxix
Persis clxv
Persis cxiv
Nabataea 5, 6 .
Nahataea xxi .
Arabia Ixxvii, 52, 75
Per.szs 198
Nahataea 6 f'., 9
Nahataea 5
Nahataea 8
Characene ccix .
Characene ccix
Characene ccix .
Characene cciv, 302
^rd&m Ixxiv, 75
Arabia Ixxvii .
Arabia Ixxviii .
Arabia Ixxviii .
Arabia Ixxvii .
Eli/mais cxci, 266
Elymais cxcii .
Elymais cxci .
Nahataea xxi .
Persis clxxvii, 232
Arabia Ixviii, 68
239
. 1^7 Sxni
n XDnnns -in n-nsm
. nm
it3!i: r\:h^ nSn
. nntrnmn
iD:ii "]S?3 nnin
n^y Dnn iloi:), n^!: nnnn
nS^pc' nmn
. i<:hb 1)1) :J2)^
• • (p) 5]d:]
xdSz: -ini
348
Characene ccviii, 304-9
Characene ccviii
Characene ccviii
Mazaeus 180 .
Nahataea 3, 11
Nabataea 11.
Persia clxxxi
Persis clxxix, 241, 243
Nahataea xxi, 6
Edessa 92
Characene ccvi n.
Characene ccvi .
Persis clxxx, 240
Persis clxxiv f., 225
Arabia Ixxvii f.
Nabataea 4, 314
Arabia Ixx, 70-2
Arabia Ixix, 69
N. E. Persia civ
Persis clxxv f., 229 f.
Persis clxxvi, 229
Nabataea xviii
Persis clxvii, 197 f.
Elymais 274
Persis 201
Persis 197
N. E. Persia civ
Persis 203
Persis clxiv ff., 197
Arabia Ixxi
Nahataea 13
Nabataea 12
Nabataea xx
Arabia Ixviii, Ixxvii, 68-74
INDEX VII
. nn:^!:
c)d:3 nya
D^D
p pDy
(n)3:rns
jrmni nni ndSd ins
^fi
"in:3n3
. - - X n n-is
nsnns
- - - n K^"in-i3
ts^x
. . . nn
INSCRIPTIONS
349
Arabia Ixxvi
Nahataea xviii
Nahataea xviii, 8
Nahataea xviii
Arabia Ixxiii
Arabia Ixxiii, 74
Nahataea 4-7, 9, 11
Nahataea 4, 314
Nahataea xx
Nahataea 1 1
Nahataea 6 f. .
Persis clxxxi
Arabia Ixxii, 73
Arabia liii f., Ixix, 53-5
Arabia 56
. . . . ldS]c^
n^
(followed by numl)er) riJEi'
ny^ pxn
(C) LATIN
ACTIA DVSARIA Bostra 26.
BO ST RON 5os«ra xxx.
COL AVR METROPOLI ANTONINI CarW^ae 86.
COL /v\ET ANTONINIANA AVR ALEX 6'«rr7(ae xxv, 85.
COL METR BOSTRENORVM Bostra 26.
COL /^AETROPOL BOSTRON Bostra 25.
COL METRO POL I ANTONINIAN Carrhae 86.
COL /METROPOLIS BOSTRA Bostra 23-5.
COLONIA BOSTRA ^os^ra 21-3.
COLONI PETAA &c. Uncertain of Palestine, xxxviii.
CONCORDIA BOSTREN(0)RVM Bostra 25.
LEG III P Rhesaena 131.
LEG III P 2 Rhesaena ex n., 126.
L III GAL. (?) Rhesaena ex ii.
LIMP Rhesaena ex n. 127-133.
L III PIA ii^esacHa ex 11.
N TRA BOSTRA Bostra xxvi ii.
N TR ALEXANDRIANAE COL BOSTR Bostra 20, 22.
S C PhilijojwpoUs xlii, 42 f.
350
INDEX VIII
ERAS
330 B. c. (Alexander the Great) cxciv.
312 11 B.C. (Seleucid) — Seleucia ad Tigrim cxv f . ; JElt/mais cxciv;
Characene cxcvi n., ccxii.
63 B. c, Oct. (Ponipeian) — Dium xxxl ; Gerasa. xxxiv ; Philadelphia xxxix.
106 A. D., 22 Mar. (Arabian) — Bostra xxiv; Medaha xxxvi ; Ruhbathmoha
xliv.
224 A. D. circa (Philippopolis) — Philippopolis xlii.
Regnal Years: Kings of Nahataea xii fP.
351
INDEX IX
GENERAL
A
Aarra, god of Bostra, xxx
Abinnericiis, M. Valerius, cxcix n.
Alexandi'ine coins imitated, Ixxxii f.,
cliv, 76, 194; restruck, 200 n.
Allat, xxiii n., xxx, xxxvii.
Allul, constellation Cancer, xcvii.
Anchor, ' Seleucid ', clxxxiii.
Aphrodite, cult of, in Elymais,
clxxxiii.
Aramaic script in Parthia, clviii ; in
Persis, clxi ; in Elymais, cxc f. ;
ill Characene, cciiiff.
Ariel, god, xlii ; altar-hearth, ibid.
Artemis, cult of, in Elymais, clxxxiii.
Astarte, supposed name of Philadel-
phia, xxxix.
Asteria, goddess, xxxix f.
Athena, cult of, in Elymais, clxxxiii.
Athenian coins imitated, xlvi, Hi f.,
livf., Ixxxivff., 45-63, 77-80.
'Athtar, Arab deity, 1, Iviii, Ixiii.
Attic standard in Nabataea, xv f.,
xxi ; in S. Arabia, Ixxx,
Aumou, Nabataean sun-god, Ixix.
Avidius Cassius destroys Seleucia
fid Tigrira, cxvii.
B
Babylonian : standard in S. Arabia,
Ixxix ; twin-serpent sceptre,
1 ; curved weapon, 1.
Baetyls, Arabian, xxiii, xxviif., xxxi,
xxxviii ; Mesopotamian, xcii.
See also Stone.
Barbarous: imitations, see Alexan-
drine, Athenian ; style in Per-
sian sigloi, cxxvii, 154 f., 168 f
Battlemented crown, cliii, clxxiv.
Battlements, form of Persian, cliii,
clxix, clxxiv.
Bel (Belos) at Edessa, xcv ; in Ely-
mais, clxxxiii.
Blanks of lion- coins, shape of, cxlii.
Border: of amphorae, Ivi, 54-63 ;
of penannular tore, 70.
Bucranium with gazelle's horns,
Ixiii.
C
Camels sacred to Dusares, xxviii.
Canal of Xerxes, find in, cxxix
Cast coins, xxx, 101 n.
Chaamou, virgin-mother of Dusares,
xxx.
Chalkous, weight of, xxi.
Chariot, treatment of, in Oriental
art, cl, cliii f.
Colonial foundations in Arabia,
XXV f., xlii ; in Mesopotamia,
xc, civ, cviii, ex, cxii.
Corrections in dies, 122 n.
Crown : see Walled, Battlemented
crown.
352
INDEX IX
D
Danake, Persian coin, cxxiv.
Daric : origin of the name, cxx f. ;
fineness, cxxii ; standard, cxxi.
Decadrachm of Alexander the Great,
cxliii ; of post-Alexandrine
mint (Babylon ?), cxlv.
Dusares, Arabian god, xxiii f., xxvi-
XXX, xxxin., XXXV, xxxviii.
E
Edges, hammered, of double darics,
cxlii.
Elephantine papyri, cxxiii, clxv.
F
False coins : Alexandrine, cxlv,clvii ;
Andragoras, cli &. ; Oxus hoard,
cxlix ; Persian siglos by Becker,
cxxii; Satrap of N.E. Persia,
cliv ; Persis, clxi n., clxiv.
G
Gallus, Aelius, expedition of, Iv, Ixv,
Ixxv.
Genethliac signs of MesojDotamian
cities, xciv, cix, cxi f.
Gold : Himyaritic, Ivii f. See also
Piatio.
H
Hadad, Syrian god, xxxii.
Half of silver, Nabataean bronze
coin, xxi.
Hallur = j3^ drachm, cxxiv.
Heads, two, on Nabataean and S.
Arabian coins, xvi f., Ixvii ; on
coins of Persis, clxxvii f., clxxx.
Hemidauakion, Persian coin, cxxiv.
Hera worshipped at Gerasa, xxxv.
Himyarite relations with Mesopo-
tamia, liv, ccv.
Ilmaqah (Ilmuqah), Arab deity, Iviii,
Ixix.
India, relations between Persian
Gulf and, cxcvi.
Ishtar, xcii.
Isis at Gerasa, xxxiv.
Izates, son of Monobazos of Adia-
bene, cc.
J
Jugate busts on Nabataean coins,
xvi f.
K
Ka'bah, xxiii, xxviii,
Kan, Nabataean god, xxix.
Karsha, Persian denomination, cxxiv.
Kemosh, god, xlii.
Keresh =10 shekels, cxxiv.
Kei'sa, Kersaion, coin name, cxxiv n.
Khalluru, Assyrian denomination,
cxxiv.
Korsipion, coin-name, cxxiv n.
Kushan coins from Characene, cxcvi,
Kyrbasia, clix.
L
Lamination, 188 n.
Legions : III Cyrenaica, xxix ; III
Parthica, ex.
M
Madhuw, Arab deity, Ixxiii.
Marduk, spear of, Ixiii n.
Memnon the Rhodian, cxxix.
Milkom, Ammonite god, xxxix.
Molech-Melqarth-Milkom, xxxix.
Mouth-names on coins of Seleucia ad
Tigrim, cxvi.
Motab, xxiii, xxviii.
N
Nanaia, cult of, in Elymais, clxxxiii.
Nebo worshipped at Edessa, xcv.
GENERAL
353
Neotera (Nephthys) at Gerasa,
XXXV.
Nephthys at Gerasa, xxxv.
Neronian denarius standard in S.
Arabia, Ixxxii.
O
Obol of silver, Nabataean bronze
coin, xxi.
Oueisliu, brother of Shaqilath, xx.
Parthian : coinage at Edessa, xcvi ;
at Seleucia and Ctesiphon,
cxiv ff. ; influence in Persis,
clxx-clxxii ; in Elymais, cxcii.
Pehlvi script in Persis, clxi.
Periplus Maris Erythraei, date of,
Ixiv.
Persian influence in S. Arabia,
Ixxxiv.
Pillar-idols in Arabia, xxxi u.,
xxxviii.
Portraiture on Persian coins, cxxv ff.
Pseudo- Attic standard in Nabataea,
xxi ; in S. Arabia, Ixxx.
Ptolemaic influence : in Nabataea,
XV ff'., xix-xxi, Ivi ; in S. Arabia,
li.
Punch-marks on Persian sigloi,
cxxxiv-cxl ; on Indian coins,
cxl.
Q
Qatsiu, god of, xxx.
E
Eatio of gold and silver in Persian
Empire, cxxiii.
Eestruck coins, clxx, 43 n., 126 n.,
197 n., 200 n., 201 n., 202 n.,
304 n., 310, 312, 313.
Eich, C. J., find of coins from,
cxcv.
Ring, gold seal, from Oxus treasure,
clvi.
Eoman denarius standard in S.
Arabia, Ixxxii ; in Mesopo-
tamia, xcvii f. ; types on coins
of Edessa, xcvii f.
S
Sagdodonakos, father of Hyspaosines,
cxcvi.
Sahr, Arab deity, Iviii.
Sassanian empire, beginning of,
clxxiv, cxciii.
Satrapal head-dress, cliv, clix.
Sceptre, Babylonian twin-serpent, 1.
Scyphate fabric, Ixvi, Ixxi.
Selain of Aretas, xvii, xxi.
Seleucid coins : imitated byAretas III,
xi ; by Arabs, Ivii ; restruck,
202 n.
Shamash, xcii.
Sharait, goddess, xxx n.
Siglos, Persian : standard, cxxii ;
relation to daric, cxxiii.
Silver, quality of, in coins of Attam-
belos II, cxcviii.
Sin, moon-god, Ixxxviii, xcii.
Standard, monetary : in Nabataea,
XV, XX ff. ; in Arabia, xlvii,
Ivii, Ixxii, Ixxix-lxxxii ; in
Persia, cxxi f. ; in Alex. Emp. of
the East, cxlv ; in Persis, clxi.
Standard, royal, bearing a bird,
clxxi.
Stone, sacred : of Edessa, xcvi ; see
also Baetyls.
Striking of lion-coins, technique of,
cxlii.
Sun-god worshipped at Edessa,
xcv.
z z
354
INDEX IX
Telld, find of Characeiiian coins at,
clxxxix.
0£os 'Apa/?tKos at Gerasa, xxxv.
Tyiian Herakles, xxxix f.
Tyrian standard in Nabataea, xxi.
U
al-'Uzza, goddess, xxx u.
V
Victory coins, Greek, cxivi.
W
AValled crown, earliest appearance of,
cliii.
Weapon, Babylonian curved, 1.
AVine-press, supposed, xxiii, xxvii.
Yanaf, Arab title, liii.
Zeus Helios Sarajois, worshipjjed at
Gerasa, xxxv.
Zeus Olympios, worshipped at Ge-
rasa, xxxv.
Zodiacal signs on Mesopotamian
coins, xciv, cix, cxi f.
355
TABLE OF ERAS USED ON COINS IN THIS
VOLUME
B.C.
SELEUCID.
B.C.
SELEUCID.
E. C.
SELEUCID.
170-169
143
135-134
178
100-99
213
169-168
144
134-133
179
99-98
214
168-167
145
133-132
180
98-97
215
167-166
146
132-131
181
97-96
216
166-165
147
131-130
182
96-95
217
165-164
148
130-129
183
95-94
218
164-163
149
129-128
184
94-93
219
163-162
150
128-127
185
93-92
220
162-161
151
127-126
186
92-91
221
161-160
152
126-125
187
91-90
222
160-159
153
125-124
188
90-89
223
159-158
154
124-123
189
89-88
224
158-157
155
123-122
190
88-87
225
157-156
156
122-121
191
87-86
226
156-155
157
121-120
192
86-85
227
155-154
158
120-119
193
85-84
228
154-153
159
119-118
194
84-83
229
153-152
160
118-117
195
83-82
230
152-151
161
117-116
196
82-81
231
151-150
162
116-115
197
81-80
232
150-149
163
115-114
198
80-79
233
149-148
164
114-113
199
79-78
234
148-147
165
113-112
200
78-77
235
147-146
166
112-111
201
77-76
236
146-145
167
111-110
202
76-75
237
145-144
168
110-109
203
75-74
238
144-143
169
109-108
204
74-73
239
143-142
170
108-107
205
73-72
240
142-141
171
107-106
200
72-71
241
141-140
172
106-105
207
71-70
242
140-139
173
105-104
208
70-69
243
139-138 ,
174
104-103
209
69-68
244
138-137
175
103-102
210
68-67
245
137-136
176
102-101
211
67-66
246
136-135
177
101-100
212
66-65
247
3uG
TABLE OF ERAS
B. C.
SELEUCin.
POMPEIAX.
B. C.
SELEUCID.
POMPEIAN.
65-64
248
22-21
291
42
64-63
249
21-20
292
43
63-62
250
1
20-19
293
44
62-61
251
2
19-18
294
45
61-60
252
3
18-17
295
46
60-59
253
4
17-16
296
47
59-58
254
5
16-15
297
48
58-57
255
6
15-14
298
49
57-56
256
7
14-13
299
50
56-55
257
8
13-12
300
51
55-54
258
9
12-11
301
52
54-53
259
10
11-10
302
53
53-52
260
11
10-9
303
54
52-51
261
12
9-8
304
55
51-50
262
13
8-7
305
56
50-49
263
14
7-6
306
57
49-48
264
15
6-5
307
58
48-47
265
16
5-4
308
59
47-46
266
17
4-3
309
60
46-45
267
18
3-2
310
61
45-44
268
19
2-1
311
62
44-43
269
20
B. C. A. D.
43-42
270
21
1-1
312
B3
42-41
271
22
A. D.
41-40
272
23
1-2
313
64 .
40-39
273
24
2-3
314
65
39-38
274
25
3-4
315
66
38-37
275
26
4-5
316
67
37-36
276
27
5-6
317
68
36-35
277
28
6-7
318
69
35-34
278
29
7-8
319
70
34-33
279
30
8-9
320
71
33-32
280
31
9-10
321
72
32-31
281
32
10-11
322
73
31-30
282
33
11-12
323
74
30-29
283
34
12-13
324
75
29-28
284
35
13-14
325
76
28-27
285
36
14-15
326
77
27-26
286
37
15-16
327
78
26-25
287
38
16-17
328
79
25-24
288
39
17-18
329
80
24-23
289
40
18-19
330
81
23-22
290
41
19-20
331
82
TABLE OF ERAS
357
A. D,
SELEUCID.
POMPEIAN.
A. D.
SELEUCID.
POMPEIAN.
20-21
332
83
63-64
375
126
21-22
333
84
64-65
376
127
22-23
334
85
65-66
377
128
23-24
335
86
66-67
378
129
24-25
336
87
67-68
379
130
25-26
337
88
68-69
380
131
26-27
338
89
69-70
381
132
27-28
339
90
70-71
382
133
28-29
340
91
71-72
383
134
29-30
341
92
72-73
384
135
30-31
342
93
73-74
385
136
31-32
343
94
74-75
386
137
32-33
344
95
75-76
387
138
33-34
345
96
76-77
388
139
34-35
346
97
77—78
389
140
35-36
347
98
78-79
390
141
36-37
348
99
79-80
391
142
37-38
349
100
80-81
392
143
38-39
350
101
81-82
393
144
39-40
351
102
82-83
394
145
40-41
352
103
83-84
395
146
41-42
353
104
84-85
396
147
42-43
354
105
85-86
397
148
43-44
355
106
86-87
398
149
44-45
356
107
87-88
399
150
45-46
357
108
88-89
400
151
46-47
358
109
89-90
401
152
47-48
359
110
90-91
402
153
48-49
360
111
91-92
403
154
49-50
361
112
92-93
404
155
50-51
362
113
93-94
405
156
51-52
363
114
94-95
406
157
52-53
364
115
95-96
407
158
53-54
365
116
96-97
408
159
54-55
366
117
97-98
409
160
55-56
367
118
98-99
410
161
56-57
368
119
99-100
411
162
57-58
369
120
100-101
412
163
58-59
370
121
101-102
413
164
59-60
371
122
102-103
414
165
60-61
372
123
103-104
415
166
61-62
373
124
104-105
416
167
62-63
374
125
105-106
417
168
358
TABLE OF EKAS
A. D.
SELEUCID.
POMPErAN
ARABIAN.
lOG-107
418
169
1
107-108
419
170
2
108-109
420
171
3
109-110
421
172
4
110-111
422
173
5
111-112
423
174
6
112-113
424
175
7
113-114
425
176
8
114-115
426
177
9
115-116
427
178
10
116-117
428
179
11
117-118
429
180
12
118-119
430
181
13
119-120
431
182
14
120-121
432
183
15
121-122
433
184
16
122-123
434
185
17
123-124
435
186
18
124-125
436
187
19
125-126
437
188
20
126-127
438
189
21
127-128
439
190
22
128-129
440
191
23
129-130
441
192
24
130-131
442
193
25
131-132
443
194
26
132-133
444
195
27
133-134
445
196
28
134-135
446
197
29
135-136
447
198
30
136-137
448
199
31
137-138
449
200
32
138-139
450
201
33
139-140
451
202
34
140-141
452
203
35
141-142
453
204
36
142-143
454
205
37
143-144
455
206
38
144-145
456
207
39
145-146
457
208
40
146-147
458
209
41
147-148
459
210
42
148-149
460
211
43
149-150
150-151
151-152
152-153
153-154
154-155
155-156
156-157
157-158
158-159
159-160
160-161
161-162
162-163
163-164
164-165
165-166
166-167
167-168
168-169
169-170
170-171
171-172
172-173
173-174
174-175
175-176
176-177
177-178
178-179
179-180
180-181
181-182
182-183
183-184
184-185
185-186
186-187
187-188
188-189
189-190
190-191
191-192
SELEUCID.
POMPEIAN.
461
212
462
213
463
214
464
215
465
216
466
217
467
218
468
219
469
220
470
221
471
222
472
223
473
224
474
225
475
226
476
227
477
228
478
229
479
230
480
231
481
232
482
233
483
234
484
235
485
236
486
237
487
238
488
239
489
240
490
241
491
.242
492
243
493
244
494
245
495
246
496
247
497
248
498
249
499
250
500
251
501
252
502
253
503
254
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
TABLE OF EKAS
359
A. D.
SELEUCID.
POMPEIAN.
ARABIAN.
A. D.
SELEUCID.
POMPEIAN.
ARABIAN.
192-193
504
255
87
219-220
531
282
114
193-194
505
256
88
220-221
532
283
115
194-195
506
257
89
221-222
533
284
116
195-196
507
258
90
222-223
534
285
117
196-197
508
259
91
223-224
535
286
118
197-198
509
260
92
224-225
536
287
119
198-199
510
261
93
225-226
537
288
120
199-200
511
262
94
226-227
538
289
121
200-201
512
263
95
227-228
539
290
122
201-202
513
264
96
228-229
540
291
123
202-203
514
265
97
229-230
541
292
124
203-204
515
266
98
230-231
542
293
125
204-205
516
267
99
231-232
543
294
126
205-206
517
268
100
232-233
544
295
127
206-207
518
269
101
233-234
545
296
128
207-208
519
270
102
234-235
546
297
129
208-209
520
271
103
235-236
547
298
130
209-210
521
272
104
236-237
548
299
131
210-211
522
273
105
237-238
549
300
132
211-212
523
274
106
238-239
550
301
133
212-213
524
275
107
239-240
551
302
134
213-214
525
276
108
240-241
552
303
135
214-215
526
277
109
241-242
553
304
136
215-216
527
278
110
242-243
554
305
137
216-217
528
279
111
243-244
555
306
138
217-218
529
280
112
244-245
556
307
139
218-219
530
281
113
245-246
557
308
140
KINGS OF NABATAEA.
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BR0NZE;-1, 2 ANTHEMUSIA. 3-25, CARRHAE.
MESOPOTAMIA.
PI. XIII.
1-5CARRHAE. 6 16EDESSA.
MESOPOTAMIA.
PI. XIV.
17
18
EDESSA, BRONZE.
MESOPOTAMIA.
PI. XV.
EDESSA, BRONZE.
#t..
MESOPOTAMIA.
PI. XVI.
EDESSA, BRONZE.
MESOPOTAMIA.
PI. XVII.
BR0NZE:-1-6 EDESSA. 7-14 NESIBI.
MESOPOTAMIA.
PI. XVIII.
RHESAENA, BRONZE.
MESOPOTAMIA.
PI. XIX.
11 /u
^%. .-■■-',
^i»j
14 SINGARA. 5-13 UNCERTAIN MINT.
BABYLONIA.
PI. XX.
BABYLON.
BABYLONIA.
PI. XXI.
k'^A;
6 7 8
^
9
BABYLON, SILVER
BABYLONIA.
PI. XXII.
BABYLON, SILVER.
BABYLONIA.
PI. XXIII.
1 N
4 /E
3 /E
2 /R
5 /E
17 /E ^^^8 /E^^^^
19 /t 20 /E
>l^
'.52 /E
1-3 BABYLON. 4 21 SELEUCIA. 22 ATUSIA.
iE^
PERSIA
N 1 N
PI. XXIV.
^J^,
3 /R 4 /R 5
/H G ^/R
^.^
■%•»£
n:^
/R 8 /R !^
/R
^ \^^
10 /R 11 /R
LDVi^
i5;
13 .'V 14 A/ 15 /R 1
^|^#^
/R 17 "^T'/R
A
18 Z*^ fel^^^^il 20 -=r- /R 21
18 m
l\\ 22 /R 23 ^^l\<
'if'
«^" ^
A;
X^^
•\
24 N 25 jr N .20 A/ 27
/R 28
PERSIA, SERIES I —GROUPS A-C.
L^'
PERSIA
PI. XXV.
A:V
1 /R 2 /R 3 /R 4 /R 5^^^ /R 6
(1
/R
%
7 AR
;^^
4?^ If-^^
8 /
9 m
fc
1^
10 /R 11 PR 12 A/ 13 A/ 14 A/ /i
^ 14a A/
^ l^' Vi^
/R 18 /R 19 /R 20 /R
^'^
21 A/ 22 A/ 23^^ A/ 24 A/ 25 Ay 26 /R
PERSIA —SERIES I. GROUPS C BIS— K.
PERSIA.
^^^
PI. XXVI.
1/R 2/R 3/R A /R 5/R 6/R
^^
7 e
& e
i:/
^
9 ^ fij 10^^ /R 11 /R 12 /R 13 /R 14 /R
9^%
-/
15 /R 16 /R 17 >R 18 /R 19 /R
f'.wg—S'^
5^
«
ft
22 A? 23 /R 24 ^^^/R 25^^^ /R 26 ■• /R 27 /R
23 /R 24^^^ 2^^^R
f||i (^ i^ 1^"^ ^ #
PERSIA;- SERIES I. UNCERTAIN; II. GROUP A.
PERSIA.
P(. XXVII.
1 /R 2 /R
/R 4 /^ S^^/R
^:^\^
■^v
7 /R S /R 9 -T?
^Jf V^ S,^
v^
:^W
c
13 /R
14 /R
•
"^.J/
&
15 /R
16 A/ 17 A/ 18 ifR 19 /R 20 /R 21 /R
A*
\o^
'-'3^'
1/ %'*.':^^ii
9
22 A/ 23 /R
24 /R 25 rR 26 /R
«^
PERSIA—SERIES II. B IV.
N. PERSIA, PERSIS.
PI. XXVIII.
12 /R ^ _^
11 /R 11 /R
NORTHERN PERSIA. PERSIS (BAGADAT I. OBORZOS).
PERSIS.
^g/
v
PI. XXIX.
#
i-TWUFT
-:%s>-
PERSIS, SILVER;-1-4 ARTAXERXES I. 5-9 AUTOPHRADATES I.
10-14 UNCERTAIN OF SERIES I.
PERSIS.
PI. XXX.
^5
# te
^^^^ ^^7 ^^^/
W0 9 ^9 ^^r 10 ^^7
11 12
13
14 15
%Mm
>i&-
#
16
17 18
19
20
\
PERSIS, SILVER, SECOND SERIES :"A, B, C (DARIUS?)
PERSIS.
PI. XXXI.
PERSIS, SILVER, SECOND SERIES:-1-11,C. 12-21 AUTOPHRADATES II.
PERSIS.
PI. XXXII.
PERSIS, SILVER, SECOND SERIES:-1-4 AUTOPHRADATES 11.
THIRD SERIES ;-5-20 DARIUS 11. 21, 22 OXATHRES.
PERSIS.
PI. XXXIII.
PERSIS, SILVER, THIRD SERIES —1-7 OXATHRES. 8 UNCERTAIN.
9-21 ARTAXERXES II.
PERSIS.
PI. XXXIV.
16
14
17
m
18
PERSIS, SILVER, THIRD SERIES :-1-5 ARTAXERXES 11.
FOURTH SERIES:-6-17 NAMOPAT. 18 21 UNCERTAIN.
PERSIS.
PI. XXXV.
7^ y^^ v.^ .^^
PERSIS, FOURTH SERIE3:-l-3 PAKUR. 9 UNCERTAIN. 10 25KAPAT.
PERSIS.
PI. XXXVI.
PERSIS, FOURTH SERIES: 1-11 KAPAT. 12-20 UNCERTAIN.
21 23 AUTOPHRADATES III ? 24-26 ARTAXERXES III. Son of MITHRI.
PERSIS.
PI. XXXVII.
PERSIS, SILVER, FOURTH SERIES :-1, 2 ARTAXERXES III.
3-9 MANUCITHR II. 10, 1 1 UNCERTAIN. 1 2-14 MANUCITHR III.
15-19 ARTAXERXES IV.
ELYMAIS.
PI. XXXVIII.
^'^^
li
13
14
ELYMAIS.
ELYMAIS.
PI. XXXIX.
ELYMAIS, BRONZE.
ELYMAIS.
PI. XL.
yi«y;^icjL
X
^•##
' .^.
¥L^ Sa -' ■•^ '^^vi '■'^'^" -'
p^r
10
11
12
13
14
18
19
\
ELYMAIS, BRONZE.
ELYMAIS.
PI. XLI.
1 2 y
V -<•*
ELYMAIS. BRONZE.
ELYMAIS.
#
Pi. XLII.
#
#f^
.^^
10
(l^
r.W'
m
11
14
16
17^^ ^^^ 18 ^^^
# # W # #..#
#
22
23
24 25
ELYMAIS, BRONZE.
CHARACENE.
PI. XLIII.
CHARACENE.
CHARACENE.
PI. XLIV.
.^'tei^"*'>^
^*A?r^
CHARACENE, BRONZE.
PI. XLV.
CHARACENE, BRONZE.
CHARACENE.
PI. XLVI.
CHARACENE, BRONZE.
SUB-CHARACENIAN.
PI. XLVII.
13 -^ 14
SUB-CHARACENIAN, BRONZE.
ADDENDA.
PI. XLVIII.
11
12
16
13
14
i-V
^^ 15 ^^
"N t-
17
ADDENDA, SILVER.
SUPPLEMENTARY.
PI. XLIX.
19 >E
20 ^^-. --" /E
NABATAEA. ARABIA.
SUPPLEMENTARY.
PI. L.
6 /Fa'
V.
^'
8 ^--^ /R
0 /t
/
10 /E
11 /€
12 .€
13 /E
11 /t lb /t
18 ^- — :_:.-.-^ /E
ARABIA. MESOPOTAMIA.
SUPPLEMENTARY.
PI. LI.
6 A/
o^*^
7 N
\^J
8 N
16 /R
SUPPLEMENTARY.
f*»^:
2/E
PI. Lll.
A^>
\s^
3 /€
/
5 A/
6 /R
N'^'^. /'
7 A/
X
10 /R
11 /R
10 /R
BABYLONIA. PERSIA. PERSIS.
SUPPLEMENTARY.
PI. Llll.
15 /E
SUPPLEMENTARY :-PERSlS. ELYMAIS.
17 /€
SUPPLEMENTARY.
PI. LIV.
8 /E
CHARACENE, Etc.
ADDENDA
,■?■; ":^-^
13 /R
k
i\'::3- V\
^
14 /R
1 HIMYARITE.
2-9 N, ARABIA. 10-14 CHARACENE.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF COINS AND MEDALS
CATALOGUES OP COINS AND MEDALS
Catalogue op Greek Coins in the British Museum :
Italy, b}' R. S. Poole. 1873, 8vo. Numerous woodcuts. Out
of Print.
Sicily, by R. S. Poole, B. V. Head, and P. Gardner. 1876, 8vo.
Numerous woodcuts. Out of Print.
Thrace, by B. V. Head and P. Gardner. 1877, 8vo. Numerous
woodcuts. Out of Print.
Seleucid Kings of Syria, by P. Gardner. 1878, 8vo. 28 Collo-
type Plates. Out of Print.
Macedonia, by B. V. Head. 1879, 8vo. Numerous woodcuts
and a Map. Out of Print.
Thessaly to Aetolia, by P. Gardner. 1883, 8vo. 11. 82 Collo-
type Plates.
Ptolemaic Kings of Egypt, by R. S. Poole. 1883, 8vo. 32 Coll o-
type Plates. Out of Print.
Central Greece, by B. V. Head. 1884, 8vo. 24 Collotype Plates.
Out of Print.
Crete and the Aegean Islands, by W. W. Wroth. 1886, 8vo.
29 Collotype Pktes. Out of IMnt.
Peloponnesus, by P. Gardner. 1887. 8vo. 11. Is. 37 Collo-
type Plates.
Attica, Megaris, Aegina, by B. V. Head. 1888, 8vo. 26 Collo-
type Plates. Out of Print.
Corinth, &c., by B. V. Head. 1889, 8vo. 1?. 39 Collotype
Plates.
Pontus, Paphlagonia, &e., by W. W. Wroth. 1889, 8vo. 1?. Is.
39 Collotype Plates.
Mysia, by W. W. Wroth. 1892, 8vo. 11. 35 Collotype Plates.
Alexandria, &c., by R. S. Poole. 1892, 8vo. IZ. 55. 32 Collo-
type Plates.
Ionia, by B. V. Head. 1892, 8vo. 11. 8s. With Map and 39
Collotype Plates.
Troas, ApoHs and Lesbos, by W. W. Wroth. 1894, 8yo. 11. 5s.
With Map and 43 Collotype Plates.
Caria and the Islands, by B. V. Head. 1897, 8vo. IL 8s.
With Map and 45 Collotyj^e Plates.
Lycia, Pamphylia and Pisidia, by G. F. Hill. 1897, 8vo.
11. 10s. With Map and 44 Collotype Plates.
Galatia, Cappadocia and Syria, by W. W. Wroth. 1899, 8vo.
11. 8s. With Map and 38 Collotype Plates.
Lycaonia, Isauria and Cilicia, by G. F. Hill. 1900, 8vo. IZ. 8s.
With Map and 40 Collotype Plates.
Catalogue of Arabia.
2 Catalogues of Coins and Medals
Lydia, by B. V. Head. 1902, 8vo. II. 15s. With Map and 45
Collotype Plates.
Parthia, by W. W. Wroth. 1903, 8vo. II. 5s. With Map and
36 Collotype Plates.
Cyprus, by G. F. Hill. 1904, 8vo. 15s. With Map and 26
Collotype Plates.
Phrygia, by B. V. Head. 190B, 8vo. 2L With Map and 53
Collotype Plates.
Phoenicia, by G. F. Hill. 1910, 8vo. II. 15s. With Map and
45 Collotype Plates.
Palestine, by G. F. Hill. 1914, 8vo. 11. 10s. With Map and
42 Collotype Plates.
Arabia, Mesopotamia, Persia, &c., by G. F. Hill. 1922, 8vo.
With Map and 55 Collotype Plates.
Catalogue of Koman Coins in the British Museum :
Coins of the Eoman Republic^ by H. A. Grueber. 3 vols. 1910,
8vo. 11 10s. With 123 Collotype Plates.
Roman Medallions, by H. A. Grueber. 1874, 8vo. 66 Collo-
type Plates. Out of Print.
Imperial Byzantine Coins, by W. W. Wroth. 2 vols. 1908.
8vo. 21. 15s. With 79 Collotype Plates.
Coins of the Vandals, Ostrogoths, &c., by W. W. Wroth. 1911,
8vo. II. 2s. 6d. With 43 Collotype Plates.
Catalogue of English Coins and Medals in the British
Museum :
Catalogue of the Anglo-Gallic Coins, by E. Hawkins. 1826,
4to. 3 Engraved Plates. Out of Print.
Catalogue of English Coins. Anglo-Saxon Series, by C. F.
Keary, Vol. I. 1887, 8vo. 11. 10s. 30 Collotype Plates.
Vol. II, by H. A. Grueber and C. F. Keary. 1893, 8vo.
21. 2s. With Map and 32 Collotype Plates.
The Norman Kings, by G. C. Brooke. 1916, 8vo, 2 vols.
2Z. 62 Collotype Plates.
Medallic Illustrations of the History of Great Britain and Ire-
land to the Death of George II, by E. Hawkins, edited by
Sir A. W. Franks, K.C.B., and H. A. Grueber. 1885, 8vo.
2 vols. Numerous woodcuts. Out of Print.
Illustrated Edition, by H. A. Grueber. In XIX Portfolios.
183 Collotype Plates. 1904-1911, fol. 61.
Catalogue of Oriental Coins in the British Museum :
Vol. I. The Coins of the Eastern Khaleefehs, by S. Lane-Poole.
1875, 8vo. 8 Collotype Plates. Out of Print.
Vol. II. The Coins of the Muhammadan Dynasties, Classes
III-X, by S. Lane-Poole. 1876, 8vo. 8 Collotype Plates.
Out of Print.
Catalogues of Coins and Medals 3
Vol. III. The Coins of the Turkuman Houses of Seljook, Urtuk,
Zengee, &c., Classes X-XIV, by S. Lane-Poole. 1877, 8vo.
12 Collotype Plates. Out of Print.
Vol. IV. The Coinage of Egypt, by S. Lane-Poole. 1879, Svo.
8 Collotype Plates. Out of Frlnt.
Vol. V. The Coins of the Moors, by S. Lane-Poole. 1880, Svo.
7 Collotype Plates. Out of Print.
Vol. VI. The Coins of the Mongols, by S. Lane-Poole. 1881,
Svo. 9 Collotype Plates. Out of Print.
Vol. VII. The Coinage of Bukhara, by S. Lane-Poole. 1882,
Svo. 5 Collotype Plates. Out of Print.
Vol. VIII. The Coins of the Turks, by S. Lane-Poole. 1883,
Svo. 12 Collotype Plates. Out of Print.
Vol. IX. (Additions to Vols. I-IV), by S. Lane-Poole. 1889,
Svo. II. Is. 20 Collotype Plates.
Vol. X. (Additions to Vols. V-VIII), by S. Lane-Poole. 1891,
Svo. II. 5s. 33 Collotype Plates.
Catalogue of Arabic Glass Weights, by S. Lane-Poole. 1891,
Svo. 12s. 9 Collotype Plates.
Catalogue of Persian Coins in the British Museum :
Shahs of Persia, by K. S. Poole. 1887, Svo. 11. 5s. 24 Collo-
type Plates.
Catalogue of Indian Coins in the British Museum :
The Coins of the Sultans of Delhi, by S. Lane-Poole. 1884,
Svo. With Map and 9 Collotype Plates. Out of Print.
The Coins of the Muhammadan States of India, by S. Lane-
Poole. 12 Collotype Plates. Out o/ Print.
The Coins of the Greek and Scythic Kings of Bactria and India,
by P. Gardner. 1886, Svo. 32 Collotype Plates. Out of Print.
The Coins of the Moghul Emperors, by S. Lane-Poole. 1892,
Svo. II. 16s. 38 Collotype Plates.
The Coins of the Andhra Dynasty, the Western Ksatrapas, the
Traikutaka Dynasty, and the ' Bodhi ' Dynasty, by E. J.
Rapson. 1908, Svo. II. 5s. With Map and 21 Collotype
Plates.
The Coins of the Gupta Dynasties, and of Sasahka, King of
Gauda, by J. Allan. 1914, Svo. 11. 5s. With 24 Collo-
type Plates.
Catalogue of Chinese Coins in the British Museum:
Catalogue of Chinese Coins from the Seventh Century b.c. to
A. D. 621, including the Series in the British Museum, by
Terrien de Lacouperie. 1892, Svo. 21. With numerous
illustrations.
4 Catalogues of Coins and Medals
Italian Medals in the British Museum :
Select Italian Medals of the Renaissance in the British Museum.
Illustrated on 50 Collotype Plates. 1915, portfolio. 85. Qd.
Grains and Grammes. A Table of Equivalents for the use of
Numismatists. 1920, 8vo. 85.
GUIDES AND HANDBOOKS TO THE COINS
AND MEDALS EXHIBITED IN THE
BRITISH MUSEUM
Coins of the Ancients;^
. Guide to the Coins of the Ancients, bv B. V. Head, with 70
Collotype Plates. 4th edition, 1895, 8vo. \l. 5.s. (cloth).
Also with 7 Collotype Plates. 5th edition, 1909, 8vo.
25. 6d. (boards). Also 4th edition, 1895. 8vo. Is.
Italian Medals : -
Guide to the Exhibition of Italian Medals, by C. F. Keary. 1881,
8vo. 6d. Also Illustrated (7 Collotype Plates). 2nd edition,
1893, 8vo. 2s. Qd.
English Historical Medals:^
Guide to the Exhibition of English Medals, by H. A. Grueber.
1881, 8vo. 6d Also illustrated (7 Collotype Plates). 2nd
edition, 1891, 8vo. 2s. M.
Coins of Great Britain and Ireland :
Handbook of the Coins of Great Britain and Ireland, by H. A.
Grueber. 1899, 8vo. IZ, Is. With 64 Collotype Plates.
Guide to the Department of Coins and Medals.
3rd edition, 1922, 8vo. Is. Qd. With 8 Collotype Plates.
' The section of the Exhibition to which this Guide refers has been slightly
modified by the omission of some of the later coins and the addition of a
supplement containing select bronze Greek coins and recent acquisitions of
importance.
"^ The section of the Exhibition to which this Guide refers has been considex*-
ably modified.
PICTORIAL POSTCARDS
Price Id. each.
No.
121. Early Greek coins, 700-480 b. c.
122. Greek Coins, Fine Period, 480-400 b. c.
123. Historical Greek Coins.
124. Roman Republican Coins.
125. Coins of the twelve Caesars.
126. Anglo-Saxon Coins.
127. English Silver Coins.
128. English Gold Coins.
129. Medals of Queen Elizabeth and of Mary, Queen of Scots.
130. Royalist Badges.
187. Gold naval reward medal, 1652. by Thomas Simon.
188. Gold sovereign of Henry VII (1495).
189. ' Petition crown ' of Charles II (1663), by Thomas Simon.
190. Silver medal of Marie de Medicis (1578-1642), wife of
Henry IV of France. By Guillaume Dupre.
191. Silver coin of Sybrita in Crete.
192. Silver coin of Syracuse, by Kimon.
193. Bronze medallion of Marcus Aurelius, struck in a.d. 159.
194. Lead medal of Sigismondo Malatesta, by Pisanello.
195. Bronze Medal of Giovanna Tornabuoni, by Niccolo Spinelli
of Florence.
196. Bronze Medal of Giulia Astallia.
197. Coins of Ludovico il Moro and Giangaleazzo Maria Sforza.
198. Bronze Medal of Cardinal Bemljo, by Benvenuto Cellini.
199. Lead Medal of Erasmus.
200. The ' Juxon Medal ' of Charles I.
Price Is, the Set.
Set XXIII. MEDALLIC WORKS OF ABRAHAM AND
THOMAS SIMON.
1. Wax model for portrait of Abraham Simon by himself.
2. (a) Sir John Hotham, Governor of Hull, (b) John de Reede,
Ambassador of the States-General of Holland, 1645,
3. [a] James Campbell, Earl of Loudoun, 1645. {h) Murrough
O'Brien, Lord Inchiquin, 1646.
6 Pictorial Postcards
No.
4. (a) William Pope, 1645. {b) Charles, second Earl of
Dunfermline, 1646.
5. (a) Albert Joachim (1646), Ambassador of the United
Provinces. {}j) Sir Sidenham Pointz, 1646.
6. (a) M. de Martinay. (&) Unknown.
7. (a) John Cleypole ('?). (&) Elizabeth Cleypole, his wife,
daughter of Oliver Cromwell.
8. (a) Colonel Fleetwood (?), Lieutenant-General of the Forces
under Cromwell, {b) Unknown.
9. Oliver Cromwell, Protector, 1653.
10. (a) George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, 1660. [h) Edward
Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, 1662.
11. (a) John Thurloe, Secretary of State to Cromw^ell. (?>) Dorcas
Brabazon, Lady Lane, 1662.
12. Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, 1664 (2 portraits).
13. ' Petition Crown ' of Charles II (1663) by Thomas Simon.
14. The Assertion of the Dominion of the Sea by Charles II, 1665.
15. Great Seal of Richard Cromwell as Protector (1659-60).
Set XXIV. COINS OF SYRACUSE.
1. Four silver coins, about 485-478 b. c.
2. Silver ' Medallion ", struck to commemoi'ate the defeat of the
Carthaginians by Gelo in 480 b. c.
3. Silver coins with heads of Arethusa, about 478-450 b.c.
4. Silver coins with heads of Arethusa, about 466-430 b. c.
5. Silver coins with head of Arethusa and victorious chariot,
about 430-413 b.c.
6. Silver coins with heads of Nymphs, 5th and 4th cent. b. c.
7. Silver 'Medallion' by Kimon, issued after the defeat of the
Athenians, 413 b.c.
8. Silver coins by Kimon, end of 5th cent. b. c.
9. Silver ' Medallion ' by Euaenetus, issued after the defeat of
the Athenians, 413 b.c.
10. Silver coin with four-horse chariot and head of Athena, end
of 5th cent. b.c.
11. Electrum and gold coins of period of Dion and Timoleon,
357-317 B.C.
12.. Silver coin of Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse, 317-289 B.C.,
and gold coin struck by Pyrrhus in Sicily, 278-275 b. c.
13. Silver coin of Hiero II, King of Syracuse, 274-216 b.c.
14. Silver coin of Philistis, wife of Hiero II.
15. Silver coin of Hieronymus, King of Syracuse, 216—215 b.c.
Pictorial Postcards
Set XXV. MEDALS ILLUSTEATING ENGLISH HISTORY.
No.
1. Gold medal of Henry VIII, struck in 1545.
2. Bronze medal of Pope Julius III, commemorating the return
of England to Roman obedience under Mary, 1553.
3. Engraved silver map of the voyage of Sir Francis Drake, 1580.
4. Silver medal commemorating Leicester's return from the Low
Countries, 1587.
5. Gold naval reward for the defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588.
6. Silver medal commemorating the defeat of tlie Spanish
Armada, 1588.
7. Silver medal of the Declaration of Parliament, 1642.
8. Silver medal commemorating the death of Charles I, 1648.
9. Silver medal of the Battle of Dunbar, 1650.
10. Gold naval reward medal for victories over th*.^ Dutch, 1658.
11. Gold coronation medal of Charles II, 1661.
12. Silver medal of the Battle of Lowestoft, 1665.
13. Silver medal of the Peace of Breda, 1667.
14. Silver medal commemorating the execution of the Duke of
Monmouth, 1685.
15. Silver medal of the Trial of the Seven Bishops, 1688.
Set XXVL MEDALS BY PISANELLO AND PASTL
1-12. By Pisanello.
1. John VIII Palaeologus, Emperor of Byzantium.
2. Gianfrancesco Gonzaga, first Marquis of Mantua.
3. Niccolo Piccinino, condottiere.
4. Leonello d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara.
5. The same, reverses of two medals.
6. The same, reverse of Marriage medal.
7. Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, Lord of Rimini.
8. Ludovico III Gonzaga, second Marquis of Mantua.
9. Pier Candid o Decembrio, secretary of the Milanese Republic.
10- Alfonso V, King of Naples [reverse, boar hunt).
11. The same [reverse, eagle).
12. Don Inigo d'Avalos.
13-15. By Matteo de' Pasti.
13. Guarino of Verona, humanist.
14. Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, Lord of Rimini.
15. Isotta degli Atti, wife of Sigismondo Malatesta.
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